Improvements in diffraction efficiency of gratings and microlenses with continuous relief structures

The fabrication of diffractive optical elements by laser-beam writing or gray-tone technology leads to continuous-relief phase elements. The diffraction efficiency of such elements is limited by the resolution of the process. In this paper, we compare the continuous-relief elements with the multilevel elements fabricated by binary technology. In particular, we will show that for similar sampling resolution of the ideal phase function, the continuous profiles have higher efficiencies than the multilevel profiles if the designed phase modulation is 4π and more.     

一种基于电光调制光频梳光谱干涉的绝对测距方法

提出了一种基于电光调制光学频率梳的光谱干涉测距方法.理论分析了电光调制光学频率梳的数学模型和光谱扩展原理,并分析得出了光谱干涉测距方法的非模糊范围和分辨力的影响因素.在实验中,使用三只级联的电光相位调制器调制单频连续波激光生成了40多阶高功率梳齿状边带,并通过单模光纤和高非线性光纤对电光调制器输出的激光进行光谱扩展,得到重复频率为10 GHz,光谱宽度达30 nm的光学频率梳.将该光频梳作为光谱干涉测距装置的光源,可以实现无"死区"的绝对距离测量.另外,使用等频率间隔重采样和二次方程脉冲峰值拟合算法对测量结果进行数据处理,可以修正系统误差,提升测距精度.实验结果表明,在1 m的测量范围内,使用该装置可以在任意位置达到±15μm以内的绝对测距精度.     

二次偏振调制测距系统中调制频率与测距精度的关系

本文在基于二次偏振调制激光测距系统的基础上, 对调制频率与激光测距系统精度的关系做了深入的理论推导和实验验证. 最终得出结论: 相位法激光测距系统的测量精度会随着调制频率的增大而提高, 且精度的提高程度正比于调制频率的不确定度Δf与测程范围内半波长数N值的比值. 并通过选取合适的调制频率来提高系统的测距精度, 提高后的测距精度可达10^-7.     

基于扫频采样的飞秒激光大尺寸测距方法研究

作为一种高精度测量工具,飞秒激光具有优于传统激光技术的特性,已被广泛应用于工业生产、航空航天、科学研究等领域。扫频采样法在很大程度上改善了机械振动、扫描速度过慢等问题,对飞秒激光的绝对测距性能提升有着重要的意义。基于扫频采样原理,提出了一种利用飞秒激光的大尺寸距离测量方法,并对该技术的测量原理、干涉光谱和解调算法等方面进行了研究。首先,根据飞秒激光的锁模生成原理和压电陶瓷的压电效应,介绍了飞秒激光器连续扫描重复频率的方法。在此基础上,结合传统的光学采样法原理,解释了扫频采样法的测距原理,推导并讨论了光纤延迟线的长度对扫描距离的影响。然后,搭建了基于扫频采样的飞秒激光测距系统,在线性导轨上进行了远距离的测量实验,同时设计了基于迈克尔逊干涉原理的He-Ne激光参考光路。根据实验环境修正了空气群折射率,分析了测量距离对光谱条纹峰值和宽度的影响,测量了不同目标位置处的激光扫描距离。在50.4 m的测量范围内,扫描距离从0.56 mm增加到1.12 mm,充分验证了光纤延迟线对提升大尺寸测距能力的重要性。周期性的频率扫描可产生互相关条纹,通过对测量光谱条纹进行希尔伯特变换处理,解算出实时的频率变化量和采样倍乘系数,从而获取被测的距离信息。此外,为了减小系统的时间延迟误差,提高测量的准确性,采用差分原理对算法进行了改进。在希尔伯特算法基础上,分别对频率和距离进行差分处理,解算距离信息。实验结果表明,经过对比,采用基于距离差分的改进算法处理数据,性能结果较好。算法改进后,系统在50 m范围内的测量精度从11 μm提高到4 μm,相对精度从2.2×10-9提高到8×10-8,测距准确性明显提高。通过分析重复性测量数据,并与增量式激光干涉仪结果比对,测量误差的标准差从10 μm提高到2 μm,最大相对稳定性从2×10-9提高到4×10-8,测距稳定性明显提高。因此,该方法有较为优秀的大尺寸测距能力,具有同时实现高精度、大尺寸、快速绝对测距的潜力,在未来的精密光谱测量领域有着很大的前景。     

