Vacuum-evaporated ferroelectric films and heterostructures of vinylidene fluoride/trifluoroethylene copolymer

The potential of the vacuum method for preparing ferroelectric films and photonic heterostructures from organic materials is studied. Vacuum-evaporated films of fluoropolymers and heterostructures on their basis are obtained and their ferroelectric and spectral properties are studied. In particular, homogeneous films of the well-known piezoelectric polymer polyvinylidene fluoride and ferroelectric material vinylidene fluoride/trifluoroethylene copolymer (P(VDF/TFE)) are produced. Experimental studies of vacuum-evaporated P(VDF/TFE) films confirmed their ferroelectric properties. The heterostructures composed of alternating layers of P(VDF/TFE) copolymer molecules and azodye molecules are fabricated by vacuum evaporation. Owing to the controlled layer thickness and a significant difference in the refractive indices of the P(VDF/TFE) copolymer and azodyes, these heterostructures exhibit properties of photonic crystals. This finding is confirmed by the occurrence of a photonic band in the absorption spectra of the heterostructures.     

Internal Friction in Copolymer Vinylidenefluoride with Trifluoroethylene at Ferroelectric Phase Transition

Crystallography Reports - Temperature dependences of internal friction Q–1, obtained at different heating rates of a copolymer VDF/TrFE (75/25) sample, are studied in the temperature range of...     

New electrostriction materials based on organic polymers: A review

The nature of very high electrostriction strains in modified fluorine-containing polymer ferroelectrics is considered. The main modification method is the irradiation of vinylidene fluoride (VDF) copolymers with trifluoroethylene (TrFE) by electrons with energies of several MeV. Such treatment leads to the transition of the ferroelectric phase to the relaxor state and paraelectric phase. These structural changes are caused by the formation of new functional groups in PVDF chains at radiolysis. The effect of the structure on the electrostriction strains is considered. It is shown that the increase in the electrostriction strain after irradiation is related to the increase in the amorphous phase fraction. This increased strain (all other factors being equal) in uniaxial films, in comparison with isotropic ones, indicates that the field of the anisotropic amorphous phase (mesomorphic state) regions plays an important role in the reaction. An analysis of the experimental data shows that the structural changes in the field (leading to electrostriction strains) are controlled to a great extent by the features of cooperative (segmental) mobility of amorphous phase chains.     

Modification in dielectric properties of SWCNT doped ferroelectric liquid crystals

Effect of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) in ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) geometry has been studied for low and high concentrations of dopant. The results are compared with the characteristics of pure FLC system. An appreciable change in dielectric permittivity, relaxation behavior and other vital parameters has been observed for SWCNT doped FLC system, which shows the adaptability of carbon nanotubes with that of pure FLC molecule. Under high electric field, highly concentrated SWCNT doped FLC shows enormously large values of dielectric loss. This is due to the high conductivity of SWCNT at higher electric field. Interestingly, such effect is not much prominent for the low concentration of the SWCNT doped FLC system.     

Second-harmonic generation in vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene copolymers doped with donor-acceptor molecules

The temperature dependence of the second-harmonic generation in a vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene ferroelectric copolymer doped with 5 wt % of a noncentrosymmetric 4-anilino-4′-nitroazobenzene chromophore is analyzed. The second-order susceptibility χ⁽²⁾ in the ferroelectric phase of these copolymers appears to be twice as high as in the poly(methyl methacrylate) with the same chromophore content. The effect is attributed to the presence in ferroelectrics of a local electric field associated with the spontaneous polarization. The intensity of the second-harmonic generation in both ferroelectric and paraelectric phases correlates with the variation of the surface potential.     

TiCl4分子填充扶手椅型碳管的条件控制及光电性能理论研究

采用第一性原理与蒙特卡罗方法研究TiCl₄气体分子填充扶手椅型碳纳米管的吸附性能与光电性质,结果表明:扶手椅型碳纳米管对TiCl₄气体分子具有较强的物理吸附作用,研究构型的吸附能绝对值均超过0.9 eV,是TiCl₄气体分子理想的填充载体,随碳纳米管管径的增大,吸附能先增大后减小;温度升高不利于TiCl₄气体分子吸附,气体逸度增加有利于吸附,TiCl₄气体分子填充扶手椅型碳纳米管宜将温度维持在TiCl₄沸点附近,并增加气体的压力;TiCl₄的吸附对碳纳米管的电子结构进行了调控,使费米能级附近的态密度显著提高,使复合物的导电性增强,对赝能隙的大小没有明显影响,峰位仍由碳纳米管自身决定;TiCl₄的吸附对体系的光学参数影响有限,在增强复合物导电性的同时未使可见光区域吸收率、反射率、损失函数数值增大,可有效提升透明导电薄膜的性能。     

辉光放电对负偏压增强热丝化学气相沉积碳纳米管的准直生长作用研究

利用负偏压增强热丝化学气相沉积在不同的负偏压和压强下,在沉积有不同厚度NiFe膜的Si衬底上制备了碳纳米管,并用扫描电子显微镜研究了它们的生长.发现在无辉光放电的情况下,碳纳米管弯曲生长,而在辉光放电时,碳纳米管准直生长,表明辉光放电对碳纳米管的准直生长起到了重要的作用.由于辉光放电的产生,在衬底表面附近形成很强的电场.相对无辉光放电时的电场,场强提高了两个数量级.本工作详细地研究了辉光放电对碳纳米管的准直生长作用.     

