近红外光谱法测定老芒麦营养价值

老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus L.)是青藏高原地区主要禾本科牧草,对该区畜牧业具有重要作用。粗蛋白(CP)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和体外干物质消化率(IVDMD)是影响牧草营养价值高低的主要参数。基于近红外光谱技术(NIRS)结合偏最小二乘法建立了老芒麦CP,ADF,NDF和IVDMD的近红外预测模型。所建CP,ADF,NDF和IVDMD模型校正决定系数(R2cal)分别为0.994 5,0.949 9,0.9133和0.982 2,校正标准差(SEC,%DM)分别为0.329 9,0.779 9,1.343 0和1.376 2;验证决定系数(R2val)分别为0.993 8,0.944 9,0.890 7和0.979 0,验证标准差(SEP,%DM)分别为0.362 1,0.787 8,1.385 2和1.430 3。预测相关系数(r)大于0.943 8,相对分析误差(RPD)为3.02~12.63,表明NIRS能够对老芒麦CP,ADF,NDF和IVDMD进行准确分析。     

近红外漫反射光谱法测定玉米秸秆体外干物质消化率

以不同生态环境、不同年份,不同品种和自交系类型、不同生长发育时期以及不同部位的600个样品中选出161份玉米秸秆为材料,应用傅里叶变换近红外光谱技术,采用偏最小二乘回归法(PLS),通过比较不同光谱范围和光谱预处理方法,在6 101.7～5 773.8 cm-1和4 601.3～4 246.5 cm-1谱区内,建立了适合不同品种类型、不同生长发育时期和不同部位且适配范围广的近红外漫反射光谱(NIRS)测定玉米秸秆体外干物质消化率(in vitro dry matter digestion,IVDMD)的稳定校正模型。其交叉验证和外部验证决定系数(R2_cv,R2_val)分别为0.907 3和0.906 6,预测标准偏差为2.08%, 预测值与化学值间的相关系数(r)达0.956。结果表明, 近红外光谱技术可以用于快速、准确测定玉米秸秆IVDMD,该结果对青贮玉米育种过程中的秸秆材料快速鉴定和筛选具有重要的意义。     

近红外漫反射光谱法测定玉米秸秆NDF与ADF含量

应用主成分空间和傅里叶变换近红外光谱技术,采用偏最小二乘回归法(PLS),在国内首次建立了适合不同品种类型、不同生长发育时期和不同部位且适配范围广的近红外漫反射光谱(NIRS)测定玉米秸秆中性洗涤纤维(NeutralDetergentFiber,NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(AcidDetergentFiber,ADF)含量的稳定校正模型。结果表明,采用一阶导数 矢量归一化预处理和一阶导数 多元散射校正预处理,谱区均为7502～5450cm-1和4601～4247cm-1,所建立的NDF与ADF校正模型,其校正和预测效果最佳。其校正决定系数(R2cal)均大于094,交叉验证和外部验证决定系数(R2cv,R2val)为092～096,各项误差(RMSEE,RMSECV和RMSEP)为149%～181%。该结果对青贮玉米秸秆材料快速鉴定和筛选具有重要的意义。     

近红外漫反射光谱法快速测定畜禽粪便堆肥多组分含量

以我国22个省、市120个不同种类的畜禽粪便堆肥样品为研究对象,利用傅里叶变换近红外漫反射光谱技术和偏最小二乘回归法建立了我国畜禽粪便堆肥中水分、挥发性固体、总有机碳、总氮含量、碳氮比、酸碱度和电导率的近红外定量分析校正模型。各参数校正模型的决定系数R2分别为0.981 6,0.901 5,0.961 0,0.987 4,0.741 0,0.788 0和0.870 4;验证集决定系数R2_v分别为0.983 2,0.938 1,0.912 8,0.973 5,0.830 8,0.615 8和0.895 3。研究发现,除酸碱度近红外模型相对分析误差RPD(SD/SEP)值小于2.0外,水分、挥发性固体、总有机碳、总氮含量和电导率近红外模型的相对分析误差RPD值均大于3.0;碳氮比近红外模型相对分析误差RPD值介于2.0到2.5之间。结果表明,近红外漫反射光谱法可以快速测定畜禽粪便堆肥中水分、挥发性固体、总有机碳、总氮含量和电导率,对碳氮比的测定精度有待于进一步提高,对酸碱度的预测效果不理想。     

