Charge-Exchange Isobaric Resonances and Local-Interaction Parameters

Physics of Atomic Nuclei - Three types of isobaric resonances—giant Gamow–Teller, analog, and pygmy resonances (GTR, AR, and PR, resonances)—are studied within the microscopic...     

Energy–density functional plus quasiparticle–phonon model theory as a powerful tool for nuclear structure and astrophysics

During the last decade, a theoretical method based on the energy–density functional theory and quasiparticle–phonon model, including up to three-phonon configurations was developed. The main advantages of themethod are that it incorporates a self-consistentmean-field and multi-configuration mixing which are found of crucial importance for systematic investigations of nuclear low-energy excitations, pygmy and giant resonances in an unified way. In particular, the theoretical approach has been proven to be very successful in predictions of new modes of excitations, namely pygmy quadrupole resonance which is also lately experimentally observed. Recently, our microscopically obtained dipole strength functions are implemented in predictions of nucleon-capture reaction rates of astrophysical importance. A comparison to available experimental data is discussed.     

Nuclear Photonics

A review of works performed at the Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences and at the International Laser Center of the Moscow State University in the context of the new research area called “nuclear photonics” is presented. Nuclear photonics is based on creation of the new-generation gamma-ray sources which make it possible to solve a number of fundamental and applied problems, including research of low-energy photonuclear reactions, namely, investigation of collective excitations of nuclei near the threshold (pygmy resonances); nuclear safety assurance; production of low-energy positron beams; and phase-contrast X-ray imaging.     

Photonuclear data and modern physics of giant resonances

The results of the development (“renaissance”) of giant-resonance physics are briefly discussed from the point of view of their application to creating a photonuclear database. It is indicated that part of the recommendations from corresponding libraries of data are not at the level of the present-day status of giant-resonance physics. A Lorentzian parametrization of the most reliable experimental data on isovector M1 resonances is constructed for seven spherical nuclei, and it is shown that the widths of M1 resonances are severalfold, sometimes an order of magnitude, smaller than the value of Γ₀ = 4 MeV, which was recommended for all nuclei. The need for microscopically taking into account configurations more complex than those that are included within the standard random-phase approximation or within the quasiparticle random-phase approximation is emphasized. To be more precise, it is necessary to take into account coupling to phonons, since this changes the temperature dependence of the resonance width in relation to that which was used earlier and since, without this, one cannot explain the properties of pygmy dipole resonances in the region of the nucleon binding energy. Our calculations of the average energies of the pygmy dipole resonances in the Ca and Sn isotopes within the microscopic extended theory of finite Fermi systems reveal that the inclusion of coupling to phonons reduces these energies considerably toward the improvement of agreement with experimental data. The idea of creating a library of photonuclear data for unstable nuclei, including fission fragments, on the basis of the extended theory of finite Fermi systems is discussed in connection with the fact that information necessary for fitting the parameters of phenomenological theories is absent or insufficient for such nuclei.     

奇特核结构与激发的微观研究

原子核是一个从少体到多体过渡的量子体系,展现了很多有趣的集体现象。随着国际上若干大型放射性核束流实验装置的发展,极不稳定奇特核的结构与激发的研究成为当前核物理的前沿热点问题。本工作以形变弱束缚核40Mg为例,基于格点空间连续谱能量密度泛函和自洽的FAM-QRPA对奇特核的基态与激发态跃迁进行了研究。发现弥散的表面密度分布与连续谱对低能共振有很大影响。通过对同位旋矢量偶极激发的研究,说明低能矮共振与巨共振的微观机制有很大差异。此外还进行了大规模拟合,发展针对丰中子核,超重核的新的高精度有效相互作用,以期为相关学科如核天体物理、核裂变能等提供更为可靠的核理论模型。Nuclei are quantum systems in the evolution from few-body to many-body systems, and can exhibit many amazing collective phenomena. With the development of several advanced radioactive-beam facilities, the study of structures and excitations of extreme unstable exotic nuclei has become a hot issue. In this work, we solve the self-consistent FAM-QRPA in large deformed coordinate-spaces to treat continuum effects. We study properties of structures and collective excitations in deformed drip-line nuclei. We found that in weakly bound nuclei 40Mg, the diffuse surface density and pairing density play an important role in low-lying resonance. Through analysis of deformation-induced K-splitting in isovector dipole modes, we see that pygmy resonances have very different mechanism compared to giant resonances. In addition, large-scale fittings are performed to develop highprecision effective interactions, which will provide more reliable theoretical model for related subjects, such as nuclear astrophysics and nuclear fission energy.     

High energy structures in heavy ion collisions: A multi-phonon description

Energy spectra of fragments from the³⁶Ar+²⁰⁸Pb reaction at 11 MeV/n exhibit structures at high excitation energies. These structures are interpreted in terms of target multi-phonon excitations built from giant resonances. The importance of such processes for the kinetic energy dissipation in heavy ion collisions is emphasized.     

Density distributions in nuclei

Density distribution across the nuclear surface is obtained in the approximation of relatively sharp nuclear edge. It is used to determine dynamical parts of the density relevant to density vibration resonances. Results of the simple calculations are in close agreement with detailed microscopic theories.     

Systematic trends in the beta minus strength functions of neutron-rich rubidium isotopes

Experimental β^?-strength functions (S_β) are presented for the odd-mass Rb isotope sequence A=89to97. As expected from general nuclear structure considerations, but in contrast to present purely statistical concepts, these strength functions exhibit well separated “pygmy” resonances and a systematic behaviour as a function of mass number and β-decay energy.     

Correlations between nucleons in high-energy nuclear collisions

The correlation between nucleons ejected in high-energy nuclear collisions is studied in a classical Glauber model treating multiple collisions between nucleons and delta resonances. The microscopic binary kinematics produces pronounced structure in the rapidity-rapidity and azimuthal-angle projections.     

