黄土高原表层土壤中稀土元素含量及其对稀土农用效果的影响

用中子活化法（ＩＮＡＡ）测定了黄土高原地区主要类型土壤（表层）１０４个样品中８个稀土元素（Ｌａ，Ｃｅ，Ｎｄ，Ｓｍ，Ｅｕ，Ｔｂ，Ｙｂ，Ｌｕ），初步探讨了该区土壤中稀土元素的区域分布及对稀土农用效果的影响。结果表明，黄土高原土壤中稀土元素的含量接近全国土壤中的平均含量：主要类型土壤的稀土元素含量分布规律为：灰褐土，娄土＞黑垆土，黄绵土＞灰钙土，与土壤粘粒含量相似，由东南向西北呈下降趋势：该区较适合于农用稀土的推广应用。     

叶绿素—稀土的光谱研究

植物光合作用中,叶绿素分子是重要的色素分子。它参与构成捕光天线和作用中心,在植物高效吸收和传递光能过程中起着重要作用。它的研究对于了解稀土元素对光合作用过程的影响和提高作物的光合效率,促进农业增产有着一定的理论和实际意义。 稀土农用已取得显著的增产效果。已发现稀土元素对植物光系统Ⅰ和光系统Ⅱ的活性有明显促进作用。然而,稀土元素对叶绿素作用机理尚未充分认识。本文进行了叶绿素-稀土的光谱研究。试图证明稀土元素的存在,特别是轻稀土对叶绿素分子捕获光子的影响。     

稀土磷肥及含稀土磷矿在农业领域的应用效果与前景

贵州织金存在一种低品位含稀土磷矿,难以合理利用。在综述稀土磷肥的研发过程及相关工艺的基础上,对比分析了稀土磷肥的农用效果,以贵州织金含稀土磷矿为例,提出含稀土磷矿及稀土磷肥农业应用存在的问题。结果表明:稀土磷肥相比普通磷肥存在多种优势,施用稀土磷肥能大幅增产,提高经济效益,其增产效果与施用肥料组合、作物品种、磷肥中稀土的含量、肥料施用量和施用方式等密切相关,认为只要剂量适当,施用稀土肥料对农产品和人畜都是安全的。织金磷矿中稀土元素性质稳定且不易被植物吸收,需设计新工艺转化矿物的非活性稀土元素,生产出符合质量和环保要求的稀土磷肥,以解决含稀土磷矿综合利用的难题,达到科学利用含稀土磷矿这一自然资源的目的。     

我国稀土生物无机化学研究进展

我国稀土生物无机化学研究的特点是紧密结合稀土在农用及药物中应用所提出急需回答的问题, 经过长期的工作, 已在稀土的跨细胞膜运转, 稀土进入动物体内后的物种分布, 稀土与细胞膜的作用, 稀土对血红蛋白结构与载氧功能的作用, 稀土对骨细胞及骨结构的影响以及稀土在大鼠肝脏中的积累等方面取得了满意的结果. 从而可以为今后开展稀土元素在农用及药用中危险性评价的基础数据, 同时亦将促进稀土细胞化学的发展.     

酸雨胁迫及稀土农用条件下菠菜及其土壤中稀土元素的赋存

利用盆栽实验研究了酸雨胁迫、稀土农用条件下 ,菠菜及其土壤中稀土元素的含量及分布特征。结果表明 :菠菜地上部分的REE含量为 0 .5 2 7～ 0 .696μg·g- 1 之间 ,地下部 2 .668～ 3 .0 0 3 μg·g- 1 。土壤 2 2 9.0 9～ 2 5 0 .3 μg·g- 1 。酸雨明显地影响作物对REE的吸收和利用 ,酸度越大 ,影响越明显。随着酸雨酸度的增大、植株体内、土壤中的REE受淋洗的作用加强而表现出REE的总量随着pH的减小而逐渐减少。施用稀土后 ,植株的地上或地下部分及其土壤中的REE含量均与对照的土壤中的REE分配模式基本相同 ,遵循稀土元素分布丰度的奇偶 (Oddo Harkins)规则、轻稀土富集 ,Eu弱负异常 ,富铈配分型 ,表明稀土元素仍然主要来自土壤并受其影响。     

稀土的毒理学效应

综述了稀土的毒理学效应，包括：稀土的急性毒性，稀土的慢性毒性，稀土的日允许摄入量和稀土的毒性分类。     

焊条药皮中稀土氧化物向焊缝中过渡机制的研究

通过向焊条药皮中加入稀土氧化物的方法，研究了在焊条药皮中加入不同种类、不同含量的稀土氧化物对焊缝金属低温冲击韧性、显微组织以及扩散氢含量的影响。实验表明，在焊条药皮中添加适量的稀土氧化物可以细化焊缝组织、增加针状铁素体的含量、提高焊缝金属的低温冲击韧性和降低焊缝中扩散氢含量，这是一种经济有效的向熔池中过渡稀土元素的方法，可以在焊接材料中发挥稀土元素的特殊作用。从焊接冶金的角度出发，深入研究了焊条药皮中稀土氧化物向熔池中过渡稀土元素的机理、规律及其影响因素。研究表明，焊条药皮中的稀土氧化物在熔滴的高温阶段可以分解出稀土活性原子并过渡到熔池中，参与焊接冶金反应，对焊接熔池起到进一步脱硫去氧的作用。     

