Influence of Pickling High Alloyed CrNi-Steels and Nickel Base Alloys with Citric Acid on the Composition of their Tarnish Oxides

 Extra-ordinary mechanical features and high corrosion resistance are essential qualities of CrNi-steels and nickel base alloys. The corrosion resistance of these materials fundamentally depends on their surface conditions. Tarnish colours and welding scale, formed during thermal treatment or joining, are removed by pickling components made of these alloys with sulphuric acid, nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid as well. By this kind of surface refinement several million tons per annum of aggressive waste waters are produced, that cause high environmental risks and not acceptable employee endangerings. Therefore, a project was promoted by the DECHEMA e.V. to replace hydrofluoric acid by organic complexing agents. The related surface analytical examinations are reported in this publication.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱（ICP-AES）法测定铁矿石中钒

建立了电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定铁矿石中钒含量的分析方法。采用盐酸、硝酸、氢氟酸、高氯酸分解试样,不溶物残渣碱熔融回收,稀盐酸溶解盐类的方式对样品进行分解。对仪器的主要工作参数和分析谱线进行了选择,讨论了基体和共存元素的干扰,以及溶解酸和熔剂等条件实验,确立了最佳分析条件。按实验方法对铁矿石标准样品和试样中钒量进行测定,测定值与标准值或其它方法的认定值基本一致,相对标准偏差RSD<6.5%。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定钼矿石中的铼

以硝酸+氢氟酸+高氯酸消解钼矿石中的铼,不经分离富集,用电感耦合等离子体质谱法直接测定钼矿石样品中的铼。方法检出限可达0.012μg/g,通过对国家岩石一级标准样品的测试,测定结果一致;对GBW07285标准样品11次测定的相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.1%。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定地质样品中镉、锗、钴

建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定地质样品中镉、锗、钴含量的分析方法。样品用氢氟酸-硝酸混合溶液加热溶解,然后加热浓缩驱酸,再用硝酸溶液(1+1)复溶提取,在选定的仪器工作条件下进行测定。镉、锗、钴的含量分别在0.00~0.10,0.00~5.00,0.00~50.00 μg/g范围内与质谱峰强度呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999,方法检出限分别为0.01,0.02,0.02 μg/g。用该方法对国家一级标准物质进行测定,测定值的相对误差均小于10%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.79%~8.45%(n=12)。该方法样品处理过程简便,检测效率高,适用于批量地质样品中镉、锗、钴的测定。     

Determination of lead in fly-ash from a garbage incinerator by atomic-absorption and x-ray fluorescence spectrometry

The lead content in fly-ash collected by an electrostatic precipitator has been determined by atomic-absorption spectrometry (AAS) after decomposition by four different leaching/dissolution techniques, and also determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRFS) by the standard-addition method. The XRFS data were evaluated by non-linear regression since the standard additions affected the attenuation coefficient of the sample. Good agreement was obtained between the results obtained with AAS and XRFS. It is concluded that lead is quantitatively extracted by hot 1M nitric acid or treatment with hydrofluoric acid/nitric acid. Direct measurement of briquetted samples by XRFS is suggested for rapid monitoring of the lead content in fly-ash from garbage incineration.     

Online process control of acidic texturisation baths with ion chromatography

Etching of silicon with mixtures of hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid is a widely used process in silicon solar cell fabrication. One precondition for an optimized usage of the acidic etching baths is the exact knowledge of the chemical bath composition. In this paper, we investigated a fast and online-capable method for the total analysis of all bath constituents by ion chromatography. The chromatographical system consists of a low-volume injection valve, which injects the concentrated samples directly into the KOH-based eluent. After separation and detection of nitrate and fluoride, a post-column derivatization with sodium molybdate is applied to detect the hexafluorosilicic acid, which enriches in the texturisation bath during the etching process. The results of the presented approach are discussed and compared with already published chromatographical and titration methods found in literature.     

A simple acid digestion method for the determination of ten elements in ambient aerosols by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

A method is presented for multi-element determinations in ambient aerosols collected on Whatman 41 filter paper. Subsections of filters are exposed to vapor phase attack by nitric and hydrofluoric acids, and complete dissolution is accomplished by a mixture of nitric and perchloric acids at high temperatures in quartz tubes. The residue is taken up in dilute nitric acid and processed directly by standard additions with a flame atomic absorption spectrometer. The method was tested on NBS Coal Fly Ash, SRM 1633, and found to yield accurate results.     

石墨炉原子吸收测定土壤中的Cd Pb

摘要：为了提升石墨炉原子吸收测定土壤样品中Cd和Pb的准确度和测试效率,对样品前处理和仪器测试等条件进行优化选择,确定了低温电热板消解样品时,硝酸、氢氟酸、高氯酸的三酸比例和复溶方式以及采用海光GGX-920型石墨炉原子吸收测定Cd和Pb的升温程序、样品和基体改进剂加入量等条件。应用选定方法条件分别对土壤标准物质GBW07403、GBW07449水系沉积物 GBW07309进行6次测定,测定值Cd的相对标准偏差RSD：2.49%~4.67%,相对误差RE：-2.31% ~ 2.22%,测定值Pb的相对标准偏差RSD：1.98%~ 2.54%,相对误差RE：-1.88% ~ 2.11%。此方法精密度和准确度均达到标准要求,是一种准确而快速的检测方法,适合大批量的环境样品检测。     

Determination of the concentration of strong acids with a permaplex membrane electrode in the presence of hydrofluoric acid and various cations

