Efficient blue laser generation at 473 nm by a BIBO crystal

It is reported that efficient blue laser generation at 473 nm in a BIBO crystal at type-I phase matching direction of (θ,)=(18.3°,90°) performed with a diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser. With incident pump power of 1.6 W, output power of 183 mW at 473 nm has been obtained using a 5.0 mm-long BIBO crystal. The optical conversion efficiency was up to 11.4%. It was found that the intracavity frequency doubling efficiency is about 50% greater than that obtained with a 10 mm-long type-I phase-matching LBO crystal.     

Actively Q-switched intracavity second-harmonic generation of 1.06 μm in BiB3O6 crystal

We have investigated the acousto-optically Q-switched intracavity second-harmonic generation of 1.06 μm in a 1.9-mm-long BiB₃O₆ crystal, cut for type-I phase-matching direction of (θ,)=(168.9°,90°), performed in a diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO₄ laser. When the incident pump power was 4.3 W at 30 kHz of pulse repetition frequency, a maximum average green output power of 480 mW, the shortest pulse with FWHM width of 72 ns, the highest single pulse energy of 16 μJ and the maximum peak power of 222 W were obtained, giving the corresponding optical conversion efficiency of 11.2%. The effect of varying temperature in BIBO crystal on the average green output power was also investigated.     

深紫外和频晶体CLBO产生193 nm激光的频率变换

 简述了深紫外和频晶体CLBO的光学特性。根据相位匹配角公式、非线性有效系数公式、走离角公式和允许角公式,详细计算了CLBO晶体和频产生193 nm激光时的相位匹配角、非线性有效系数、和频时谐波走离角、允许角的具体数值。根据这些数值,并考虑产业化的要求,对目前几种和频方式进行了比较,最终选定波长为λ₁=2 100 nm的o光和波长为λ₂=213 nm的e光作为基频光进行和频的匹配方式。此方式相位匹配角为51.6°,具有大的非线性有效系数0.97,小的走离角3.7°,大的允许角1.9×10^-6 rad·mm,是非常理想的产生193 nm激光的匹配方式。     

Violet light generation by frequency doubling of GaAlAs diode laser using a metallo-organic complex crystal ZnCd(SCN)4

Violet 404-nm radiation is generated by type-I single-pass frequency doubling of the output of an GaAlAs diode laser in critically phase-matched ZnCd(SCN)₄ (ZCTC) crystal, a metallo-organic complex crystal. In this paper, its refractive index and second-harmonic generation phase-matching angles are reported. Using a 3-mm-long ZCTC crystal, a diode laser power of 473 mW generated 390 μW of second-harmonic radiation. More recently, 380-nm, 20 μW ultraviolet (UV) radiation is also realized by frequency doubling of the 100 mW output of a continuous-wave Ti:sapphire laser at 760 nm. ZCTC is a promising UV nonlinear optical candidate material for frequency doubling of diode lasers.     

Study on the second-harmonic-generation of GdCa4O(BO3)3 crystals along various phase-matching directions

In this paper, the theoretical calculations of d_eff of GdCa₄O(BO₃)₃ (GdCOB) along various phase-matching (PM) directions are reported. It is shown that the maximum d_eff is out of the main planes and the d_eff in the range of (0<θ≤90, 90<φ≤180) are larger than that in the range of (0<θ≤90, 0≤φ≤90). The PM direction along (θ=66.8, φ=132.6) for GdCOB crystal has the largest d_eff. Second-harmonic-generation (SHG) experiments were performed on GdCOB crystal along various PM directions. The results show that in GdCOB crystal, the intracavity SHG conversion efficiency is 27.6% along the PM direction (θ=66.8, φ=132.6) which is larger than that along PM directions in XY and XZ main planes, which are in good agreement with the theoretical calculations. The continuous-wave (cw) green laser output power is 1.22 W when LD pump power is 10 W in the Nd:YVO₄/GdCOB laser.     

