二阶滑移边界对微型气浮轴承稳态性能的影响

考虑微型气浮轴承的尺寸特征,内部气流不再满足连续流的假设,根据Knudsen数可确定内 部气流为滑移流. 分别利用一阶速度滑移模型和二阶速度滑移模型对连续流的状态方程进行 修改,得到一阶滑移流和二阶滑移流机制下修正的雷诺方程. 利用有限差分法对连续流、一 阶滑移流和二阶滑移流的雷诺方程分别求解,得出相应的承载力和偏位角. 经过对比分析, 发现采用滑移流模型得到的轴承的稳态力学性能与连续流机制的结果存在较大差异,一阶滑 移流与二阶滑移流间的差异随偏心率增加而增加. 说明在MEMS环境下必须考虑滑移流效应 对微型气浮轴承稳态力学性能的影响. 在大偏心率工作状态下,二阶滑移流模型能够得到最 好的结果.     

多体系统动力学优化设计的增广Lagrange乘子法

针对多体系统的非线性受约束动态优化设计通用模型,基于连续可微目标函数和一阶、二阶灵敏度分析给出多体系统动力学优化设计的增广Lagrange乘子法.其中基于多体系统动力学方程的一阶设计灵敏度采用伴随变量方法进行计算,二阶设计灵敏度使用混合方法进行计算,在设计变量较多时具有较高的计算效率.最后对曲柄-滑块系统数值算例使用增广Lagrange乘子方法进行约束优化,通过对使用不同方法进行一阶灵敏度分析和二阶灵敏度分析所得的最优值、迭代次数及运行时间的比较,得出一阶灵敏度分析中使用变尺度方法效率较高,而使用二阶灵敏度分析可以进一步提高优化效率.     

基于二阶滑移边界的螺旋槽干气密封泄漏量计算与分析

为解决螺旋槽干气密封流场计算中一阶线性滑移边界条件下得到的泄漏量与实验结果之间存在较大误差的问题,在一阶线性滑移边界条件的基础上,推导出二阶非线性滑移边界条件下的修正的广义雷诺方程,应用迭代法、PH 线性化方法等求解非线性雷诺方程,获得了气膜压力、流速、泄漏量的近似解.利用Maple程序计算了工程实例中不同转速和不同压力情况下的泄漏量,并与一阶线性滑移边界条件下的泄漏量和实验数值进行比较.结果表明:在工程实例中,压力相同时,泄漏量随转速的增大而增大,一、二阶最大相对误差分别为14.4%、5.4%;转速相同时,泄漏量随压力的增大而增大,一、二阶最大相对误差分别为33.3%、13.3%.本文未考虑干气密封内部的振动情况,因此一、二阶理论计算值小于实际测试值.二阶非线性滑移边界条件下的泄漏量值比一阶线性滑移边界条件下的泄漏量值更加接近实验数值,特别是在工程实例中转速、压力较低的工况下更加明显.     

超薄膜磁头滑块气动力特性

采用有限差分法对广义润滑方程进行数值求解,计算出计算机磁头滑块压强场的分布情况。分析、研究了其稳态和动态气动力特性,并将计算结果分别与求解一阶、二阶修正雷诺方程所得到的结果进行了比较,得到如下三个结论:(1)当飞行高度很小,飞行速度较低时,必须采用广义润滑方程进行磁头滑块的气动力计算,(2)与广义润滑方程结果比较,求解一阶修正雷诺方程所得到的计算结果总是偏高,而求解二阶修正雷诺方程所得到的计算结果总是偏低。此外,还解决了大压缩数下数值失稳问题,使得压缩数可以计算到120万,足以适应任何实际工程的需要。     

正交各向异性圆柱形中厚壳的轴对称振动

本文用考虑横向剪切变形的精化理论研究正交各向异性圆柱形中厚壳的轴对称自由振动问题。把六阶的偏微分控制方程分解成一个二阶和一个四阶的偏微方程,从而方便地求出各种边界条件下壳体自振问题的显式解。     

