中国观赏类山茶FTIR分类研究

采用傅里叶红外光谱法研究了云南山茶与华东山茶共17个品种的山茶花花瓣.结果显示,傅里叶变换红外光谱主要由蛋白质、脂类化合物及多糖的振动吸收带组成.两类山茶样品的傅里叶变换光谱图整体上十分相似,只是在多糖吸收区域(1200-950cm-1)略有差异,对比该区域的一阶导数谱,差异主要表现在1125-1100cm-1和1070-1000cm1两个吸收带.选取1200-950cm-1范围内的一阶导数谱进行系统聚类分析分类,并对4000-400cm-1范围内光谱做主成分分析.结果表明傅里叶变换红外光谱技术结合化学统计学方法,可用于鉴别云南山茶和华东山茶.     

云南不同产地大米的傅里叶变换红外光谱研究

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱对云南五个产地的大米样品进行研究,根据红外光谱图的分析得出大米主要成分为糖类、蛋白质及脂肪。五个产地大米的红外光谱图在整体上很相似,为了分析各产地大米的红外光谱图差异,对1 800~1 000cm-1范围的傅里叶变换红外光谱进行一阶和二阶导数处理,发现二阶导数光谱图较一阶导数光谱图显示出较高的分辨率,特别是大理和曲靖所产大米的红外光谱图在1 750~1 650和1 550cm-1左右的二阶导数光谱图峰数差异很大,此差异主要由脂类及蛋白质的含量不同而引起。对五个产地大米的红外光谱进行相关性分析,结果显示,五个产地大米的红外光谱之间相关性较好,都能达到0.989以上,只有曲靖、大理所产大米与其他产地大米的红外光谱图之间相关性较差一些。研究表明傅里叶变换红外光谱在分析鉴别大米方面具有方便、快速等优点。     

不同产地黑木耳的傅里叶变换红外光谱鉴别

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱法研究了五种不同产地的黑木耳。结果显示,它们的红外光谱主要由蛋白质、脂类化合物及多糖的振动吸收谱带组成。五个样品的傅里叶变红外光谱整体上十分相似,因此分别选取1750~1500cm-1和1200~1000cm-1范围内的傅里叶变换红外光谱进行相关性分析。结果显示,不同产地的黑木耳在1750~1500cm-1范围内相关性较好,光谱的相关系数分布在0.895~0.994。五个样品在1200~1000cm-1范围内的相关系数分布在0.441~0.981,东北地区产的黑木耳与西南地区产的黑木耳的光谱图有明显区别。利用1200~1000cm-1范围内的差异并结合其它吸收峰的特征可鉴别出不同产地的黑木耳。研究结果表明傅里叶变换红外光谱在鉴别菌类方面具有方便、快速等优点。     

小米的傅里叶变换红外光谱研究

本文利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)结合主成分分析和聚类分析对白小米、黄小米、糯小米、青小米、陈黄小米、黑小米和大黄米进行鉴别研究。所有样品的傅里叶变换红外光谱整体相似,二阶导数光谱存在明显的差异。选取1800~1400cm-1范围内的二阶导数光谱数据对52份小米样品做多变量分析,结果显示,主成分分析的分类准确率为84.6%,系统聚类分析的分类准确率为92.3%。结果表明傅里叶变换红外光谱技术结合化学计量学能有效地区分不同品种的小米,为不同小米的分类鉴定提供新的方法与途径。     

不同产地双色牛肝菌FTIR光谱鉴别研究

同一种蕈菌子实体,由于外观形貌相似,凭传统外观形貌特征难以鉴别产地来源。应用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)法测定了云南省5个不同地区58个野生双色牛肝菌子实体样品的红外光谱。借助于红外光谱具有的指纹特性,利用SPSS 13.0统计软件对1 350~750 cm-1范围光谱数据进行主成分分析(PCA),根据前三个主成分累积贡献率已达到88.87%以及主成分载荷分析,表明前三个主成分能够反映样品在该段光谱的主要信息。对前三个主成分作投影显示并进行比较,发现以主成分1和主成分2作二维线形投影,对不同产地的双色牛肝菌有较好的聚类和鉴别作用,所有样品被划分为5个区域,98.3%的样品被正确归类。研究结果提示,傅里叶变换红外光谱结合主成分分析方法可以快速、方便地对不同产地的同一种野生双色牛肝菌进行鉴别分类。     

