Adsorption of oxygen on a Cu{110} surface with and without the influence of A keV Ne+ beam: Stage I: Coverages up to half a monolayer

Low Energy Ion Scattering has been used to study the interaction of molecular oxygen with a Cu{110} surface. The amount of adsorbed atomic oxygen was monitored by the 4 keV Ne⁺¦O reflection signal. In the first adsorption stage (coverage less than half a monolayer) the sticking probability varied proportional to the number of empty adsorption sites: S = S₀ (1 ? $\text{}\text{?}$gq). It turned out not to be influenced by the Ne⁺ bombardment. The initial sticking probability S₀ was found to be ≈ 0.24. In this first adsorption stage the oxygen-covered surface is reconstructed according to the “missing row” model, leading to a (2 × 1) LEED pattern.     

Velocity dependence of azimuthal anisotropies in ion scattering from rhodium {111}

The scattering of He⁺, Ne⁺ and Ar⁺ ions from Rh {111} is measured as a function of the azimuthal angle of the primary ion for an incident polar angle of 70° from the surface normal and an inplane collection angle of 60°. In this case anisotropy is defined as the ratio of the yield of ions scattered having the azimuth of 〈110〉 to the yield of those having the azimuth of 〈211〉. The yield ratio for all particle types correlates with particle velocity. The ratio is ～ 1 at low velocities, decreases to ～ 0.2 at 8 × 10⁶$\text{cm}\text{s}$ and then increases to a value of 1.4 at 25 × 10⁶$\text{cm}\text{s}$. Molecular dynamics calculations have been performed for Ne⁺ ion scattering from Rh{111} in order to understand the changes in anisotropy with particle velocity. Qualitative agreement with the experimental results is obtained without having to account for neutralization. A neutralization probability that depends on the collision time improves the agreement between the calculated and experimental yield ratios. A velocity dependent probability will not affect the ratio of yields in two different azimuthal directions.     

Investigation of oxygen adsorption on Cu(110) by low-energy ion bombardment

The interaction of molecular oxygen with a Cu(110) surface is investigated by means of low energy ion scattering (LEIS) and secondary ion emission. The position of chemisorbed oxygen relative to the matrix atoms of the Cu(110) surface could be determined using a shadow cone model, from measurements of Ne⁺ ions scattered by adsorbed oxygen atoms. The adsorbed oxygen atoms are situated 0.6 ± 0.1 Å below the midpoint between two adjacent atoms in a 〈100〉 surface row. The results of the measurements of the ion impact desorption of adsorbed oxygen suggest a dominating contribution of sputtering processes. Ion focussing effects also contributes to the oxygen desorption. The ion induced and the spontaneous oxygen adsorption processes are studied using different experimental methods. Sticking probability values obtained during ion bombardment show a strong increase due to the ion bombardment.     

Numerical experiments on low-energy ion scattering at a surface containing adsorbed impurity atoms

The energy distributions of Cs⁺ and W⁺ ions scattered, respectively, at Mo and W single crystals, the surfaces of which contain adsorbed oxygen, nitrogen, and cesium atoms, are calculated via the molecular dynamics method. It is demonstrated that the energy spectra are sensitive to the impurity atoms of a surface. When compared with the energy distributions corresponding to a pure surface, even a partial monolayer of these atoms can modify their shape. A peak in the scattered-ion intensity is commonly shifted to the lowerenergy region if the adsorbate is light and to higher energies if the adsorbate is heavy.     

A proposed experiment to measure surface roughness in Si/SiO2 system

The adsorption of oxygen on clean cleaved (111) silicon surfaces has been investigated by high resolution electron spectroscopy (HRES), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and ellipsometry. Localized vibrations ($\text{h}\text{?}\text{ω = 94}$, 130 and 175 meV) which are related to the binding state band of oxygen are identified with HRES. AES measures the concentration of adsorbed atoms basically independent of their binding state while ellipsometry refers additionally to the optical properties of the adsorbed layer. The same adsorption kinetics was found with the three methods. Oxygen therefore adsorbs in a single likely molecular state. The sticking coefficient S increases exponentially with the surface step concentration. S is also enhanced by the presence of nude ion gauges. Depending on these parameters sticking coefficients between 2 × 10^?4 and 10^?1 have been obtained. This result might contribute to an explanation of the large differences in earlier works.     

Analysis of the outermost atomic layer of a surface by low-energy ion scattering

Noble gas ion scattering is used to study the surface of solid targets. It is shown that this technique can be used to obtain a mass spectrum of the first atomic layer of the surface. Since the outermost atoms will largely determine the chemical reactivity and physical properties of the surface, this is an important property for an analytic tool to have. In addition to reflected ions, high-energy recoil ions are sometimes observed.Both the reflected and the recoil ions provide information about the atomic structure of the surface. The various possibilities of ion scattering are demonstrated for bromine, oxygen, sodium and potassium adsorbed on a Si(111) surface, for halogens adsorbed on Ni(100) and for GaP (110), (111) ($\text{111}$) surfaces. The influence of thermal vibrations of surface atoms and of electronic excitation on the spectra is discussed.     