紫花苜蓿粗蛋白和粗纤维近红外分析模型的建立

采用近红外漫反射光谱技术,结合偏最小二乘法(PLS),以152个来源不同的紫花苜蓿样品建立了粗蛋白和粗纤维含量的近红外定量分析校正模型。在近红外光谱范围内(950～1 650 nm)对紫花苜蓿样品采集光谱数据时,分别设置了粗磨样、细磨样两种样品的状态和1,2,5 nm三种光谱扫描间隔,对建立的模型进行准确性和重复性的验证,比较其优劣。结果显示：光谱扫描时样品为细磨样,光谱扫描间隔为2 nm时所建立的粗蛋白和粗纤维含量的校正模型最佳,其相关系数(R2_cal)分别是0.97和0.94,最佳因素数时的定标标准差(SECV)分别是0.42和0.78。所建近红外定量分析模型对独立检验集样品粗蛋白和粗纤维含量的预测值与化学值的相关系数(R2_val)分别为0.96和0.92,预测标准差(SEP)分别为0.43和0.79。该研究结果表明：利用近红外漫反射光谱法测定紫花苜蓿内在主要品质性状是可行的,为紫花苜蓿粗蛋白和粗纤维含量的检验提供了新的方法模式。     

近红外光谱技术实时测定土壤中总氮及磷含量的初步研究

及时、准确探测土壤中的氮、磷含量,有利于精准施肥决策,提高肥料利用率。研究表明近红外技术能够探测土壤的物理和养分状况。针对不同土地利用类型,在北京大兴地区采集85份土壤样品,测定土壤氮、磷养分及其近红外漫反射光谱,并利用傅里叶变换光谱技术和偏最小二乘回归法建立了土壤总氮(N)和总磷(P)的近红外光谱校正模型。所建模型的交叉检验决定系数(R2_CV)分别为0.862 6(N),0.668 5(P)。用未参与建模的10个样品对模型进行外部检验,总N、总P的预测相关系数(r)分别为0.969 8,0.830 7,预测标准误差(RMSEP)分别为0.009 5%(N),0.008 6%(P),RPD值(检验集样品化学测定值标准差/预测标准误差)分别为3.78(N),1.69(P)。结果表明,采用适当的光谱分析方法可以实现用近红外技术对土壤总N的精确探测及对土壤总P的粗略估测。     

棉籽油分含量近红外无损检测分析模型与应用

棉花是一种重要的油料作物。建立快速、无损检测棉花种子含油量的方法,对于棉花油分育种工作中的材料鉴定、筛选具有重要意义。利用近红外光谱仪采集118份不同油分含量棉花种籽的近红外漫反射光谱,结合化学方法测定验证,建立了棉籽油分含量快速无损检测的近红外模型。光谱预处理方法采用一阶导数＋多元散射校正(MSC),光谱范围5 446～8 848 cm-1,主成分维数为5,以基本覆盖陆地棉棉籽含油量范围的106份试验材料为校正样品集,利用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立了棉籽仁油分含量近红外反射光谱(NIR)校正模型。校正模型决定系数R2=0.975,校正标准差SEC=0.67。用外部验证样品集进行外部验证,对所建模型的实际预测能力进行检验。结果表明,油分含量预测值与化学值相关系数r=0.978,预测结果误差范围0.1%～1.7%,建立的模型具有很好的预测性。利用建立的模型对784份育种材料进行了油分含量预测,结果显示,该模型应用可以加快棉花育种材料的油分鉴定。     

核果类水果干物质含量近红外无损检测研究

以桃、李及杏果实为材料,研究其干物质含量的近红外漫反射无损检测模型的建立方法。研究发现,桃、李及杏果实干物质预测模型的决定系数(r_P~2)分别为0.901、0.909及0.923,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.365、0.401及0.465,相对分析误差(RPD_P)分别达2.9、3.2及3.1以上。结果表明,近红外漫反射光谱可用于准确、快速、无损定量3种水果中干物质含量。     