基于重采样技术的调频连续波激光绝对测距高精度及快速测量方法研究

调频连续波激光测距方法可以实现高精度的大尺寸绝对距离测量, 且测量过程无需合作目标, 在大空间坐标精密测量领域有很高的研究价值. 而如何提高测量分辨率和实用化一直是近年来调频连续波激光绝对测距研究的热点. 本文研究了调频连续波激光测距的原理, 基于双光路调频连续波激光测距系统, 提出了通过信号拼接提高测量分辨率的信号处理优化方案, 该方案可以提高测距分辨率, 且可以降低对激光器的性能要求; 提出了可实现高速测量的简易测量方法. 设计加工了双光路光纤调频连续波激光测距系统, 利用该系统进行了测距分辨率及测距误差标定实验, 实验结果表明: 优化方案可以有效地提高测量分辨率和测量效率, 在26 m测量范围内, 测距分辨率达到了50 μm, 测距误差不超过100 μm; 快速测量方案有较高实用价值.     

Multicontrast nonlinear optical microscopy with a compact and rapid pulse shaper

Homodyne detection can dramatically enhance measurement sensitivity for weak signals. In nonlinear optical microscopy it can make accessible a range of novel, intrinsic, contrast like nonlinear absorption and nonlinear phase contrast. Here a compact and rapid pulse shaper is developed, implemented, and demonstrated for homodyne detection in nonlinear microscopy with high-repetition rate mode-locked femtosecond lasers. With this method we generate two-photon absorption (TPA) and self-phase modulation images of gold nanostars in biological samples. Simultaneous imaging of two-photon luminescence and TPA also enables us to produce two-photon quantum yield images.     

光纤光热干涉气体检测技术研究进展

本文阐述光纤光热干涉气体检测的基本原理,从光纤光热相位调制的产生、动态过程、探测方法以及响应时间等方面出发,综述本研究组在光纤光热干涉气体检测方面的最新工作进展.光纤光热干涉技术具有灵敏度高、动态范围大、测量不受散射及其他损耗影响等优势,能够实现小型化、多点复用、组网及远程监测,在环境、医疗、安防等领域具有重要的应用.     

基于相位凝固技术的激光反馈干涉术

针对激光反馈干涉术,提出基于相位凝固技术的调制解调方法,用以提高位移测量的分辨率,并设计了利用相位调制器进行调制的位移测量系统.利用调制器进行外腔相位调制,采集调制相位相对固定的干涉光信号,通过解调重构得到被测的位移信息.进行了信号调制、采样、重构技术的研究以及误差分析,并通过仿真验证了方法的可行性.结果表明,采用5点相位凝固采样技术,测量准确度可以达到λ/20.此方法可提高激光反馈干涉术的测量分辨率,实现信号实时采集处理,可用于位移的实时测量.     

高准确度多频调制激光测距算法研究

针对传统的激光测距仪测量准确度低、实时性差等问题,结合正交相位检测和坐标旋转数字式计算机角度解算方法,设计了一种多频激光测距系统.系统中采用改进的正交算法对噪音环境下的测距相位差的正切值进行计算,再通过坐标旋转数字式计算机角度解算方法计算出测距相位差,该方法有效地提高了测距准确度并大大降低了系统的运算量.在采样频率500 MHz、计算字长16位、回波信噪比14 dB时,测量范围为150 m,相位测量误差为0.026 4°,距离测量准确度达到0.11 mm.     

高速线性光采样用被动锁模光纤激光器重复频率优化

线性光采样是一种测量基于先进调制码型的高速光信号的有效手段, 而被动锁模光纤激光器是其实施所需的关键组件. 本文在介绍线性光采样工作原理的基础上, 首次分析得到被动锁模光纤激光器重复频率与待测信号光线宽的约束关系, 对于正交相移键控(QPSK)信号, 当信号光线宽与采样光脉冲重复频率的比值小于1.5×10^-3 时, 高速信号的相位噪声对线性光采样带来的损伤可以忽略不计. 利用95.984 MHz重复频率的被动锁模光纤激光器对线宽为100 kHz速率为28 Gbaud的QPSK信号开展相关实验, 通过标准数字相干接收算法可以得到与传统高速示波器相同的星座图, 理论分析与实验结果完全符合. 这一研究结果有助于线性光采样用被动锁模光纤激光器的优化设计.     