新型光学晶体KABO的非线性频率变换特性

简述了新型非线性晶体KABO的光学特性.根据相位匹配角公式、非线性有效系数公式、走离角公式和允许角公式,详细计算了KABO晶体倍频时的相位匹配角、非线性有效系数、倍频时谐波走离角、允许角随波长变化的理论曲线.特别是对LD泵浦掺钕的全固态激光器532 nm输出时,得到了KABO晶体采用I类相位匹配进行四倍频的相位匹配角、非线性有效系数、倍频时谐波走离角、允许角分别为:58.1°、0.254×10^-12m/V、2.8°、1.8233 mrad·mm;并将该晶体与目前可应用于紫外倍频的晶体比较,在考虑走离效应的情况下,研究了四倍频转换效率随KABO晶体长度、基频光光斑半径的变化规律.     

AgGaSe_2晶体差频产生可调谐太赫兹波的理论研究

基于单轴晶体中三波互作用的共线相位匹配技术,采用CO2激光器泵浦非线性晶体AgGaSe2,数值计算出在oee类和oeo类相位匹配条件下,差频产生太赫兹波的相位匹配角、走离角、允许角和有效非线性系数。计算结果表明:两类相位匹配太赫兹波可调谐的范围都非常宽,而且走离角都在1°以下,允许角足够大。在绝大部分太赫兹波区域,oee类匹配有效非线性系数远大于oeo类匹配,实验中适合采用oee类相位匹配方式。     

Eley–Rideal reaction dynamics between O atoms on β-cristobalite (1 0 0) surface: A new interpolated potential energy surface and classical trajectory study

We present a theoretical study of the collisions of atomic oxygen with O-precovered β-cristobalite (1 0 0) surface. We have constructed a multidimensional potential energy surface for the O₂/β-cristobalite (1 0 0) system based mainly on a dense grid of density functional theory points by using the interpolation corrugation-reducing procedure. Classical trajectories have been computed for quasithermal (100–1500 K) and state-specific (e.g., collision energies between 0.01 and 4 eV) conditions of reactants for different O incident angles (θ_v). Atomic sticking and O_2(adsorbed) formation are the main processes, although atomic reflection and Eley–Rideal (ER) reaction (i.e., O₂ gas) are also significant, depending their reaction probabilities on the O incident angle. ER reaction is enhanced by temperature increase, with an activation energy derived from the atomic recombination coefficient (γ_O(θ_v = 0°, T)) equal to 0.24 ± 0.02 eV within the 500–1500 K range, in close agreement with experimental data. Calculated γ_O(θ_v = 0°, T) values compare quite well with available experimental γ_O(T) although a more accurate calculation is proposed. Chemical energy accommodation coefficient β_O(T) is also discussed as a function of ER and other competitive contributions.     

Lorentz-mikroskopie von Bloch- und Néelwänden in Ni-Fe-kristallen

We prepared thin single crystal foils of 50 Ni 50 Fe for observation in a 100 kV electron microscope. Due to its high saturation induction and low anisotropy, magnetic domain walls can be easily observed in this material. The effective anisotropy which governs the wall angles consists of crystal anisotropy and superimposed random stress anistropies so that wall angles of any magnitude are found.In accordance with theory three distinct wall types are identified for film thickness between 500 Å and 2000 Å as a function of wall angle θ: (i) the asymmetric Bloch wall for 180° θ #62; 140°, (ii) the asymmetric Néel wall for 140° #62; θ #62; θ_s, and (iii) the symmetric Néel wall for θ_s #62; θ, where θ_s is an angle which decreases with increasing film thickness.     