利用近红外光谱法分析玉米籽粒脂肪酸含量的研究

采用傅里叶近红外漫反射光谱技术,结合偏最小二乘法,以294份中选的普通和高油玉米自交系以及高油玉米重组自交系为样品建立了玉米籽粒四种主要脂肪酸(软脂酸、硬脂酸、油酸和亚油酸)含量和含油量的近红外光谱(NIRS)校正模型。其中,油酸、亚油酸和含油量的校正模型质量较高,交叉验证决定系数分别为0.89,0.88和0.91,外部验证决定系数分别为0.86,0.84和0.92,相对分析误差(RSP(C))均大于2.5。软脂酸和硬脂酸的校正模型不够精确,交叉验证决定系数和外部验证决定系数均小于0.80,相对分析误差(RSP(C))均小于2.5。通过实际预测进一步验证了油酸、亚油酸和含油量NIRS模型的准确性和可靠性。这些模型可应用于玉米籽粒脂肪酸含量及油分含量大批量快速测定,对玉米油分的品质育种具有重要意义。     

近红外漫反射光谱法快速测定秸秆青贮饲料成分含量

采用傅里叶近红外漫反射光谱技术,结合偏最小二乘回归法,以158个不同种类的秸秆青贮饲料样品建立了常规化学成分和发酵成分含量的近红外定量分析校正模型。其中常规化学成分中, 粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、半纤维素、干物质、粗灰分和酸性洗涤木质素含量的校正模型决定系数R2分别为0.95,0.90,0.86,0.91,0.86,0.95和0.90;发酵成分的pH、乳酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和氨态氮含量的校正模型决定系数R2分别为0.98,0.83,0.85,0.3,0.90和0.92。研究发现除乙酸、丙酸和丁酸之外,其他成分含量的相对分析误差RPD(SD/SECV)均大于2.5;除乳酸、乙酸、丙酸和丁酸之外,所建近红外定量分析模型对独立检验集样品其他成分含量的预测值与化学值的相关决定系数R2均大于0.08。该研究结果对青贮饲料品质的快速检测具有重要的实际意义。     

Speckle characteristics of a broad-area VCSEL in the incoherent emission regime

We present a technique to reduce the speckle contrast of a NIR broad-area VCSEL based on the spatially incoherent emission regime that can be obtained when using the proper driving conditions. We evaluate the efficiency of this technique to reduce the speckle contrast by comparing it with the speckle characteristics in multimode emission under cw operation. Depending on the illumination setup, the incoherent emission regime can lead to a strongly reduced speckle contrast down to 1.3%. This is in agreement with estimates of the expected speckle contrast reduction when three contrast reducing effects are taken into account. These low contrast values make the investigated sources attractive for several applications that suffer from speckle noise.     

XYZ particles at Belle

In this paper, I review recent progress in the study of the XYZ particles at Belle. I only focus on studies with charmonium and one or more light mesons in the final states. This covers the X(3872), X(3915),Y(4140), X(4350), and the charged Z states.     

Effect of swift heavy ion irradiation on photoluminescence properties of ZnO/PMMA nanocomposite films

We report a study on the SHI induced modifications on structural and optical properties of ZnO/PMMA nanocomposite films. The ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by the chemical route using 2-mercaptoethanol as a capping agent. The structure of ZnO nanoparticles was confirmed by XRD, SEM and TEM. These ZnO nanoparticles were dispersed in the PMMA matrix to form ZnO/PMMA nanocomposite films by the solution cast method. These ZnO/PMMA nanocomposite films were then irradiated by swift heavy ion irradiation (Ni⁸⁺ ion beam, 100 MeV) at a fluence of 1×10¹¹ ions/cm². The nanocomposite films were then characterized by XRD, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. As revealed from the absorption spectra, absorption edge is not changed by the irradiation but the optical absorption is increased. Enhanced green luminescence at about 527 nm and a less intense blue emission peak around 460 nm were observed after irradiation with respect to the pristine ZnO/PMMA nanocomposite film.     

Optical transmission through an interface between subwavelength slits

This paper studies optical transmission through an interface between two slits with different widths in a sheet composed of an ideal conductor. Such a structure is of potential use in fabricating optical diode and may be the simplest one compared to other designs. Our calculations show that there is a critical wavelength. When the light wavelength is below the critical wavelength, the transmissivity is unidirectional. The expression of the stable transmissivity as a function of the ratio of the widths of the two slits was obtained analytically. Particularly, at the critical wavelength, the transmissivities are zero. This phenomenon has great potential for application in the manufacture of wavelength blockers.     