Photonic Heterostructures with Properties of Ferroelectrics and Light Polarizers

The optical and electro-optical properties of a new type of photonic heterostructure composed of alternating ferroelectric molecular layers and optically anisotropic layers of another material are considered. A numerical simulation of the real prototype of this heterostructure, which can be prepared by the Langmuir—Blodgett method from layers of a ferroelectric copolymer (polyvinylidene fluoride trifluoroethylene) and an azo dye with photoinduced optical anisotropy, has been performed. It is shown that this heterostructure has pronounced polarization optical properties and yields a significant change in the polarization state of light at the photonic band edges in the ranges of the maximum density of photon states. The latter property can be used to obtain an enhanced electro-optic effect at small spectral shifts of the photonic band (the latter can be provided by the piezoelectric effect in ferroelectric layers).     

离子轰击对准直碳纳米管生长的影响

利用负偏压增强热丝化学气相沉积系统,在辉光放电的情况下制备出准直碳纳米管,并用扫描电子显微镜研究了不同负偏压对准直碳纳米管生长的影响.结果表明随着负偏压的增大,准直碳纳米管的平均直径减小,平均长度增大.由于辉光放电的产生,在衬底表面附近形成阴极鞘层,以及在阴极鞘层内形成大量的离子和在衬底表面附近形成很强的电场导致了离子对衬底表面的强烈轰击.最后,分析和讨论了离子的轰击对准直碳纳米管生长的影响.     

Fenton试剂对碳纳米管表面改性研究

利用Fenton试剂对碳纳米管进行表面改性,研究了Fenton, Fenton/超声波(US)以及Fenton/紫外线(UV)对碳纳米管表面的影响,并探讨了Fenton试剂与碳纳米管的作用机理.用热重分析(TGA)来观察纯化前后碳纳米管的纯度,用红外光谱(FTIR)分析碳纳米管表面官能团的变化,用透射电镜(TEM)对碳纳米管微观结构进行分析.结果表明:Fenton/UV反应能够在碳纳米管表面引入大量羟基以及少量的羧基,且不会较大程度地损坏碳纳米管的结构;机理分析表明, Fenton试剂主要是利用Fenton反应产生的羟基自由基(HO·)对碳纳米管的不饱和键进行羟基化加成.     

Surface topography and crystal and domain structures of films of ferroelectric copolymer of vinylidene difluoride and trifluoroethylene

The crystallization of a copolymer from a solution at room temperature is found to lead to the formation of a metastable structure, characterized by the coexistence of ferroelectric and paraelectric phases. The fraction of the latter decreases after annealing above the Curie point. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has revealed a difference in the surface topographies between the films contacting with air and the films contacting with a glass substrate. The microstructure of copolymer chains has been investigated by ¹⁹F NMR spectroscopy. The chain fragments with “defect” attached monomeric units are ejected to the surface. The character of the ferroelectric domains formed during crystallization and their size distribution are analyzed.

     

铌酸锂晶体的光折变效应

铌酸锂(LiNbO₃, LN)是一种多功能多用途的人工晶体,被称为“光学硅”。近期以铌酸锂薄膜(LNOI)为平台的集成光子学发展迅速,有将“光学硅”变为现实的趋势。高集成意味着高局域高光强密度,使铌酸锂晶体的光折变效应变得不容忽视。光折变效应是光致折射率变化的简称,是非线性光学的重要组成部分。本文回顾了铌酸锂晶体光折变效应的发现和机理、不同掺杂及掺杂组合对光折变效应的调控,重点介绍了铋镁双掺铌酸锂晶体的光折变性能及相关理论和实验结果,概述了铌酸锂光折变波导和孤子,及基于LNOI的集成光子学器件中的光折变效应,并对未来的研究趋势进行了展望。期待我国发挥铌酸锂光折变研究及LNOI产业化的优势,在光子学芯片的竞争中占据主导地位。     

静电场对V型火焰法中碳纳米管定向生长的影响

针对V型火焰实验系统的特点,考察了在种不同的静电场引入方式,以及在5V、30V和150V三种偏置电压下碳纳米管的定向生长情况.对实验结果进行了SEM、TEM表征,验证了静电场对碳纳米管定向生长的诱导作用,同时发现在一定范围内,随着偏置电压的增人,碳纳米管的准直性生长越明显.     