三阶模态耦合效应下悬索的1:1主共振与稳定性分析

针对悬索的振动,研究了模态耦合效应对悬索振动特征的影响。首先基于哈密顿原理推导了考虑抗弯刚度影响的悬索的偏微分振动方程,采用Galerkin方法得到了悬索的前三阶模态耦合振动常微分方程组。采用多尺度法分析了悬索的一阶、二阶和三阶主共振,得到了一阶、二阶和三阶主共振的幅-频响应方程,接着基于Lyapunov稳定性理论进行了稳定性分析,最后进行了数值算例分析。算例分析表明,当1:1主共振发生时,一阶主共振产生的幅值远大于二阶和三阶主共振产生的幅值,即当悬索振动时,能量主要以一阶模态幅值的形式散发;在同阶次幅值-σ曲线中,随着F的增加,1:1主共振产生的幅值有所增加;在幅值-V曲线中,随着σ的增加,临界跳跃点有向右偏移的趋势,σ增加会导致幅值增加;档距越大,一阶、二阶和三阶1:1主共振产生的幅值越大,但一阶主共振产生的幅值增加最为明显。     

比例边界有限元二阶灵敏度设计及断裂力学分析

比例边界有限元是一种只需在边界上划分网格且无需基本解的半解析方法,能有效处理应力奇异性和无边界问题.论文提出了一种比例边界有限元的二阶灵敏度分析方法,可以准确而高效地求解响应关于参数的二阶梯度.首先通过建立仅需右特征向量的哈密顿矩阵特征灵敏度分析方程,发展了一种改进的比例边界有限元一阶灵敏度分析方法;其次,进一步通过构建二阶哈密顿矩阵特征灵敏度分析方程,并对比例边界有限元系统方程进行一系列二次直接微分,提出了一种半解析形式的比例边界有限元二阶灵敏度分析方法.该方法被应用于线弹性裂纹结构的形状灵敏度分析和不确定性传播分析.最后,给出了两个数值算例验证论文方法的有效性.     

无粘可压缩流动的改进高精度方法

为更准确捕捉复杂流场的流动细节,通过对WENO格式的光滑因子进行改进,发展了一种新的五阶WENO格式。对三阶ENO格式进行加权可以得到五阶WENO格式,但是不同的加权处理,WENO格式在极值处保持加权基本无振荡的效果不同,本文构造了二阶精度的局部光滑因子,及不含一阶二阶导数的高阶全局光滑因子,从而实现WENO格式在极值处有五阶精度。基于改进五阶WENO格式,对一维对流方程、一维和二维可压缩无粘问题进行算例验证,并与传统WENO-JS格式和WENO-Z格式进行比较。计算结果表明,改进五阶WENO格式有较高的精度和收敛速度,有较低的数值耗散,能有效捕捉间断、激波和涡等复杂流动。     

对流扩散方程的摄动有限体积(PFV)方法及讨论

在有限体积(FV)方法的重构近似中,引入数值摄动处理,即把界面数值通量摄动展开成网格间距的幂级数,并利用积分方程自身的性质求出幂级数的系数,同时获得高精度迎风和中心型摄动有限体积(PFV)格式.对标量输运方程给出积分近似为二阶、重构近似为二、三和四阶迎风和中心型PFV格式,这些PFV格式的结构形式及使用基点数与一阶迎风格式完全一致,迎风PFV格式满足对流有界准则;二阶和四阶中心PFV格式对网格Peclet数的任意值均为正型格式,比常用的二阶中心格式优越.用一维标量输运和方腔流动算例说明PFV格式的优良性能,并把PFV方法与性质相近的摄动有限差分(PFD)方法及相关的高精度方法作了对比分析.     