FTIR光谱结合系统聚类分析鉴别松茸和姬松茸的研究

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术研究了松茸和姬松茸子实体,结果显示它们的傅里叶变换红外光谱主要由蛋白质和多糖的吸收带组成。对比它们的光谱发现,两者的特征吸收峰频率位置基本一致,只是在峰形上存在一定差异。利用差谱技术发现它们的红外光谱差异主要来自于1750~1000 cm-1范围内。为了快速准确的区分松茸和姬松茸的光谱,选取1750~1000 cm-1范围内的吸收带进行系统聚类分析。结果显示,系统聚类分析能准确的把松茸和姬松茸的光谱各自聚为一类,达到鉴别它们的目的。研究表明,傅里叶变换红外光谱技术结合系统聚类分析可以发展为一种快速鉴别食用菌的方法。     

自然老化谷类种子的二维红外光谱研究

种粮老化影响种子活力及粮食品质。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR),二阶导数红外光谱(SD-IR)和二维相关红外光谱(2D-IR)方法对不同储藏年份的大麦,小麦,稻谷,玉米和高粱种子进行区分研究。结果显示,原始光谱中几个峰强比有差异;在二阶导数红外光谱中,不同储藏年份种子在1 800～800 cm-1范围内的吸收峰强度和形状显示出差异。二维相关红外光谱结果显示：大麦在1 350～1 800 cm-1,小麦,稻谷,玉米和高粱在860～1 690 cm-1范围内有明显差异,随储藏年份增加,自动峰和交叉峰的数目减少,强度减弱。结果表明,应用傅里叶变换红外光谱结合二维相关红外光谱能有效快速地区分不同储藏年份的谷类种子。     

不同品种葡萄苗的FTIR光谱鉴别研究

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术结合主成分分析(PCA)及系统聚类分析(HCA)对不同葡萄品种苗的叶片进行鉴别研究。结果表明五个不同葡萄品种苗红外光谱整体相似,但在1800~750cm~(-1)范围内吸收峰的位置、峰形及吸收强度有一定差异。选取该范围内的二阶导数光谱数据做主成分分析和聚类分析,前三个主成分累计贡献率达到94.9%,其分类正确率达100%;而聚类分析,其正确率达到96%。结果表明傅里叶变换红外光谱结合统计方法能够很好地鉴别五个不同品种的葡萄苗,有望发展成为鉴别农作物品种的有力手段。     

野生蕈菌孢子的傅里叶变换红外光谱研究

傅里叶变换红外光谱法(FTIR)研究了9种野生蕈菌的孢子,分析了主要吸收峰的归属,结果显示孢子的主要成分为脂类物质、蛋白质和多糖等。在1800—750cm-1光谱范围内,不同属、不同种的野生蕈菌孢子光谱显示了一定的差异,可以用来区分不同种类的孢子。对1800—1500cm-1和1200—1000cm-1范围的二阶导数光谱分别进行相关分析,9种孢子在1800—1500cm-1范围内的相关性相对较好,相关系数在0.843—0.998范围,表明它们含有的主要化学成分脂类物质、蛋白质等比较相似;在1200—1000cm-1范围内相关性较差,相关系数最大为0.780,最小为0.144,表明多糖物质构型或含量具有较大差异。傅里叶变换红外光谱结合特征峰分析和相关分析极有可能用于鉴别蕈菌孢子。     

玉米花粉中营养物质的傅里叶变换红外光谱特征

为了研究玉米花粉中的蛋白质和多糖等营养物质,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱结合曲线拟合技术分析曲辰9号和靖丰3号两种杂交玉米花粉.玉米花粉的傅里叶变换红外光谱显示蛋白质的特征吸收峰酰胺I带、酰胺II带和酰胺III带出现在1 653cm-1、1 546cm-1和1 241cm-1附近,多糖特征吸收峰出现在1 078cm-1、1 056cm-1、1 030cm-1和995cm-1附近.对比它们的傅里叶变换红外光谱的蛋白质和多糖特征吸收带,两种玉米花粉存在一定差异,表明它们所含的蛋白质和多糖含量不同.对1 900~950cm-1吸收带实施傅里叶自去卷积和二阶导数处理后再进行曲线拟合分析,剥离出因光谱叠加而掩盖的特征吸收子峰.子峰信息显示曲辰9号玉米花粉中多糖的含量高于靖丰3号玉米花粉,而蛋白质的含量关系则相反.研究表明,傅里叶变换红外光谱技术可为玉米花粉中营养物质的研究提供一种便捷的手段.     