带有碳杂质的钨中氢稳定性的第一性原理研究

应用第一性原理计算方法研究了碳(C)原子对钨(W)中氢(H)原子稳定性的影响. 本征W中, 当C-H间距离为～2.5 Å时, H的溶解能出现最低值, 此时为H最稳定的位置. W中存在空位时, 由于C的影响, H占据的最佳电子密度面值为0.10 Å^-3. 研究发现, W中单空位最多能容纳10个H原子, 且不能形成H分子, 不同于没有C存在的情况, 表明C对W中H稳定性存在很大影响. 此外, 当两个C原子存在于空位中时, H占据的最佳电子密度面值变为0.13 Å^-3.     

Beyond the LAN: Ethernet’s Evolution into the Public Network

This article details the evolution of Ethernet into Gigabit Ethernet and how this LAN-based technology has undergone major transformations over time. From its data rates and distances to supported media and functionality, Ethernet has greatly improved, enabling it to surmount many of its former limitations and in so doing to expand beyond the LAN into the MAN and now even the WAN. In this article, Pioneer Consulting explores the evolution further by focusing on some of the major technological directions in the Ethernet equipment industry.     

Grain boundary potential and charge density at grain boundaries of chemically prepared thin silver sulfide films

The grain boundary potential and interface state charge density at the grain boundaries of silver sulfide (Ag₂S) thin films prepared by chemical conversion of cadmium sulfide (CdS) films have been determined from the dc resistance of the material and are found to be sensitive to annealing. A reduction in the grain boundary potential and the grain boundary charge density of the film has been noticed when the source CdS film is annealed at different temperatures prior to chemical conversion. The variation in the grain boundary charge density of the grown Ag₂S film with source annealing temperature has been found to be similar to that of thin cadmium sulfide film, reported earlier. An additional low temperature heat treatment of the sample results in an enhancement in the charge density at the grain boundaries. The change in the silver vacancy and/or oxygen and sulfur content of the films as revealed from the energy dispersive spectra of the films suggests possible role of film composition on the grain boundary charge density.     

Reflections from polished single mode fiber ends

Abstract

The performance of a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system with optical cross-connects (OXCs) and in the presence of polarization and nonlinear effects was analyzed. We determined the effect of PMD and PDL; nonlinearity such as XPM, SPM, and FWM; and CD on the system performance. We found that the system outage probability is highest at DGD threshold for the respective maximum eye closure (EC). We showed that the allowable DGD depends on the time slot for one bit T, which is the inverse of the network bit rate. Wider T is more immune to large PMD with the EC still maintained at the same level since DGD/T is unchanged. Our analysis also indicated that as DGD increases, BER increases. The BER also increases with increase in PDL and further increases with the presence of XPM, SPM, FWM, and CD.     

The Effects of Polarization and Non-Linearity on the Performance of WDM System with Optical Cross-Connects

The performance of a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system with optical cross-connects (OXCs) and in the presence of polarization and nonlinear effects was analyzed. We determined the effect of PMD and PDL; nonlinearity such as XPM, SPM, and FWM; and CD on the system performance. We found that the system outage probability is highest at DGD threshold for the respective maximum eye closure (EC). We showed that the allowable DGD depends on the time slot for one bit T, which is the inverse of the network bit rate. Wider T is more immune to large PMD with the EC still maintained at the same level since DGD/T is unchanged. Our analysis also indicated that as DGD increases, BER increases. The BER also increases with increase in PDL and further increases with the presence of XPM, SPM, FWM, and CD.     

化学发光法测定巯嘌呤的含量

在流动注射系统中,利用巯嘌呤在碱性Luminol-K₃Fe(CN)₆化学发光体系中发光信号强的特点,建立了一种测定巯嘌呤的新方法。在优化条件下,方法的线性范围是1.02×10-7～1.02×10-9mol·L-1, 回归方程是Y=36.315c+140.72(Y是相对发光强度,c是巯嘌呤浓度与10-8 mol·L-1的乘积), 相关系数是0.998 2,检出限(S/N=3)是6.33×10-10mol·L-1,RSD为3.54%（c_i=2.0×10-9mol·L-1, n=12）。该法用于合成样品的测定,简便、灵敏、快速,结果令人满意。文章简要地探讨了巯嘌呤在碱性Luminol-K₃Fe(CN)₆化学发光体系中的化学发光机理：在反应过程中,产生大量的过氧自由基和羟基自由基,自由基与鲁米诺反应,形成激发态的鲁米诺分子,鲁米诺分子由激发态回到基态产生化学发光现象。