Pygmy and Giant Dipole Resonances in Proton-Rich Nuclei ~(17,18)Ne

The pygmy and giant dipole resonances in proton-rich nuclei~(17,18)Ne are investigated with a fully self-consistent approach. The properties of ground states are calculated in the Skyrme Hartree-Fock with the Bardeen-CooperSchrieffer approximation to take into account the pairing correlation. The quasiparticle random phase approximation(QRPA) method is used to explore the properties of excited dipole states. In the calculations the SLy5 Skyrme interaction is employed. In addition to the giant dipole resonances, pygmy dipole resonances(PDR) are found to be located in the energy region below 10 MeV in both 17,18 Ne. The strength and transition density show that the low-lying states are typical PDR states. However, analyzing the QRPA amplitudes of proton and neutron 2 quasiparticle(2 qp) configurations for a given low-lying state in ~(17,18)Ne, we find that the PDR state is less collective, more like a single 2 qp excitation.     

Production of hadron resonances in heavy-ion collisions

The role of microscopic kinetics in the production of short-lived (broad) hadron resonances from subhadronic nuclear matter is considered. Anew approach to calculating the multiplicity of broad meson resonances is proposed. This approach takes explicitly into account the possibility that massive constituent quarks play a decisive role at the last stage of the expansion and cooling of matter produced in the central collisions of relativistic heavy nuclei. The resulting theoretical estimates are comparedwith available experimental data, and some quantitative and qualitative predictions are made.     

Short range and long range schematic interactions,their implications for giant resonances,polarization charges and other properties of nuclei

Various schematic interactions, both short and long range are employed in conjunction with sum rules to help form a link between microscopic and macroscopic aspects of nuclear structure. Topics included are giant resonances and polarization charges.     

Toroidal resonance: Relation to pygmy mode,vortical properties,and anomalous deformation splitting

We review a recent progress in investigation of the isoscalar toroidal dipole resonance (TDR). A possible relation of the TDR and low-energy dipole excitations (also called a pygmy resonance) is analyzed. It is shown that the dipole strength in the pygmy region can be understood as a local manifestation of the collective vortical toroidalmotion at the nuclear surface. Application of the TDR as a measure of the nuclear dipole vorticity is discussed. An anomalous splitting of the TDR in deformed nuclei is inspected.     

Dyson-type boson mapping and SU(6) boson model

The Dyson-type boson mapping is applied to realistic cases to show that it is a very promising method for describing nuclear collective motion. Eigenvectors are obtained in the corresponding hermitian boson theory from the results of right- and left-hand-side eigenvalue problems in the Dyson boson theory. The numerical results are compared with those of the SU(6) boson model and exact quasiparticle shell-model calculations within the multi-phonon subspace.     

Skyrme Forces and Their Applications in Low Energy Nuclear Physics

This paper reviews the present status of Skyrme forces and their applications in the field of low energy nuclear physics as an effective nucleon-nucleon interaction. Their applications in the following five domains are presented:1). Hartree-Fock (HF), selfconsistent semiclassical (SCSC) calculations and nuclear ground state properties;2). random phase approximation (RPA), sum rule approach and properties of nuclear giant resonances;3). calculations of microscopic nucleon-nucleus optical potentials and related quantities;4). calculations of nucleus-nucleus optical potentials and fusion barriers;5). multifragmentation, liquid-gas phase transition and instability of hot/compressed nuclei.     

Pygmy dipole resonance in nuclei

A brief survey of the state of the modern microscopic theory of the so-called pygmy dipole resonance in nuclei is given—in particular, some unresolved problems are listed. It is emphasized that, in order to explain the pygmy dipole resonance, it is necessary but not sufficient to take into account the coupling of single-particle degrees of freedom to photon degrees of freedom. The results of the calculations performed for the first time for the isovector pygmy dipole resonance and the isovector electric giant dipole resonance in ¹²⁴Sn within a self-consistent approach involving, in addition to the standard quasiparticle random-phase approximation, a single-particle continuum and quasiparticle-phonon coupling of single-particle degrees of freedom to phonon degrees of freedom are presented. The results are found to be in satisfactory agreement with experimental data. The calculation of the isoscalar strength function in the energy region of the pygmy dipole resonance revealed that the nuclear-structure mechanism does not provide the isoscalar-strength suppression observed at energies in excess of 7 MeV in (α, α′γ) reactions; therefore, this suppression may stem from the reaction mechanism.     

Universal long-time behavior of nuclear spin decays in a solid

Magnetic resonance studies of nuclear spins in solids are exceptionally well suited to probe the limits of statistical physics. We report experimental results indicating that isolated macroscopic systems of interacting nuclear spins possess the following fundamental property: spin decays that start from different initial configurations quickly evolve towards the same long-time behavior. This long-time behavior is characterized by the shortest ballistic microscopic time scale of the system and therefore falls outside of the validity range for conventional approximations of statistical physics. We find that the nuclear free-induction decay and different solid echoes in hyperpolarized solid xenon all exhibit sinusoidally modulated exponential long-time behavior characterized by identical time constants. This universality was previously predicted on the basis of analogy with resonances in classical chaotic systems.     

Deducing the nuclear-matter incompressibility coefficient from data on isoscalar compression modes

Accurate assessment of the value of the incompressibility coefficient, K, of symmetric nuclear matter, which is directly related to the curvature of the equation of state (EOS), is needed to extend our knowledge of the EOS in the vicinity of the saturation point. We review the current status of K as determined from experimental data on isoscalar giant monopole and dipole resonances (compression modes) in nuclei, by employing the microscopic theory based on the random-phase approximation (RPA).