Scattering of Li+ from LEED characterized W(110) and Si (111) surfaces at energies between 2 and 20 eV

Energy and angular distributions of Li⁺ ions scattered from W(110) and Si(111) surfaces have been measured for a wide range of scattering angles and for beam energies between 2 and 20 eV. The collision process can be explained in terms of binary collisions with single surface atoms, if the influence of the attractive part of the interaction potential is taken into account. A square well approximation for the potential makes it possible to predict the form of the energy spectrum as well as the behaviour of the angular distribution of the scattered particles for both systems. The influence of adsorbed atoms and molecules on the scattering behaviour has been investigated. Exposure of the W surface to H₂, O₂ and CO shows that surface coverages exceeding 10% of a monolayer very drastically influence the scattering. The results from the clean surfaces indicate that sufficiently precise measurements of the energy spectra of the scattered particles can yield very detailed information about the form of the interaction potential. The form of the energy spectra also contains information as to the extent of vibrational excitation of the surface atoms.     

Relation between activity of sorbed water vapor and wettability on polymer surfaces

During Ne⁺ bombardment of Al, 8 different spectral lines of Al I were observed. The intensities were found to depend on the presence of oxygen, the oxygen being in part adsorbed at the surface and in part recoil-implanted beneath the surface. A model is presented in which the oxygen dependence is related to resonance electron transfer between sputtered Al atoms and the target surface. The same model also accounts for the oxygen dependence of the yields of the secondary ions Al⁺, Al²⁺, and Al³⁺.     

SIMS,AES, work function and flash desorption measurements of the CO adsorption on NiCu alloy surfaces

The chemisorption of CO on Cu, Ni and CuNi alloy surfaces was examined by SIMS, work function measurements and desorption spectroscopy. Using a dynamic SIMS technique the M⁺, M⁺₂, MCO⁺ and M₂CO⁺ emission at different temperatures (100–400 K) was measured as a function of CO exposure. In agreement with the work function and desorption experiments an increase of M⁺ and MCO⁺ emission due to the CO adsorption on Cu was found only at low temperatures (100–190 K). On the Ni surface an increase of Ni⁺, NiCO⁺ and Ni₂CO⁺ was measured up to 400 K. The adsorption of CO on CuNi alloy surfaces — as derived from the work function measurements — can be described by the assumption of two different states of adsorbed carbon monoxide. They can be characterized by different binding energies and from sign and magnitude different work function changes. These states were interpreted as adsorption at Ni or Cu sites of the alloy surfaces, respectively. To a certain extent the SIMS results from the alloy surfaces are incompatible with the work function measurements and desorption spectroscopy and the SIMS studies on the pure metals. A Cu⁺ emission with comparable intensity to the Ni⁺ emission was found for alloys with bulk concentrations of 60 and 40 at% Cu at 300 K. The ratio $\text{Ni}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{Cu}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$ was nearly independent of CO pressure and temperature. The measured ratios of $\text{Cu}{}^{\mathrm{+}}{}_2\text{(}\text{Cu}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Ni}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)}$, $\text{Ni}{}^{\mathrm{+}}{}_2\text{(}\text{Cu}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Ni}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)}$ and $\text{CuNi}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{(}\text{Cu}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Ni}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)}$ with values about 10^?2 can be explained the basis of a statistical arrangement of Cu and Ni atoms in the alloy surface. The intensities of the MCO⁺ emissions are 10² times smaller than the corresponding values of the pure metals. No emission of M₂CO⁺ was found on CuNi during CO adsorption.     

Comparative SNMS and SIMS studies of oxidized Ce and Gd

Polycrystalline Ce and Gd surfaces of various oxidation states have been investigated in situ and alternately by Sputtered Neutral Mass Spectrometry SNMS and by SIMS. For the bombardment with 4 keV Ar⁺ ions the dominating peaks in the mass spectra of postionized sputtered neutrals and positive secondary ions refer to metal atoms Me and monoxide molecules MeO. At oxygen concentrations of several atomic percent the sensitivity of SNMS and SIMS are of the same order. Characteristic differences are found between the behaviour of corresponding SNMS and SIMS signals: For SNMS the intensitiesI(MeO⁰) and I(Me⁰) in general vary complementarily when the oxygen is removed from the surface. The intensity ratios $\text{I(MeO}{}^0\text{)}\text{I(Me}{}^0\text{)}$ decrease monotonously by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude. With SIMS both I(MeO⁺) and I(Me⁺) are found to decrease with the oxygen content. The SIMS ratios $\text{I(MeO}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{I(Me}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)}$ display an oscillatory behaviour with only little variation of their absolute values. As an example, quantitative results for the behaviour of the ionisation probability α⁺_Me for the secondary ions Ce⁺ and Gd⁺ are derived for low oxygen concentrations.     