低对称性非线性光学晶体BIBO的倍频性质

测量了BIBO晶体的主轴折射率.对BIBO晶体在整个空间内的倍频性质进行了系统讨论.当基频 光为Nd:YAG激光时（λ=1064nm），发现最大的有效非线性光学系数位于（168.9°，90°） 的Ⅰ类相位匹配方向上.测量了BIBO晶体的容限角、容限温度、光损伤阈值，以及1064nm的 腔外、腔内倍频性质.实验中，最大腔外倍频转换效率达到68%，腔内倍频输出达到1.06W. 关键词： 低对称性 BIBO晶体 倍频     

Efficient intracavity second-harmonic generation at 1.06 μm in a BiB3O6 (BIBO) crystal

We report, for the first time, efficient intracavity second-harmonic generation (SHG) at 1.06 μm in a non-linear optical crystal, BiB₃O₆ (BIBO), at a type-I phase-matching direction of (θ,ϕ)=(168.9°,90°), performed with a LD end-pumped cw Nd:YVO₄ laser. A cw SHG output power of 364 mW has been obtained using a 1.9-mm-thick BIBO crystal. The optical conversion efficiency was 12.2% and the corresponding effective intracavity SHG efficiency was determined to be 32.4%. It was found that the intracavity SHG efficiency is greater than that obtained with a type-II phase-matching KTiOPO₄ (KTP) crystal with a thickness of 3 mm. The effective non-linear optical coefficient (d_eff) ratio of BIBO to that of KTP, determined experimentally, is 1.23:1. Received: 7 May 2001 / Revised version: 6 July 2001 / Published online: 19 September 2001     

Nonlinear optical responses of Sudan IV doped liquid crystal by z-scan and moiré deflectometry techniques

The nonlinear optical properties of a nematic liquid crystal doped with an azo dye were investigated. The magnitude and the sign of the third-order nonlinear refractive index, n₂, were measured using both single-beam z-scan and moiré deflectometry techniques. The measurements were performed at 532 nm using a Nd:Yag CW laser. The positive sign showed that sample which was studied possess a self-focusing optical nonlinearity. Rather close agreement was found between the values for n₂ obtained by z-scan and by moiré deflectometry. The nonlinear refractive index was found to be in the order of 10^− 6 (cm²/W) and the nonlinear absorption coefficient to be β = 0.171 (cm/W).     

Diode-end-pumped solid-state ultraviolet laser based on intracavity third-harmonic generation of 1.06 μm in YCa4O(BO3)3 crystal

Intracavity type-I sum-frequency mixing of 1.06 μm and 532 nm with a (θ,)=(106°,77.2°)-cut YCOB crystal was performed in a compact laser-diode-pumped solid-state laser. Three type-II phase-matching KTP crystals with different length were used to generate 532 nm light by frequency-doubling of 1.06 μm. The 355 nm output power was measured with the three KTP crystals for Q-switched and continuous-wave (CW) operation, respectively. The maximum ultraviolet output power of 1305 μW was obtained with a 15 mm KTP crystal for CW operation, while the maximum ultraviolet average output power of 124 mW was obtained with a 10 mm KTP crystal for Q-switched operation.     

Twinning and “natural quasi-phase matching” in Yb:YAB

Defects obtained during crystal growth of many laser and nonlinear crystals limit their commercial potential, as is the case of the yttrium aluminium borate family. Typically, in Yb:YAB, birefringent phase-matching is used to obtain self frequency doubled output from a fundamental laser operating near 1 μm. Many crystals however show signs of twin inversion defects during crystal growth resulting in the reversal of the sign of the nonlinear coefficient and hence can result in quasi-phase-matched-like structures. In this report we examine the second harmonic conversion characteristics of a 3.8 mm thick birefringently phase matched Yb:YAB crystal which is then examined in more detail by slicing into four thinner sections each approximately 400 μm thick. Etching of crystal surfaces reveals clear boundaries between reversed domains, which under illumination with a laser at 1.064 μm shows a cancellation of the nonlinear conversion along the interface of the two regions. PACS 42.55.-f; 42.65.Ky; 42.70.Mp     

一种新型晶体GdCa4O(BO3)3的非线性光学性能研究

计算和测量了ＧＣＯＢ晶体的相位匹配曲线,理论计算与实验测量结果符合的很好。用电光调Ｑ的Ｎｄ：ＹＡＧ激光器对５ｍｍ和匠ＧＣＯＢ晶体进行了倍频研究,得到了２６．７％的倍频转换效率。并与同样长度的ＢＢＯ晶体进行比较,得出了ＧＣＯＢ晶体的有效非线性光学系数接近ＢＢＯ晶体的有效非线性光学系数的结论。     

A 3 kW average power tunable TEA CO2 laser

A high average power line-tunable TEA CO₂ laser is described. Average output power up to 3 kW is achieved at repetition rate of 180 Hz. The maximum output power is almost equal among the four spectrum bands of CO₂ laser (the P and R branches of 00°1–10°0 and 00°1–02°0 transition bands). Several special technologies including rotating spark gap switching, PCB (printed circuit board) preionization and zeroth-order grating coupling are employed.     