Mössbauer study of chemical transformations in soil samples during thermomagnetic measurements

Mössbauer spectroscopy was used in order to identify iron oxides responsible for soil magnetism and for changes of the shape of the magnetic susceptibility curves obtained in the thermomagnetic measurements. The chemical composition of the soil samples was transformed due to the thermal treatment through dehydration/dehydroxylation and than oxidation/reduction process. The largest content of the magnetite has been observed for samples annealed up to T _a = 700°C, which indicates that conversion process occurred under reduction conditions.     

湿分分层土壤中热湿迁移与水分蒸发的实验研究

在自然环境下,对土壤中温度和湿分分布以及水分蒸发的动态特性进行了实验研究,分析了干饱和层对土壤热湿迁移及水分蒸发的影响。结果表明: (1)在周期性变化的大气环境条件下,土壤温度、湿分含量和水分蒸发强度在一天内变化;随着土壤温度的降低,土壤水分含量在晚上会出现略有增加的情况。(2)形成干饱和层后,水分蒸发锋面由土壤表面下移至非饱和层与干饱和层界面处,水分蒸发强度明显减弱,干饱和层的厚度增长缓慢。(3)随着干饱和层不断向深处发展,土壤温度的日变化幅度增大,且随着土壤深度的增加,土壤温度变化呈现出明显的滞后性。     

Characterization of Greenhouse Soil Properties Using Mid-infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy

ABSTRACT

Evaluation of soil fertility is required for the sustainable production in greenhouses; however, routine agrochemical analytical methods are not practical since most of them are too time consuming and costly. In this study, Fourier transform midinfrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) was applied as an alternative technique in the fast characterization of greenhouse soils. Nine source clays and 235 soil samples were obtained from different greenhouses in China, and their counterpart open-field soils were also sampled for comparison. The FTIR-PAS spectra of soil clays and soils were recorded with the wave-number range of 600–4000 cm^?1, and clear differences were observed among the spectra; soil organic matter (SOM) and soil clay played the main role in the spectral absorption. Partial least square regression (PLSR) models coupled to optimized spectral pretreatment were used to predict greenhouse soil properties, and FTIR-PAS spectra were closely related to SOM (R² = 0.94) and soil total nitrogen (R² = 0.90). For the other soil properties—such as pH, EC, water extractable P, K, Fe, and Cu—the calibration results were excellent or acceptable. These results suggested that FTIR-PAS could be used to determine most of greenhouse soil properties. Since the technique of FTIR-PAS is rapid and inexpensive, and it requires no sample pretreatment and little sample mass, it can be used in fast characterization of greenhouse soil and is a promising method for the management of greenhouse soil.     

激光击穿光谱技术监测固土过程中阳离子交换

为了实时探测离子土固化剂(ISS)在固土过程中的阳离子交换量(CEC),采用激光击穿光谱技术(LIBS),对ISS处理后的土壤溶液中的K、Ca、Na、Mg、Al、Si这6种离子含量进行探测。分别对由不同配比(1∶100、1∶200和1∶300)的ISS处理过的高岭土、膨胀土、红粘土等5种标准土壤进行了研究,结果表明:同一土壤中的各种离子随ISS配比的变化趋势各不相同;不同土壤与ISS作用的效果各不相同;ISS的配比并非越高越好。这些工作为ISS固化机理的研究提供实验依据,而利用激光击穿光谱技术进行探测的方式为ISS固化机理的研究提供了新的思路。     

Tsallis q-Stat and the Evidence of Long-Range Interactions in Soil Temperature Dynamics

The complexities in the variations of soil temperature and thermal diffusion poses a physical problem that requires more understanding. The quest for a better understanding of the complexities of soil temperature variation has prompted the study of the q-statistics in the soil temperature variation with the view of understanding the underlying dynamics of the temperature variation and thermal diffusivity of the soil. In this work, the values of Tsallis stationary state q index known as q-stat were computed from soil temperature measured at different stations in Nigeria. The intrinsic variations of the soil temperature were derived from the soil temperature time series by detrending method to extract the influences of other types of variations from the atmosphere. The detrended soil temperature data sets were further analysed to fit the q-Gaussian model. Our results show that our datasets fit into the Tsallis Gaussian distributions with lower values of q-stat during rainy season and around the wet soil regions of Nigeria and the values of q-stat obtained for monthly data sets were mostly in the range 1.2≤q≤2.9 for all stations, with very few values q closer to 1.2 for a few stations in the wet season. The distributions obtained from the detrended soil temperature data were mostly found to belong to the class of asymmetric q-Gaussians. The ability of the soil temperature data sets to fit into q-Gaussians might be due and the non-extensive statistical nature of the system and (or) consequently due to the presence of superstatistics. The possible mechanisms responsible this behaviour was further discussed.     

