共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 30 毫秒
1.
René Dybkaer 《Accreditation and quality assurance》2007,12(10):553-557
Laboratory medicine provides results for quantities as well as for properties having no magnitude. The terminology of the
latter is less well established and sources are contradictory. Two recent papers on “protometrology” published in this journal
offer an opportunity to discuss the necessary concept systems. The delineations of “metrology” versus “protometrology”, “observation”
versus “measurement”, and the generic division of “property” are examined with emphasis on avoiding conflict with the International
Vocabulary of Metrology. It is suggested that having “examination” as a top generic concept coupled with systematic modifiers
for division, especially ‘nominal’ and ‘ordinal’, is a preferable terminological solution.
相似文献
René Dybkaer |
2.
Stephen L. R. Ellison 《Accreditation and quality assurance》2006,11(3):146-152
The relationship between calibrated range, residual standard deviation and correlation coefficient r is discussed. It is shown that in typical chemical calibration applications with appropriately distributed calibration points (particularly, with range comparable to mean and with approximately even or with ‘successive dilution’ spacing), the linear correlation coefficient has valid application as a routine criterion for acceptable fit if used with due care.
相似文献
Stephen L. R. EllisonEmail: Phone: +44-20-8943-7325Fax: +44-20-8943-2767 |
3.
Structural formulas and explanation in organic chemistry 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
W. M. Goodwin 《Foundations of Chemistry》2008,10(2):117-127
Organic chemists have been able to develop a robust, theoretical understanding of the phenomena they study; however, the primary
theoretical devices employed in this field are not mathematical equations or laws, as is the case in most other physical sciences.
Instead it is diagrams, and in particular structural formulas and potential energy diagrams, that carry the explanatory weight
in the discipline. To understand how this is so, it is necessary to investigate both the nature of the diagrams employed in
organic chemistry and how these diagrams are used in the explanations of the discipline. I will begin this paper by characterizing
some of the major ways that structural formulas used in organic chemistry. Next I will present a model of the explanations
in organic chemistry and describe how both structural formulas and potential energy diagrams contribute to these explanations.
This will be followed by several examples that support my abstract account of the role of diagrams in the explanations of
organic chemistry. In particular, I will consider both the appeal to ‘hyperconjugation’ in the explanation of alkene stability
and how the idea of ‘ring strain’ was developed to explain the relative stability of cyclic compounds.
相似文献
W. M. GoodwinEmail: |
4.
Vibronic interactions have received increasing attention in modern structural chemistry. Edward Teller played a pioneering
role in understanding and describing them during the “molecular physics” period of his scientific career. Very little is known
about the two scientists who contributed significantly to our knowledge about these effects and whose names have become associated
with Teller’s. This Editorial is devoted to Hermann Jahn and Rudolf Renner and attempts to lift them out of oblivion by paying
them tribute for their contributions.
相似文献
István Hargittai (Corresponding author)Email: |
5.
Klaus Ruthenberg 《Foundations of Chemistry》2009,11(2):79-91
Immanuel Kant has built up a dualistic epistemology that seems to fit to the peculiarities of chemistry quite well. Friedrich
Paneth used Kant’s concept and characterised simple and basic substances which refer to the empirical and to the transcendental
world, respectively. This paper takes account of the Kantian influences in Paneth’s philosophy of chemistry, and discusses
pertinent topics, like observables, atomism and realism.
相似文献
Klaus RuthenbergEmail: |
6.
Guy Yardeni Israel Zilbermann Eric Maimon Haim Cohen Dan Meyerstein 《Research on Chemical Intermediates》2009,35(4):543-554
A new CeIII complex was synthesized by mixing the ligand “dioxocyclam” with CeIII ions at pH 8.0 and its redox properties were investigated.
相似文献
Dan Meyerstein (Corresponding author)Email: |
7.
Hinne Hettema 《Foundations of Chemistry》2008,10(2):135-142
Michael Weisberg’s recent 2007 paper on the chemical bond makes the claim that the chemical notion of the covalent bond is
in trouble. This note casts doubts on that claim.