Cascaded third-harmonic-generation converter based on a single ADP crystal

Based on a specially designed optical structure, an efficient cascaded third-harmonic-generation(THG) output of a 1064-nm, pico-seconds pulse laser is successively realized by using an NH_4H_2PO_4(ADP) crystal that acts as the secondharmonic-generation component and sum-frequency-generation component. The maximum THG output is 1.61 mJ, and the highest conversion efficiency from 1064 nm to 355 nm reaches 35%, which are obviously superior to the results obtained using a KDP crystal under the same circumstance. The further phase-matching analysis indicates that this THG configuration of ADP crystal can be applied to various fundamental wavelengths in a range of 1 μm–1.1 μm. Compared with the previously reported KDP THG converter, which is based on a similar principle, the present ADP THG converter is favorable for large-energy, high-efficiency operation because of the larger effective nonlinear optical coefficient deffand higher laser damage threshold.     

High-efficiency longitudinally-pumped miniature Nd:YVO4 laser

We report on fundamental and intracavity frequency-doubled emission in a miniature Nd:YVO₄ (3×3×1 mm) laser. A maximum slope efficiency of η_s=58.6%, with optical efficiency of η₀=53.0% at 780 mW pump power was realized in a TEM₀₀ output beam. To obtain the optimum pump-beam focusing conditions we applied a new formalism in which the pump-beam propagation in the active medium was described by its M² factor. A good agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental results was observed. In second-harmonic regime, obtained by a KTP crystal, 230 mW green power that corresponds to 54% nonlinear conversion efficiency was reached.     

Intracavity second-harmonic generation of 1.06 μm in GdCa4O(BO3)3 crystals

The characteristics of intracavity second-harmonic generation (SHG) at 1.06 μm in GdCa₄O(BO₃)₃ (GdCOB) crystals cut for different type I phase-matching (PM) directions of (θ,φ)=(66.8°, 132.3°); (19.4°, 0°); (90°, 46°) have been investigated. It was found that the intracavity SHG was significantly efficient in the PM direction of (66.8°, 132.3°), and that the intrinsic lower effective nonlinear coefficient (d_eff) was responsible for the less-efficient SHG in the other two directions. A maximum CW SHG output power of 2.81 W was obtained with an optical conversion efficiency of 18.7%, while the corresponding effective intracavity SHG efficiency was determined to be 41.3%. The intracavity SHG efficiency of GdCOB has been found to reach two-thirds of that obtained with type II phase-matching KTiOPO₄ (KTP). Received: 26 April 2000 / Revised version: 3 July 2000 / Published online: 5 October 2000     

粉末倍频系数的模拟研究

根据Kurtz粉末倍频理论,使用光纤光谱仪自行设计搭建一个粉末倍频测试系统,该系统可在基频光波入射方向不变的情况下,通过转动旋转臂在不同方向探测二次谐波,并且具有较高的精确度和灵敏度。使具有位相匹配特性的颗粒尺寸范围扩大为46μm～250μm 。使用波长为1.064μm的基频光,对KIO3晶体粉末的倍频效应进行了测试。测试结果表明,KIO3晶体粉末透射倍频光具有位相匹配特性。这一测试结果与已报道结果相一致。通过数值模拟实验测试曲线,获得了KIO3晶体粉末的倍频系数d2ω的值为9.7×10-12m/V。这一模拟值与已报道的KIO3晶体对该基频光波产生的倍频系数d32的值相吻合。由此可见,该方法切实可行。并且可推广应用到其他晶体材料的非线性特性测试研究。