动力学平衡方程的辛两步求解算法

基于线性多步方法的构造格式和辛变换,给出了动力学方程的两种辛两步法求解格式,它们分别具有四阶精度和二阶精度,但都只有二阶格式的计算量,因此四阶辛两步法具有较大的应用价值。对两种辛两步法和解析解进行了数值比较,证明了二阶精度辛两步格式在一定条件下就是欧拉中点保辛算法,或δ=0.5和α=0.25的Newmark辛格式。     

Rayleigh waves in an incompressible elastic half-space overlaid with a water layer under the effect of gravity

This paper is concerned with the propagation of Rayleigh waves in an incompressible isotropic elastic half-space overlaid with a layer of non-viscous incompressible water under the effect of gravity. The authors have derived the exact secular equation of the wave which did not appear in the literature. Based on it the existence of Rayleigh waves is considered. It is shown that a Rayleigh wave can be possible or not, and when a Rayleigh wave exists it is not necessary unique. From the exact secular equation the authors arrive immediately at the first-order approximate secular equation derived by Bromwich [Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. 30:98–120, 1898]. When the layer is assumed to be thin, a fourth-order approximate secular equation is derived and of which the first-order approximate secular equation obtained by Bromwich is a special case. Some approximate formulas for the velocity of Rayleigh waves are established. In particular, when the layer being thin and the effect of gravity being small, a second-order approximate formula for the velocity is created which recovers the first-order approximate formula obtained by Bromwich [Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. 30:98–120, 1898]. For the case of thin layer, a second-order approximate formula for the velocity is provided and an approximation, called global approximation, for it is derived by using the best approximate second-order polynomials of the third- and fourth-powers.     

Applications of EPSE method for predicting crossflow instability in swept-wing boundary layers

The nth-order expansion of the parabolized stability equation(EPSEn) is obtained from the Taylor expansion of the linear parabolized stability equation(LPSE) in the streamwise direction. The EPSE together with the homogeneous boundary conditions forms a local eigenvalue problem, in which the streamwise variations of the mean flow and the disturbance shape function are considered. The first-order EPSE(EPSE1) and the second-order EPSE(EPSE2) are used to study the crossflow instability in the swept NLF(2)-0415 wing boundary layer. The non-parallelism degree of the boundary layer is strong. Compared with the growth rates predicted by the linear stability theory(LST),the results given by the EPSE1 and EPSE2 agree well with those given by the LPSE.In particular, the results given by the EPSE2 are almost the same as those given by the LPSE. The prediction of the EPSE1 is more accurate than the prediction of the LST, and is more efficient than the predictions of the EPSE2 and LPSE. Therefore, the EPSE1 is an efficient e~N prediction tool for the crossflow instability in swept-wing boundary-layer flows.     

On order reduction of non-linear equations of mechanics and mathematical physics,new integrable equations and exact solutions

Some classes of non-linear equations of mechanics and mathematical physics are described that admit order reduction through the use of a hydrodynamic-type transformation, where a first-order partial derivative is taken as a new independent variable and a second-order partial derivative is taken as the new dependent variable. The results obtained are used for order reduction of hydrodynamic equations (Navier–Stokes, Euler, and boundary layer) and deriving exact solutions to these equations. Associated Bäcklund transformations are constructed for evolution equations of general form (special cases include Burgers, Korteweg-de Vries, and many other non-linear equations of mathematical physics). A number of new integrable non-linear equations, inclusive of the generalized Calogero equation, are considered.     

A second-order radiation boundary condition for the shallow water wave equations on two-dimensional unstructured finite element grids

A second-order radiation boundary condition (RBC) is derived for 2D shallow water problems posed in ‘wave equation’ form and is implemented within the Galerkin finite element framework. The RBC is derived by matching the dispersion relation for the interior wave equation with an approximate solution to the exterior problem for outgoing waves. The matching is correct to second order, accounting for curvature of the wave front and the geometry. Implementation is achieved by using the RBC as an evolution equation for the normal gradient on the boundary, coupled through the natural boundary integral of the Galerkin interior problem. The formulation is easily implemented on non-straight, unstructured meshes of simple elements. Test cases show fidelity to solutions obtained on extended meshes and improvement relative to simpler first-order RBCs.     