相似文献
Hinne HettemaEmail: |
8.
Leslie R. Pendrill 《Accreditation and quality assurance》2008,13(11):619-631
A discussion in economic terms of common rules in conformity assessment based on measurement is given. The present work extends
tools of sampling when using inspection by variable and attribute, such as the setting of acceptance quality limits (AQL)
and limiting quality limits (LQL), by including an economic decision theory approach, leading, amongst other things, to a
new ‘cost’ curve as a complement to the traditional operating characteristic curves of statistical significance testing. The
methodology is of general applicability but is illustrated in the present work in the simple case of homogeneously pre-packaged
goods priced linearly with the amount of content. The relation to the optimised uncertainty methodology is explained. Optimum
strategies for the supplier are illustrated in terms of minimising production and testing costs, while at the same time maintaining
satisfactory levels of customer satisfaction.
相似文献
Leslie R. PendrillEmail: |
9.
A method is described to calculate and visualize the interaction forces of ligand-receptor complexes. Starting from an X-ray
crystallographic structure, a “thawing” procedure results in a force-field energy-minimized geometry which is close to the
crystallographic starting point. By subtracting non-bonded interactions of the ligand with each amino acid residue and using
the resulting force vectors to describe the slope of the remaining potential, two types of interaction force diagrams are
created; the first shows the direction of the force vectors in 3D and the second shows the magnitude of the force vectors.
The latter representation leads to definition of an ‘Interaction Force Fingerprint’ (IFFP) which is characteristic of the
ligand-receptor binding. IFFPs are used to discuss ligand binding in the human estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ, and provide
new insight into ligand selectivity between receptor isoforms.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
相似文献
Hooman ShadniaEmail: |
10.
René Dybkaer 《Accreditation and quality assurance》2007,12(12):661-663
Terminology within a small laboratory community can be informal without danger of misunderstanding, but communication with
a wider audience and not least in publications, needs unequivocal terms for defined concepts. As an example, the many meanings
of “concentration” are explored to present a systematic nomenclature, including a concept diagram.
相似文献
René Dybkaer |
11.
Hitoshi Shirase Yurie Miura Yutaka Fukuda 《Monatshefte für Chemie / Chemical Monthly》2009,140(7):807-814
Abstract Mixed-ligand NiII complexes have been synthesized with 1,3-diketonate and bulky tri- or tetra-amine ligands. Their structures were determined
by X-ray crystallography, and solvatochromic behavior was examined by UV–vis–NIR spectroscopy. Steric effects of the bulky
ligands on the coordination distances and spectral properties are discussed.
Graphical Abstract
相似文献
Yutaka FukudaEmail: |
12.
Michael Noyong Buelent Ceyhan Christof M. Niemeyer Ulrich Simon 《Colloid and polymer science》2006,284(11):1265-1273
The formation and the optical features of two-dimensional aggregates formed by DNA-directed immobilization and cross-linking of bifunctional DNA–gold nanoparticles at flat gold substrates are analyzed. The samples are structurally characterized by atomic force microscopy to evaluate the particle size, the particle densities, and the degree of aggregation. The optical characteristics determined by UV/visible measurements are correlated with the structural features observed.
相似文献
Ulrich SimonEmail: |
13.
Yan Gao Sabrina Reischmann Johannes Huber Tobias Hanke Rudolf Bratschitsch Alfred Leitenstorfer Stefan Mecking 《Colloid and polymer science》2008,286(11):1329-1334
Single semiconductor quantum dots were embedded into polymer particles with diameters below 0.1 μm by an emulsion polymerization
procedure or via a secondary dispersion approach. The photoluminescence properties of the nanocrystals are retained upon encapsulation,
as demonstrated by fluorescence confocal microscopy.
相似文献
Stefan MeckingEmail: |
14.
15.