自然土壤环境下脐橙植物体稀土累积特征

在赣南稀土高背景区(稀土矿区)和稀土低背景区不同土壤脐橙果园分别取岩、土、植物样32组,用ICP-MS法测定样品中15个稀土元素的含量,并对稀土元素在土壤和脐橙植物体内的分布、迁移、累积特征进行研究.结果表明,稀土元素在脐橙植物体内的分布特征是:根>叶>枝>果皮>果肉;稀土元素从A层土→A层土可溶态→根→枝→叶(以及枝→果皮,枝→果肉)的演化、迁移过程中,总的趋势是轻稀土元素所占百分比逐渐增高,重稀土元素所占百分比逐渐降低;高、低稀土背景区脐橙植物体各器官的稀土含量差别由根至果实逐渐缩小,根的稀土含量差别很大,到果肉则差别很小,高、低稀土背景区脐橙果肉的稀土含量均低于限量标准.     

稀土元素在植物中的分异研究进展

有关对稀土农用的理论和实践、天然和农业生态系统中稀土的地球化学行为及稀土的增产生理过程与毒理等方面已开展了大量研究,而对稀土进入植物体内的迁移过程、分布分异现象和机制缺乏必要的了解。稀土元素在植物中的分异研究有助于“示踪”稀土元素在土壤(溶液)-植物系统中的迁移路径,进而查明控制稀土元素迁移和积累的体外和体内敏感因素。本文结合近5年的研究工作,就近年来国内外有关稀土元素在植物中的分异现象、机制及其研究意义进行了综述,并展望了此方面的研究趋势,期望能为稀土以及重金属的生物有效性研究开辟一条新思路。     

河台金矿中稀土元素在韧性剪切过程中迁移行为的研究

通过对两类糜棱岩及其原岩的稀土元素含量的分析研究, 结果表明, 稀土元素在韧性剪切过程中发生有规律的成分变异. 在云母石英片岩及混合岩形成糜棱岩、超糜棱岩过程中, 即随着变形强度的增强, 单个稀土元素、轻稀土、重稀土和稀土总量均出现有规律的增加或减少, 而稀土元素配分模式不变. 通过对构造岩变形前后的等比分析, 认为两类不同的糜棱岩类中稀土元素的成分变异极小, 但存在少量稀土元素的迁入和迁出, 变化的原因是在岩石变形过程中发生了体积的改变和大量的流体作用影响, 并导致轻稀土相对富集、重稀土相对亏损的分异作用.     

Determination of rare-earth elements by high-performance liquid chromatography/inductively-coupled plasma/atomic emission spectrometry

Liquid chromatography coupled on-line to a sequential ICP/AES system is applied for the determination of 14 rare-earth elements (REEs) in samples with widely different concentrations of REEs and matrix elements. The REEs are separated on a cation-exchanger by applying an α- hydroxyisobutyric acid gradient. The determination limits were the same as those obtained by continuous nebulization of single-element standard solutions. The chromatographic separation precludes mutual spectral interferences between the REEs. The practical value of the method developed is demonstrated by the determination of REE impurities in Specpure rare-earth oxides, by its demonstrated potential to evaluate real spectral interferences, and by the analysis of geological samples (natural phosphates) with relatively low total REE contents. The detection limits of REEs in these natural phosphates ranged between 0.005 and 0.4 μg g^?1.     

High-resolution spectra of selected rare earth elements and spectral interferences studied by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES)

The rare earth elements (REEs) play very important roles in industrial manufacturing, technology development and biological processes. Due to their complex emission spectra, trace levels of REEs are difficult to analyze by conventional ICP-AES techniques. The present study investigates possible spectral interferences of matrices (rare earth oxides of Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm and Dy) on the analytical lines (± 0.1 nm) of a target REE. Detailed and well-resolved spectra for selected REEs are presented, and procedures used to rectify the problem of spectral interferences caused by REE matrices are discussed. A computer-assisted system (CAS) for spectral recognition has been developed and used to assist in the study of matrix interference. To determine directly trace rare earth elements in REE matrices without sample pre-separation, the application potential is demonstrated with a one meter sequential instrument retrofitted with a 3600 grooves/mm grating.     