ICP-MS对土壤样品中有效硼的测定

文章建立了一种用ICP-MS测定土壤中有效硼(B)的方法。与常规检测方法相比, 该方法无须过滤,避免了样品的沾污。并简便快捷, 具备良好的精密度和准确度。方法检出限为0.009 ng·g-1, 相对标准偏差为2.66%, 回收率为93.0%～102.0%。     

云南个旧富锡铜矿床表层土壤近红外光谱分析及其意义

在个旧卡房矿区矿体上部的覆盖层中均匀采集土壤样,用近红外光谱分析技术对样品进行测试分析。结果表明,近红外光谱技术能较好的识别出土壤中的矿物,包括蚀变矿物大致组合。将这些矿物组合与矿床的特征对比发现,土壤中的一些成分与深部矿体组份有一定程度的相关性,尤其是蚀变矿物,其与该区的蚀变条件是基本一致的。因此,推测土壤中的矿物成分可以用于指示深部矿体的一些信息,能为找寻该类型铜矿床提供一些依据。此外,矿床表层土壤近红外光谱信息是可以提供找矿依据的一种快速有效的研究手段,可以将其用于其他矿床类型的研究,尤其是为深部隐伏矿床以及地质环境较为脆弱的地区提供初步找矿依据。     

Clay fraction mineralogy of a Cambisol in Brazil

Clay minerals having a 2:1 (tetrahedral:octahedral sheet) structure may be found in strongly weathering soils only if the local pedo-climatic environment prevents them from further weathering to other minerals such as iron oxides. The clay minerals impart important chemical properties to soils, in part by virtue of changes in the redox state of iron in their crystal structures. Knowing the chemical nature of soil clays is a first step in evaluating their potential reactivity with other soil constituents and processes, such as the chemical decomposition of organic substrates to be potentially used in environmental remediation. The purpose of this work was to characterize the iron oxides and iron-bearing clay minerals from a B horizon of a Cambisol developed on tuffite in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, using chemical analysis, powder X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. The iron oxides of this NaOH-treated clay-fraction were found to contain mainly maghemite (γFe₂O₃) and superparamagnetic goethite (αFeOOH). Kaolinite (Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄), smectite, and minor portions of anatase (TiO₂) were identified in the CBD-treated sample.     

八字门滑坡滑带土壤的激光击穿光谱探测

 利用搭建的一套激光击穿光谱测量土壤样品的实验系统,对三峡坝区香溪河段八字门滑坡滑带土壤进行了探测研究。在同一纬度不同海拔高度选取了5个地点采取了土壤样品,对5个样品进行了实验测量,得到了这些土壤样品的光谱图,并对其中的Mg,Al,Si,K等元素进行了定性和定量分析。结果表明,这些元素随着海拔的降低,其含量也逐渐降低。     

Thermal Effects of Microwave Energy in Agricultural Soil Radiation

The thermal treatment by millimeter waves for the soil disinfection can be one possible alternative to chemical treatments. This physical method is based on incrementing the soil temperature and its pathogens irradiating with high frequency electromagnetic waves. So the previous knowledge of the temperature distribution in the irradiated soil is essential for achieving an effective bad microorganism and weed seeds elimination. This report analyse the heating kinetic and spatial distribution of the maximum temperatures reached by the soil. It is presented a mathematic model about how are distributed the reached temperatures in the depth of the irradiated soil. This model concludes that when an orchard soil is irradiated superficially by microwaves, the microwaves have a big attenuation due to the soil dielectric properties and the water located in the pores of the most superficial layer. This fact causes a shield effect blocking the waves penetration in few centimetres. The heating by radiation is reduced to the superficial layer. The heating propagation in the depth is occurred by conduction following the Fourier equations.