The characterisation of model Cu/Ru(001) bimetallic catalysts by static SIMS with XPS and TPD

The deposition of Cu onto Ru(001) at 540 and 1080 K has been studied by SSIMS supplemented by XPS and TPD. The SSIMS mass spectrum of the Cu/Ru surfaces showed the presence of Cu⁺ and Ru⁺ ions as well as the cluster ions RuCu⁺, Ru⁺₂, Cu⁺₂ and lower intensities of Cu⁺₃, RuCu⁺₂ and Ru₂Cu⁺. Copper coverage was independently monitored by XPS and TPD. It was shown that Cu coverage in the sub-monolayer region was directly proportional to $\text{RuCu}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{Ru}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$. Secondary ion emission was strongly influenced by work function changes consequent on Cu adsorption.Studies of the variation of the elemental and cluster ion intensities as a function of Cu coverage, at the two temperatures, has provided detailed information on the dispersion of Cu in the sub-monolayer region, and on the physical form of the ad-layer above a monolayer coverage.     

The structure of a stepped copper (410) surface determined by ion scattering spectroscopy

Ion Scattering Spectroscopy applied in the multiple scattering mode is used to determine the structure of a stepped Cu(410) surface. The energy of singly scattered ions is influenced by the presence of neighbour surface atoms. This effect can be used to determine interatomic distances up to about 10Å, as is shown by the results of 8 keV Ar⁺ and 11 keV Ne⁺ scattered through θ = 50°. The edge-edge distance of the stepped copper surface appears to be in accordance with the results of LEED experiments obtained by other investigators. The experiments show a good agreement with the results of the analytical 3-atom model of Poelsema. The energy of the so-called “plateau collision” appears to depend on the effective plateau length l as measured in the plane of incidence. Lengths l between 15 and 60 Å can be determined with an accuracy of 5 Å. Results are shown for 8 and 12 keV Ar⁺, θ = 40° and 60°, and 8 keV Kr⁺ θ = 40°. The experimental dependence of the energy on lis described correctly by a phenomenological model.     

Photon emission from rare gas ion bombardment of metal surfaces

Metal surfaces (Mg, Cu, Zr, Mo) are bombarded with He⁺, Ne⁺ and Ar⁺ in the energy range of 400 eV to 8 keV. Radiation from scattered projectiles and sputtered target particles is observed between 200 and 700 nm. It is shown that most of the radiating particles originate from surface collisions. Auger neutralization, resonance tunneling and direct electron transitions are the important electronic processes involved.     

Secondary ion emission from silicon and silicon oxide

The emission of Si⁺, Si²⁺, Si³⁺, Si₂⁺, SiO⁺ and B⁺ from boron doped silicon has been studied at oxygen partial pressures between 2 × 10^?10 and 2 × 10^?5 Torr. Sputtering was done with 2 to 15 keV argon ions at current densities between 3 and $\text{40}\text{μ}\text{A}\text{cm}{}^2$. The relative importance of the different ionization processes could be deduced from a detailed study of the yield variation at varying bombardment conditions. Comparison with secondary ion emission from silicon dioxide allows a rough determination of the composition of oxygen saturated silicon surfaces.     

Composition,structure, surface states,and O2 sticking coefficient for differently prepared GaAs(1̄1̄1̄)As surfaces

The polar GaAs(1̄1̄1̄)As surface can be prepared in three stable and ordered states: two by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), namely the As-stabilized and the Ga-stabilized states and one simply by ion bombardment and annealing at 770 K. The respective LEED structures are $\text{(2 × 2), (}\text{19}\text{×}\text{19}\text{)}\text{R}\text{23.4°}$, and (1 × 1) with a diffuse faint (3 × 3) superstructure. Auger measurements and the comparison with the stoichiometric cleaved (110) surface show that there are different As concentrations in the first atomic layer associated with each of these three surfaces. Whereas about 10 to 15% of the first As layer appears to be missing on the (2 × 2) surface, about 50% is missing on the $\text{19}$ surface. On the (1 × 1) surface the first As layer is removed completely. The intensity of emission from the surface sensitive states between 1 and 4 eV below the valence band edge, as seen by angular resolved UPS, roughly corresponds to the amount of As at the surface thus confirming their interpretation as As-derived surface states. The inital sticking coefficent for oxygen depends strongly on the surface structure: ～10^?8 for the (2 × 2), ～10^?7 for the $\text{19}$, and ～10^?4 for the (1 × 1) surface. The sticking coefficient does not depend on the surface concentration of As but rather on the degree of saturation of dangling bonds on Ga atoms.     