Calculation of vertical velocity in three-dimensional,shallow water equation,finite element models

Computation of vertical velocity within the confines of a three-dimensional, finite element model is a difficult but important task. This paper examines four approaches to the solution of the overdetermined system of equations arising when the first-order continuity equation is solved in conjunction with two boundary conditions. The traditional (TRAD) method neglects one boundary condition, solving the continuity equation with the remaining boundary condition. The vertical derivative of continuity (VDC) method involves solution of the second-order equation obtained by differentiation of the continuity equation with respect to the vertical co-ordinate. The least squares (LS) method minimizes the residuals of the continuity equation (in discrete form) and the two boundary conditions. The adjoint (ADJ) method minimizes the residuals of the continuity equation (in continuous form) and the two boundary conditions. Two domains are considered: a quarter-annular harbour and the southwest coast of Vancouver Island. Results indicate that the highest-quality solution is obtained with both LS and ADJ. Furthermore, ADJ requires less CPU and memory than LS. Therefore the optimal method for computation of vertical velocity in a three-dimensional finite element model is the adjoint (ADJ) method. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Lie-group shooting method for multiple-solutions of Falkner-Skan equation under suction-injection conditions

For the Falkner-Skan equation, including the Blasius equation as a special case, we develop a new numerical technique, transforming the governing equation into a non-linear second-order boundary value problem by a new transformation technique, and then solve it by the Lie-group shooting method. The second-order ordinary differential equation is singular, which is, however, much saving computational cost than the original third-order equation defined in a semi-infinite range. In order to overcome the singularity we consider a perturbed equation. The newly developed Lie-group shooting method allows us to search a missing initial slope at the left-end in a compact space of t∈[0,1], and moreover, the initial slope can be expressed as a closed-form function of r∈(0,1), where the best r is determined by matching the right-end boundary condition. All that makes the new method much superior than the conventional shooting method used in the boundary layer equation under imposed boundary conditions. When the initial slope is available we can apply the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method to calculate the solution, which is highly accurate. The present method is very effective for searching the multiple-solutions under very complex boundary conditions of suction or injection, and also allowing the motion of plate.     

Finite element analysis of incompressible laminar boundary layer flows

A numerical procedure was developed to solve the two-dimensional and axisymmetric incompressible laminar boundary layer equations using the semi-discrete Galerkin finite element method. Linear Lagrangian, quadratic Lagrangian, and cubic Hermite interpolating polynomials were used for the finite element discretization; the first-order, the second-order backward difference approximation, and the Crank-Nicolson method were used for the system of non-linear ordinary differential equations; the Picard iteration and the Newton-Raphson technique were used to solve the resulting non-linear algebraic system of equations. Conservation of mass is treated as a constraint condition in the procedure; hence, it is integrated numerically along the solution line while marching along the time-like co-ordinate. Among the numerical schemes tested, the Picard iteration technique used with the quadratic Lagrangian polynomials and the second-order backward difference approximation case turned out to be the most efficient to achieve the same accuracy. The advantages of the method developed lie in its coarse grid accuracy, global computational efficiency, and wide applicability to most situations that may arise in incompressible laminar boundary layer flows.     

Forced Convection Heat Transfer on a Flat Plate Embedded in Porous Media for Power-Law Fluids

The effect of the presence of an isotropic solid matrix on the forced convection heat transfer rate from a flat plate to power-law non- Newtonian fluid-saturated porous medium, has been investigated. Numerical results are presented for the distribution of velocity and temperature profiles within the boundary layer. The effects of the flow index, first-order and second-order resistance on the velocity, and temperature profiles are discussed. The missing wall values of the velocity and thermal functions are tabulated.     

Radiative Effect on Natural Convection Flows in Porous Media

A regular two-parameter perturbation analysis based upon the boundary layer approximation is presented here to study the radiative effects of both first- and second-order resistances due to a solid matrix on the natural convection flows in porous media. Four different flows have been studied, those adjacent to an isothermal surface, a uniform heat flux surface, a plane plume and the flow generated from a horizontal line energy source on a vertical adiabatic surface. The first-order perturbation quantities are presented for all these flows. Numerical results for the four conditions with various radiation parameters are tabulated.