化学气相沉积法制备平直多壁碳纳米管的研究

本文研究了用焦炭还原二氧化碳后的一氧化碳作碳源,化学气相沉积法合成平直的多壁碳纳米管的工艺.研究表明在化学气相沉积条件下,用焦炭还原二氧化碳得到的一氧化碳在适当的铁基催化剂作用下,采用催化剂/碳原子共沉积的工艺可以生产出平直、并且内径很大的多壁碳纳米管.碳源中催化剂的浓度影响着纳米管的形成,而沉积温度对其没有影响.     

A New Modified TGS Crystal

Triglycine sulfate (TGS) crystals doped with Cr⁶⁺ have been grown from a growth solution with various Cr⁶⁺ concentrations. The structure, transmission spectrum, pyroelectric properties, and the photorefractive effect of the crystals have been measured. It has a high internal bias field and photorefractive effect.     

单壁碳纳米管储氢行为的模拟计算研究

利用碳纳米管储氢已经成为了纳米科技领域中的一项研究热点.为了认识碳纳米管的动态储氢过程,本文借助于分子动力学方法,对单壁碳纳米管的储氢行为进行了模拟计算,其结果生动逼真,并得出了储氢的如下结论:被吸附的氢分子主要出现在管内和管外的边缘附近;管内氢分子的分布出现分层现象,且管径越小,则靠近管壁的氢分子分层现象越明显;在管内外靠近管壁处的氢分子与管壁有一定的空隙.这为进一步研究碳纳米管的储氢机理和储氢容量等问题提供了必要的依据.     

用艾奇逊炉在不同温度提纯碳纳米管

利用艾奇逊炉分别在3 000 ℃和2 800 ℃下进行碳纳米管的提纯实验。利用ICP、EDS、TGA检测了提纯碳纳米管的主要催化金属含量、灼烧残余物含量;用四探针薄膜电阻仪检测其电阻率;利用SEM、XRD、FT-IR研究了不同温度提纯碳纳米管的组织结构变化和表面特点。研究结果表明,艾奇逊炉在不同温度下提纯的碳纳米管都可以有效降低碳纳米管粉体中的催化金属含量和灼烧残余物含量,满足动力电池导电剂要求。与原生碳纳米管比较,3 000 ℃提纯的碳纳米管的电阻率显著下降,石墨晶化程度提高;而2 800 ℃提纯的碳纳米管的电阻率略有提高,石墨晶化程度变化不大,表面官能团数量减少。     

V型热解火焰合成碳纳米管的影响因素研究与分析

介绍了用V型热解火焰燃烧器制备碳纳米管的实验条件,利用扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜对碳纳米管进行表征,详细研究和分析了温度、反应物成分、催化剂、燃氧比等影响因素对碳纳米管形态的影响.结果表明:温度在800～1000 ℃之间,采用CO/H_2/He作为反应气体,用Fe(CO)_5作为催化剂时,可以得到的形态较好、杂质较少的碳纳米管.     

锂组分对纯铌酸锂晶体光折变性能的影响研究

本文研究了低光强下锂组分对纯铌酸锂晶体的可见光折变、紫外光致吸收及紫外光折变性能的影响,发现了光折变中心种类和数量随晶体组分的渐变行为.在组分较低的同成分晶体中,大量本征缺陷形成Q极化子,因而在可见光波段表现出较弱的光生伏打效应;在组分较高的近化学计量比铌酸锂晶体中,双极化子是主要光折变中心,从而引起较高的光生伏打电场.而纯铌酸锂晶体的紫外光致吸收以及紫外光折变性能则具有相似的组分依赖关系.它们随组分的增加过程可分为两个不同的阶段:当组分小于49.70 mol;时,随组分增加缓慢升高,而当组分高于49.70 mol;时,随组分突然猛增并迅速升高.上述实验结果也可采用本征缺陷由Q极化子主导向双极化子主导的渐变过程进行解释.     

单壁碳纳米管储氢过程的GULP模拟

利用GULP软件的蒙特卡罗模块对常温(T=300 K)下单壁碳纳米管(SWNT)管内物理吸附储氢进行了模拟.研究和讨论了5种半径的扶手椅管在T=300 K时的吸附等温线,给出了同一管径在不同压强下氢气分子在碳纳米管中分布变化的对比图,并对T=300 K,P=10 MPa时不同管径的碳纳米管储氢能力进行了对比.结果显示,常温下压强不大于10 MPa时单壁碳纳米管吸附氢气的质量储氢容量不超过1.8;,体积吸附量不超过22 kg·m-3,表明纯单壁碳纳米管具有一定的吸附氢气的能力,但其存储能力与美国能源部提出的研究目标尚有一定差距,还需通过改变碳纳米管的结构、特性等方法来改善其储氢特性.