基于相位凝固技术的激光反馈干涉术

针对激光反馈干涉术,提出基于相位凝固技术的调制解调方法,用以提高位移测量的分辨率,并设计了利用相位调制器进行调制的位移测量系统,利用调制器进行外腔相位调制,采集调制相位相对固定的干涉光信号,通过解调重构得到被测的位移信息.进行了信号调制、采样、重构技术的研究以及误差分析,并通过仿真验证了方法的可行性.结果表明,采用5点...     

A novel x-ray circularly polarized ranging method

Range measurement has found multiple applications in deep space missions. With more and further deep space exploration activities happening now and in the future, the requirement for range measurement has risen. In view of the future ranging requirement, a novel x-ray polarized ranging method based on the circular polarization modulation is proposed,termed as x-ray circularly polarized ranging(XCPol R). XCPol R utilizes the circular polarization modulation to process x-ray signals and the ranging information is conveyed by the circular polarization states. As the circular polarization states present good stability in space propagation and x-ray detectors have light weight and low power consumption, XCPol R shows great potential in the long-distance range measurement and provides an option for future deep space ranging. In this paper, we present a detailed illustration of XCPol R. Firstly, the structure of the polarized ranging system is described and the signal models in the ranging process are established mathematically. Then, the main factors that affect the ranging accuracy, including the Doppler effect, the differential demodulation, and the correlation error, are analyzed theoretically.Finally, numerical simulation is carried out to evaluate the performance of XCPol R.     

飞秒激光脉冲宽度和脉冲波形测试技术

飞秒激光在激光核聚变、卫星精密测距、激光微加工等领域具有重要的应用前景,同时也是产生太赫兹波的主要泵浦源。介绍了国内外飞秒激光脉冲宽度和脉冲波形的测试方法,比较了自相关法、频率分辨光学快门法、光谱相位相干直接电场重构法的优缺点。自相关法具有脉宽测量范围广、结构简单等特点,但不具备脉冲波形测试能力。光谱相位相干直接电场重构法对待测激光光束质量要求较高, 不适合大量程范围激光脉宽快速测量。为满足10 fs~5 ps大量程范围超短激光脉冲宽度和脉冲波形的测试需求,采用自相关法及二次谐波频率分辨光学开关法研制飞秒激光脉冲宽度和脉冲波形测试仪,时间分辨率优于2 fs。     

Improvement of confocal microscope performance by shaped annular beam and heterodyne confocal techniques

In order to further improve the performance of a confocal microscope (CM) used for measurement of surface profiles and 3D microstructures, a shaped annular beam heterodyne confocal measurement method based on annular pupil filter technique and reflection confocal microscopy, is proposed to expand the measurement range and to improve the defocused property of CM. The approach proposed uses a confocal dual-receiving light path arrangement and a heterodyne subtraction of two signals received from detectors with axial offset to enable CM to be used for bipolar absolute measurement and to improve the defocused property of CM, and it uses the annular pupil filter technique to produce a binary optical shaped annular beam, which expands the measurement range by expanding the full-width at half-maximum of intensity curve received from two detectors in a heterodyne confocal microscopy system. Theoretical analyses and experimental results indicate that a shaped annular beam heterodyne microscope has a measurement range expanded from 4 to 14 μm, achieved an axial resolution of 2 nm and improved the defocused property, when ε=0.5 and NA=0.65. It can be therefore concluded that the shaped annular beam heterodyne confocal measuring method proposed is a new approach to ultraprecision measurement of surface profiles and 3D microstructures.     