Evidence for the Auger neutralization mechanism in secondary ion emission

Secondary ion yields, S⁺(E), for Cu⁺ ejected from Cu(111) and Cu(110) have been determined for the secondary ion kinetic energy range from l to 50 eV. A plot of log S⁺(E) versus $\text{E}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>?</mtext><mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}$ falls on a single straight line over three orders of magnitude of S⁺(E). The slope. $\text{A}\text{a}$ is 2 × 10⁶ cm/s, in good agreement with values reported for the related process, the survival probability of excited neutral copper atoms ejected from a copper surface by ion bombardment. This provides strong evidence that Auger neutralization is the dominant factor governing secondary ion survival.     

Lifetime measurement of 22Ne(4+1) with the high-velocity coincidence DSA method

The mean life of ²²Ne(4⁺₁) has been measured by means of the high-velocity coincidence DSA method with the ⁴He(¹⁹F, pγ)²²Ne reaction. The ²²Ne recoils are slowed down in Ti, Cu, Ag and Au and the γ-ray Doppler patterns are observed with a large Ge(Li) detector at 0° in coincidence with protons. Interpretation of the patterns with recent experimental stopping powers yields $\text{τ}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>m</mtext>}}\text{[}{}^{22}\text{Ne}\text{(3.36}\text{MeV}\text{)] = 328 ± 10}\text{fs}$. The present result serves as a calibration measurement and helps to reduce uncertainties in calculated stopping powers for low-velocity DSA measurements.     

Adsorption of sulfur dioxide and the interaction of coadsorbed oxygen and sulfur on Pt(111)

The adsorption of sulfur dioxide and the interaction of adsorbed oxygen and sulfur on Pt(111) have been studied using flash desorption mass spectrometry and LEED. The reactivity of adsorbed sulfur towards oxygen depends strongly on the sulfur surface concentration. At a sulfur concentration of 5 × 10¹⁴ S atoms cm^?2 ($\text{(}\text{3}\text{×}\text{3}\text{)R30°}$ structure) oxygen exposures of 5 × 10^?5 Torr s do not result in the adsorption of oxygen nor in the formation of SO₂. At concentrations lower than 3.8 × 10¹⁴ S stoms cm^?2 ((2 × 2) structure) the thermal desorption following oxygen dosing at 320 K yields SO₂ and O₂. With decreasing sulfur concentration the amount of desorbing O₂ increases and that of SO₂ passes a maximum. This indicates that sulfur free surface regions, i.e. holes or defects in the (2 × 2) S structure, are required for the adsorption of oxygen and for the reaction of adsorbed sulfur with oxygen. SO₂ is adsorbed with high sticking probability and can be desorbed nearly completely as SO₂ with desorption maxima occurring at 400, 480 and 580 K. The adsorbed SO₂ is highly sensitive to hydrogen. Small H₂ doses remove most of the oxygen and leave adsorbed sulfur on the surface. After adsorption of SO₂ on an oxygen predosed surface small amounts of SO₃ were desorbed in addition to SO₂ and O₂ during heating. Preadsorbed oxygen produces variations of the SO₂ peak intensities which indicate stabilization of an adsorbed species by coadsorbed oxygen.     

The effect of oxygen on the sputtering of metastable atoms and ions from Ba metal

By means of the Doppler-Shift-Laser-Fluorescence technique we have measured the effect of oxygen coverage on the velocity distributions and relative yields of sputtered Ba atoms and ions in both the ground and metastable excited states. Our measurements show no evidence that the excitation probabilities are correlated with the magnitude of the electric-dipole-moment matrix element to the ground state. We also find that the excitation probability of the Ba(¹ D) state from a clean metal surface depends strongly on the emission velocity υ and approaches the functional form exp$\text{(}\text{?A}\text{av}\text{)}$ at higher velocities.     

Duree de vie et facteur de lande du niveau (5s5p2)4P12 de L'ion etain Sn+

Oriented Sn⁺ ions in the (5s5p²)⁴P_{$\text{1}\text{2}$} level are produced by Penning collisions between Sn atoms in the ground state and optically oriented He (2³S₁) metastable atoms. If r.f. transitions are induced in the 2³S₁ He level, the circularly polarized light emitted by the ions in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic field is modulated at the r.f. frequency; the variation of the degree of modulation with the r.f. frequency allows a determination of the lifetime τ' of the ion level. The lifetime and the Landé g-factor of the Sn⁺ (⁴P_{$\text{1}\text{2}$}) level are also measured by direct magnetic resonance. The line shape is also computed when the resonances of the He atom and of the Sn⁺ ion overlap; the experimental signals are in good agreement with this computation.