Thermal boundary layer effects on the acoustical impedance of enclosures and consequences for acoustical sensing devices

Expressions are derived for the acoustical impedance of a rectangular enclosure and of a finite annular cylindrical enclosure. The derivation is valid throughout the frequency range in which all dimensions of the enclosure are much less than the wavelength. The results are valid throughout the range from adiabatic to isothermal conditions in the enclosure. The effect is equivalent to placing an additional, frequency-dependent complex impedance in parallel with the adiabatic compliance. As the thermal boundary layer grows to fill the cavity, the reactive part of the impedance varies smoothly from the adiabatic value to the isothermal value. In some microphones, this change in cavity stiffness is sufficient to modify the sensitivity. The resistive part of the additional cavity impedance varies as the inverse square root of frequency at high frequencies where the boundary layer has not grown to fill the enclosure. The thermal modification gives rise to a thermal noise whose spectral density varies asymptotically as l/f(3/2) above the isothermal transition frequency.     

Interacting effects of syllable and phrase position on consonant articulation

The complexities of how prosodic structure, both at the phrasal and syllable levels, shapes speech production have begun to be illuminated through studies of articulatory behavior. The present study contributes to an understanding of prosodic signatures on articulation by examining the joint effects of phrasal and syllable position on the production of consonants. Articulatory kinematic data were collected for five subjects using electromagnetic articulography (EMA) to record target consonants (labial, labiodental, and tongue tip), located in (1) either syllable final or initial position and (2) either at a phrase edge or phrase medially. Spatial and temporal characteristics of the consonantal constriction formation and release were determined based on kinematic landmarks in the articulator velocity profiles. The results indicate that syllable and phrasal position consistently affect the movement duration; however, effects on displacement were more variable. For most subjects, the boundary-adjacent portions of the movement (constriction release for a preboundary coda and constriction formation for a postboundary onset) are not differentially affected in terms of phrasal lengthening-both lengthen comparably.     

Experimental study of nonlinear acoustical effects in limestone

Results of an experimental and theoretical study of nonlinear acoustic effects (amplitude-dependent loss, resonance frequency shift, second and third harmonic generation, and sound by sound damping) in a limestone bar resonator are reported. The observed effects are analytically described in the framework of phenomenological equations of state with allowance for the low-frequency hysteretic nonlinearity and the high-frequency dissipative nonlinearity. Experimental and analytical dependences of nonlinear effects are compared to find the parameters of the hysteretic and dissipative nonlinearities of the limestone sample studied.     

水声构件材料动态切变模量测量方法研究

阐述了一种新的水声构件材料动态切变模量测量方法,该方法利用宽带参量声源、精密坐标装置和信号处理技术,在小型消声水槽中可以准确测量频率范围20~100kHz、典型尺寸500×500mm²材料样品的动态切变模量。文中先后介绍了测量基本原理、实验装置,给出并分析了测量结果。     

Age effects in the human middle ear: wideband acoustical measures

Studies that have examined age effects in the human middle ear using either admittance measures at 220 or 660 Hz or multifrequency tympanometry from 200 to 2000 Hz have had conflicting results. Several studies have suggested an increase in admittance with age, while several others have suggested a decrease in admittance with age. A third group of studies found no significant age effect. This study examined 226 Hz tympanometry and wideband energy reflectance and impedance at ambient pressure in a group of 40 young adults and a group of 30 adults with age > or = 60 years. The groups did not differ in admittance measures of the middle ear at 226 Hz. However, significant age effects were found in wideband energy reflectance and impedance. In particular, in older adults there was a comparative decrease in reflectance from 800 to 2000 Hz but an increase near 4000 Hz. The results suggest a decrease in middle-ear stiffness with age. The findings of this study hold relevance for understanding the aging process in the auditory system, for the establishment of normative data for wideband energy reflectance, for the possibility of a conductive component to presbycusis, and for the interpretation of otoacoustic emission measurements.     

音乐厅音质设计

本文简要介绍音乐厅建筑实践的发展史和四个最近设计成功的大厅。简要叙述现在于大厅内能测量且与主观响应有关的客观参数,即混响时间、初始时间延迟间隙、响度、扩散、侧向反射和早期对后期能量比。最后,简短地报道近来声场模拟方法的发展,用这些方法可以预测某些声学特性。     

水下声图像研究

为了解水下噪声系统,特别是水中运动目标的噪声特性,本文建立了利用Fresnel积分进行声场空间变换的理论和实验测试系统。讨论了测量参数的选择和扫描测量与Fresnel积分的关系以及利用付里叶变换简化Fresnel积分的方法。文中介绍了关于三种不同声源的声图像试验及试验结果,即:水下五元十字形声源的声图像;某型水下发动机的声图像和一艘水面航行船模的声图像。在这些声图像结果上,由于各声源发声图像清晰,可一目了然地看出各声源的主要发声部位即主要噪声源位置。     