Compressive imaging based on multi-scale modulation and reconstruction in spatial frequency domain

Imaging quality is a critical component of compressive imaging in real applications. In this study, we propose a compressive imaging method based on multi-scale modulation and reconstruction in the spatial frequency domain. Theoretical analysis and simulation show the relation between the measurement matrix resolution and compressive sensing(CS)imaging quality. The matrix design is improved to provide multi-scale modulations, followed by individual reconstruction of images of different spatial frequencies. Compared with traditional single-scale CS imaging, the multi-scale method provides high quality imaging in both high and low frequencies, and effectively decreases the overall reconstruction error.Experimental results confirm the feasibility of this technique, especially at low sampling rate. The method may thus be helpful in promoting the implementation of compressive imaging in real applications.     

Single-pixel polarimetric imaging spectrometer by compressive sensing

We present an optical system that performs polarimetric spectral imaging with a detector with no spatial resolution. This fact is possible by applying the theory of compressive sampling to the data acquired by a sensor composed of an analyzer followed by a commercial fiber spectrometer. The key element in the measurement process is a digital micromirror device, which sequentially generates a set of intensity light patterns to sample the object image. For different configurations of the analyzer, we obtain polarimetric images that provide information about the spatial distribution of light polarization at several spectral channels. Experimental results for colorful objects are presented in a spectral range that covers the visible spectrum and a part of the NIR range. The performance of the proposed technique is discussed in detail, and further improvements are suggested.     

Experimental demonstration of microring quadrature phase-shift keying modulators

Advanced optical modulation formats are a key technology to increase the capacity of optical communication networks. Mach-Zehnder modulators are typically used to generate various modulation formats. Here, we report the first experimental demonstration of quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation using compact microring modulators. Generation of 20 Gb/s QPSK signals is demonstrated with 30 μm radius silicon ring modulators with drive voltages of ~6 V. These compact QPSK modulators may be used in miniature optical transponders for high-capacity optical data links.     

用于头盔显示器的折/衍混合目镜设计

设计了一个用于头盔显示器的40°目镜,由两片镜组成,其中含有一个二元衍射面和一个非球面.该折/衍目镜具有10 mm的出瞳直径和25 mm的出瞳距离,结构紧凑,总重量仅为16.6 g.像差特性优于传统的折射目镜,轴上视场传递函数良好,适用于SXGA分辨率的显示.     

相敏式激光啁啾色散光谱技术在高吸收度情况下的应用

研究了相敏式激光啁啾色散光谱法在高吸收度情况下的应用.用窄频半导体激光器作为光源,利用一工作于载波抑制模式的铌酸锂电光强度调制器调制单频激光,在单频激光两侧产生两个边频分量,并通过两边频分量产生外差干涉信号.利用外差干涉的相位波动来测量甲烷气体位于1653.7 nm附近的折射率波动,通过气体折射率与吸收系数之间的Kramers-Kronig关系计算甲烷气体浓度.传统的波长调制光谱法受限于郎伯-比尔定律,在应用于高吸收度的情况时,存在灵敏度下降的问题,甚至出现随气体浓度上升输出信号反而下降的现象.实验结果显示,相同实验条件下,波长调制光谱法的线性测量范围为38.1—1500 ppm·m,线性测量的动态范围仅为16 d B;而相敏式激光啁啾色散光谱法在很大的吸收度范围内均具有线性输出,检出限低至47.3 ppm·m,线性测量范围上限为174825 ppm·m,具有超过35 d B的动态范围.     

用于光电仪器和相关测量的自混合干涉技术（特邀）

回顾了一种全新结构的干涉仪—自混合干涉仪（SMI）的发展情况。SMI由于其在激光器外部无需任何光学元件且应用范围广泛而倍受关注。SMI可用于测量与光路长度有关的一些量（如位移、小幅度振动、速度）,也可用于测量弱光的回波（即回波损耗和隔离因子的测量）并可表征与介质相互作用特性相关的物理参数（如激光线宽、相干长度以及α因子等）。SMI是一种相干探测方法,其工作在靠近接收场的量子极限处,目前对散射目标物的最小探测幅值可达槡20 pm/（Hz）～（1/2）甚至更高,使用角锥棱镜使其计数步长为半波长,在动态范围为2 m时其分辨率约为0.5μm。另外,SMI结构紧凑、易于现场安装且可用于MEMS测试、旋转机械振动测试和生物运行测试等各种实验。