Ernesto Paparazzo 《Foundations of Chemistry》2008,10(1):63-75
This paper analyzes views of the Stoic philosopher Posidonius (1st century BC) in the light of modern Chemistry. I propose
that Posidonius’ account on “generation and destruction” bears noteworthy similarities to the scientific notions of chemical
elements, chemical species, nuclear reactions, and the law of conservation of mass. I find that his views compare favorably
also with our understanding of chemical change at solid surfaces. Provided his thought is correctly placed in the cultural
context of his day, I argue that Posidonius deserves a previously un-acknowledged consideration in the historical background
of modern Chemistry.
相似文献
Ernesto PaparazzoEmail: |
16.
Robert J. Deltete 《Foundations of Chemistry》2008,10(3):187-221
This is the third of a series of essays on the development and reception of Wilhelm Ostwald’s energetics. The first essay
described the chemical origins of Ostwald’s interest in the energy concept and his motivations for seeking a comprehensive
science of energy. The second essay and the present one discuss his various attempts, beginning in 1891 and extending over
almost 3 years, to develop a consistent and coherent energetic theory. A final essay will consider reactions to this work
and Ostwald’s replies, and will also seek to evaluate his program of research. Ostwald’s project—to reconstruct physics and
chemistry “as a pure energetics”—is worth attending to for several reasons: first, because Ostwald did ground-breaking work
in chemistry (he was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1909 for his studies in catalysis and rates of reaction); second, because an
important school of physical chemistry formed around him at Leipzig, a school that promoted his ideas; and, finally, because
he was a prominent and vigorous participant in debates at the end of the nineteenth century concerning the proper course of
physical theory.
相似文献
Robert J. DelteteEmail: |
17.
Xavier Fuentes-Arderiu 《Accreditation and quality assurance》2006,11(12):640-643
Protometrology is a new term recently proposed to designate the science of observation. As any field of knowledge needs a
terminological system, in this article a system of terms and definitions on protometrology, with examples belonging to clinical
laboratory sciences, is presented. This terminological system starts with the definitions of the two primitive concepts “object”
and “property”.
相似文献
Xavier Fuentes-ArderiuEmail: |
18.
This paper describes the COMAR database for certified reference materials (CRMs). The Web-based version of COMAR is freely
accessible via the Internet. COMAR was established to assist laboratories in finding the CRMs needed. The database is maintained
in a collaboration of the world’s major CRM producers. The planned changes in the database as agreed at the last COMAR council
meeting in Prague in May 2006 are indicated.
相似文献
Thomas SteigerEmail: |
19.
In the present work, results of the interaction between methanol and oxidized platinum surfaces as studied via transients
of open-circuit potentials are presented. The surface oxidation before the exposure to interaction with 0.5 M methanol was
performed at different polarization times at 1.4 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). In spite of the small changes in
the initial oxide content, the increase of the pre-polarization time induces a considerable increase of the time needed for
the oxide consumption during its interaction with methanol. The influence of the identity of the chemisorbing anion on the
transients was also investigated in the following media: 0.1 M HClO4, 0.5 M H2SO4, and 0.5 M H2SO4 + 0.1 mM Cl−. It was observed that the transient time increases with the energy of anion chemisorption and, more importantly, without
a change in the shape of the transient, meaning that free platinum sites are available at the topmost layer all over the transient
and not only in the potential region of small oxide ‘coverage’. The impact of the pre-polarization time and the effect of
anion chemisorption on the transients are rationalized in terms of the presence of surface and subsurface oxygen driven by place exchange.
相似文献
Hamilton VarelaEmail: |
20.
Malcolm H. Chisholm Jason S. D’Acchioli Christopher M. Hadad 《Journal of Cluster Science》2007,18(1):27-49
The electronic structures and the physical properties (vertical excitation energies, vibrational stretching frequencies, and
bond lengths) of a variety of M–M quadruply bonded (M = Mo, W) complexes are investigated using density functional theory
(DFT). By utilizing a variety of pure and hybrid exchange-correlation (XC) functionals and a number basis sets, we are able
to recommend a theoretical methodology for most efficiently probing the electronic structures of homoleptic M2(O2CR)4 and bridged M2(O2C-X-CO2)M2 (R = organic group, typically H; X = conjugated organic group) complexes.
相似文献
Jason S. D’AcchioliEmail: |