声图像的恢复对纹理分析参数影响的研究

本文研究了声图像的恢复对声图像纹理分析参数的影响。论文阐述了一种用于Ｂ超图像恢复的方法。它利用三个声学特性已知的超声组织仿真模块作参考,在增益与ＴＧＣ设置不变的情况下,可对均匀组织的Ｂ超图像进行恢复,论文采用了几种不同的纹理分析方法对已恢复的Ｂ超图像及未经恢复且在不同设置下采集的图像进行了分析结果的对比研究,得到了一些有实用意义的结论。     

近场声全息成像方法的研究

本文对近场声全息成像方法的基本理论及特点做了简单介绍。针对声源重建问题的不适定性,提出一种新的空间频率域滤波方法——带约束条件的最小二乘法,改善了重建结果的稳定性。运用近场声全息成像的数字方法,对圆板的振动及其辐射声场进行了计算机模拟研究并验证了滤波处理的效果。本文还用自制的32阵元线阵扫描实验系统,对一个在空气中辐射400赫声波的小型扬声器的振动及声场进行了近场声全息成像研究,给出初步实验结果。     

The role of acoustical characteristics in the perception of warning sounds and the effects of wearing hearing protection

The relative importance of the acoustical contrasts of a warning sound with other irrelevant sounds and with the ambient noise has been investigated in the context of the perception of warning sounds and the effects of hearing protection being worn by normally hearing subjects. The results indicate that both contrast factors had an influence on the attention demand of the auditory warnings, but that the contrast with the irrelevant sounds was more potent for the specific stimuli investigated. Thus, they emphasize the importance of including a typical recognition requirement when assessing the attention demand of warning sounds. A small additional reduction in the attention demand of both sounds was evident when the subjects were wearing hearing protectors. This effect could occur in the industrial setting, but further research is required to establish its extent and implications.     

混响感知的听觉心理

综述了中国传媒大学传播声学研究所近年来在混响的主观感知机理上的研究工作和进展,涉及混响感的语意调查与分析,音乐听闻的混响偏爱度实验,混响感的差别阈限,混响感的因素分析,以及混响处理与音乐情感之间的相互影响等研究结果。对混响感知的研究对进一步探究在有界空间中主观听感的生理心理机制是十分有启发的。     

琵琶的声学特性

本文给出中国民族弦乐器琵琶的基本声学特性。分析了琴面板、琴马的振动模式和琴体振动声辐射的频率特性。从用琵琶弹七声音阶音得到的声频谱得出的频谱包络来分析琵琶声频谱的规律,基本上是每千赫频段内有个主要的包络峰。文中还给出演奏琵琶的指法弹和挑,实音和虚音的特点。     

基于变换声学的角反射器的设计*

基于超材料的新型声学器件是近年来的研究热点,变换声学为这些新型声学器件的实现带来了可能。该文提出了一种基于变换声学的声反射器模型的设计方法。通过简单的线性映射,该声反射器具有均匀而各向异性的参数。利用Biot流体等效介质理论,通过周期分层结构可以对该反射器进行实现。仿真结果显示,在一定角度范围内,该反射器可以将声波按照入射方向进行反射,同时也验证了该结构的宽频有效性。     

The realization of an acoustical directional coupler

The design and realization of an acoustical directional coupler are presented. Its application as a reflectometer, i.e. for direct measurement of the acoustical reflection coefficient of materials, is described.     

阮的声学特性

本文以大阮为主,兼顾中小阮给出阮的声学特性。阮的面板、背板与琴体内空腔和声孔组成耦合振动系统,在低频出现两个明显的共振。阮面板的振动模态与圆板振动相比较在频率不高时存在一定的规律。文中给出大阮的声频谱和琴体振动发声的影响。     

立体声影院声学问题初探

本文从立体声影院声学原理有关系的心理声学、电声学和建筑声学出发阐述了立体声影院声学设计方法和原则,并以重庆山城六声道宽银幕立体声影院声学设计、装修和实测结果作为例子进行了介绍。     

The effect of intensity on the localization of different acoustical stimuli in the vertical plane

Two experiments have been carried out to investigate the effects of using different stimuli, various intensities, and repeated stimulus presentation on the ability to localize sounds in the vertical plane. It was found that noise can be localized more accurately than a speech stimulus. Increasing the sensation level of the stimulus reduces localizational errors up to a sensation level of 70 dB, where the error appears to reach a plateau at about 3·5°. There is little or no apparent learning process involved in the task of auditory localization.     

The effect of grazing mean flow on acoustical characteristics of the micro-perforated panel absorber

There are three effects of grazing mean flow on acoustical characteristics of the micro-perforated panel absorber(1) on radiation impedance of the orifice,(2) on acoustical impedance of the construction at sound wave angle incidence,(3) on sound propagation property in a duct lined by absorber.Based on the acoustical fundamental principle,these effects were analyzed respectively,and relative formulas were derived. Some qualitative tendencies were shown that radiation impedance of an orifice,value ofξin function coth(ξ) which estimates cavity impedance,and transmission loss in a lined duct all will decrease with flow speed increases as well as the resonant frequency will move to lower frequency caused by Doppler Effect,when sound wave propagation direction is the same with flow direction. The discussion was also supported by a relative experimental study.