稀土元素超积累植物研究进展

概述了稀土元素的环境生态学特性及其超积累植物，并对稀土元素超积累植物研究的重要科学意义进行了介绍。在此基础上，详细综述了近年来稀土元素超积累植物的研究成果，包括其种属、空间地域分布，其体内稀土元素的分布、分异特征及影响因素，其吸收富集稀土元素的生理及生化机制，并展望了稀土元素超积累植物及其修复应用研究的发展前景。     

Determination of rare earth elements in carbonatites from the Kangankunde Mine, Malawi by instrumental neutron activation analysis

Nine rare earth elements (REEs) in African carbonatite samples were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The geochemical behavior of REEs in carbonatites, especially REE pattern (chondrite-normalized), is studied in relation to carbonatite formation at the Kangankunde Mine, Malawi. REE-rich phosphate minerals, particularly monazite, and the other unusual minerals such as strontianite, are observed during the stages of carbonatite formation. Four kinds of carbonatites exhibit similar chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns in spite of the marked difference of their REE contents. All these carbonatites are characterized by the strong fractionation between light and heavy REEs and by the very high La/Yb ratio (1000-2800).     

Peculiarities of rare-earth-element distribution in environmental objects

The effect of the production of phosphorus fertilizers on the pollution of the environment by rare-earth elements is reviewed. The main sources of rare-earth element pollution in the environment are described. The levels of REEs in components of the environment — atmosphere, snow, different types of soil, native and agricultural types of vegetation — that provide evidence for their participation in the biological cycle of plants are considered. The high values of the correlation coefficients lead one to think that the REE distribution in vegetation occurs under specific laws true for this family of elements.     

Instrumental neutron activation analysis of carbonatites from Homa Mountain, Kenya

Twenty eight (major and trace) elements including eight rare earth elements (REEs) in African carbonatite samples were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The geochemical behavior of trace elements was studied in relation to the order of carbonatite intrusion from C1 to C4 through C2 and C3 at Homa Mountain, Kenya. The enrichment of Mn, Fe, Sr, Ba, Th, U and REE is found in the sixteen carbonatites examined in this study. The general increase in the concentrations of Na, Sc, Mn, Sb, Ba, Th, U and REE occurs from C1 to C4 through C2 and C2c, but C3 carbonatite shows a different pattern. The C3 carbonatite is extraordinarily enriched in Mn, Fe and Ba and is highly enriched in Cr, As, Sb and Th. The chondrite-normalized REE distribution pattern of the C3 carbonatite is not rich in the light REE. Strong fractionation between light and heavy REEs is found in the carbonatites, and moderate fractionation in the two alkalic igneous rock samples. In order to evaluate partitioning of REEs into carbonate, oxide and other mineral fractions, a selective chemical leaching technique on carbonatites was applied and is discussed in this study. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Distribution characteristics of rare earth elements in plants from a rare earth ore area

The contents of eight rare earth elements (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb and Lu) in various plant species taken from a rare earth ore area were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis. For a given plant, the REE patterns in root, leaf and host soil are different from each other. The REE distribution characteristics in roots of various species are very similar and resemble those in the surface water. The results of this study suggest that there is no significant fractionation between the REEs during their uptake by the plant roots from soil solution. However, the variation of the relative abundance of individual REE occurs in the process of transportation and deposition of REEs in plants.     

Correlation between terbium and the other rare earth element contents in fern leaves

The lanthanides (REEs) in 142 fern leaves collected from 9 sampling sites in Japan were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Between two REEs a strong positive correlation was found in the logarithmic scattering diagram with correlation and regression coefficients close to unity, suggesting neither selective accumulation by plants nor different availability from soil between the two elements. However, between Tb and the other REEs the relationship showed two lines with the same correlation coefficient. This suggested that there must be a difference in the availability of REEs or in their absorption characteristics by plants. Further analysis revealed that the splitting was due to some difference in the environmental factors where the fern grew. However, the amount of REE in the soil collected together with the corresponding fern did not reflect the REE concentration in the fern leaves.     

Determination of rare earth elements in Indian kimberlite using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS)

A method has been developed for the analysis of rare earth elements (REEs) in kimberlite samples using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The samples were dissolved using sodium peroxide fusion and after appropriate dilutions the solutions were analyzed using ICP-MS. The paper presents the concentration of rare-earth elements as determined by ICP-MS in eight kimberlite samples from Central India. The method was validated using certified reference materials STSD-1 and STSD-2 from Canadian Certified Reference Material Project. The method detection limit of various REEs varies from 0.12 to 1.54?mg?kg^?1. The total REE concentrations range from 418 to 726?mg?kg^?1 and fall within the interval of those reported in the literature for kimberlites. Despite the marked difference in the REE contents, all the analyzed samples show similar REE patterns that resemble those for kimberlites. In order to compare ICP-MS results, the samples were analyzed using instrumental neutron activation analysis which is a reference method for determination of REEs in geological samples.