A strongly acidic cation-exchanger membrane electrode was used to measure the concentration of nitric, hydrochloric and sulphuric acid over the range 10^-3-7 N. Hydrofluoric acid interfered when its concentration approached that of the strong acid. The electrode showed selectivity for H⁺ over the cations Cr³⁺, Fe³⁺, Ni²⁺ Ag⁺ and K⁺. Measurements of the acidity could be made with a reproducibility of the order of tenths of a millivolt. It was shown that the electrode could be used for direct measurement of acidity in stainless steel pickling baths.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定稀土矿中钇、镧、铈、镨、钕、钐、铕、钆、铽、镝、钬、铒、铥、镱、镥和钪量

通过用四酸与微波消解法溶解样品对比,建立了用硝酸、盐酸、氢氟酸、高氯酸分解样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定稀土矿中16种元素含量。方法采用_¹⁰³Rh作为内标消除干扰,确定了最优测定条件,16种稀土元素检出限为0.0029-0.0099ng/mL,测定范围为0.0005-0.020%。精密度试验、加标回收试验及标准物质检测,结果验证了方法的可行性及准确性。该方法简单易操作,结果可靠,能满足实验分析要求。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定高效复合孕育剂中铝、钙、钡

通过硝酸、氢氟酸和盐酸分解试料,高氯酸冒烟驱走硅和氟,最后用盐酸溶解盐类,应用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)对高效复合孕育剂中铝、钙、钡进行测定,方法能准确、快速地测定其含量,加标回收率在98.8%~103%,精密度、标准样品分析对照均取得了满意的结果。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定航空铜合金中微量铅

用硝酸和氢氟酸溶解铜合金,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法直接进行测定。为了消除基体元素及其他共存元素的干扰采用标准加入法进行测定,并对最佳的测量酸度进行讨论。方法用于航空铜舍金中铅的测定,加标回收率为90．5%-113．0％,基本消除干扰,方法简单、快速。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定铅锌精矿中铊

采用HCl-HNO_3-HF-HClO_4四种酸溶解铅锌精矿样品,稀释后用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定其中的铊元素,测定范围0.005%~0.05%。实验确定了介质酸浓度、干扰元素的校正方法。方法相对标准偏差(n=7)为1.3%~4.8%,加标回收率为93.7%~102%,方法干扰少、快速、结果准确,适用于大批量铅锌精矿样品中铊的测定。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定银精矿中氧化镁

本文建立了采用直接加混合酸（氢氟酸5mL、硝酸5 mL、盐酸5 mL和高氯酸1mL）酸溶法,10 mL HCL(1:1)提取样品,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定银精矿中氧化镁含量的方法。本方法检出限为0.0016%,测定下限为0.0064%,经富铜(银)矿石成分分析国家标准物质GBW07164验证,相对误差为0.43%;应用于实际样品分析,与标准方法火焰原子吸收光谱法对比,分析结果一致,方法的相对标准偏差（RSD,n=6）均小于4%。方法简便快速准确,结果满意。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光度法直接测定环境土壤中的痕量锗

试样采用硝酸+氢氟酸+高氯酸+磷酸分解至冒尽白烟,在磷酸介质中,不经分离富集,直接在原子荧光光度计上进行测定.方法简捷快速,成本低,结果经国家一级标准物质验证准确、可靠,适合于批量样品的分析测定.本法检出限为0.072 g/g,方法精密度(RSD%,n=8)为4.5%。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定高温合金中低含量钇

建立电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定高温合金中低含量钇的方法。采用盐酸、硝酸、氢氟酸溶解样品,在优化的仪器条件下,采用基体匹配法配制系列标准工作溶液,选择分析线为360.073 nm。钇的含量在0.0005%~0.050%范围内与光谱强度具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.99999,检出限为0.000003%。该方法测定结果的相对标准偏差不大于6.0%(n=8),加标回收率为90.0%~104.0%。该方法简便、快速、准确,可用于高温合金中低含量钇的测定。     

碘量法测定铜冶炼烟尘中铜

试验研究了铜冶炼烟尘中铜含量的测定方法,试料用盐酸、氢氟酸、硝酸、高氯酸及硫酸分解,氢溴酸除去砷、锡、锑,硫酸除去硒的干扰。进一步对滴定条件和共存元素的干扰及消除进行了试验,最终确定了最佳条件。按照实验方法测定6个铜冶炼烟尘样品中铜量,结果的相对标准偏差为0.22%~0.65%,精密度高,准确度好。样品加标回收率在98.92%~100.38%之间, 适用于铜冶炼烟尘中铜含量为5.00 %～65.00 %的测定。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定预熔型精炼渣中的氧化镁

建立了测定预熔型精炼渣中氧化镁的火焰原子吸收光谱法。样品采用氢氟酸–王水–高氯酸分解后,加入少量硫酸可使溶液底部的絮状不溶物溶解完全。在盐酸介质中,加入氯化锶消除干扰,利用空气–乙炔火焰以原子吸收光谱仪进行测定。测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.50%~1.08%(n=12),测定标准物质的相对误差为–0.92%,加标回收率为97.56%~102.14%。该法操作简便,分析速度快,适用于大批量样品分析。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定锗精矿中锗量

建立了用硝酸、氢氟酸、磷酸溶解样品,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定锗精矿中锗量的方法。试验选择209.426nm作为最优分析谱线,锗的检出限为0.006μg/mL,测定下限为0.020 μg/mL,在磷酸基体匹配的条件下测定,测定范围为1%-15%,与经典碘酸钾滴定法对比,数据一致,相对标准偏差<3%(n=11),加标回收率98%~101%,能够满足快速测定及批量处理锗精矿中1%-15%的锗含量的需求。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定铜原矿尾矿中的镉

采用盐酸、氢氟酸、硝酸、高氯酸分步溶解的方式对具有硅、铁含量高等特性的铜原矿尾矿样品进行溶解。在体积分数为5%的盐酸介质中,利用原子吸收光谱法,采用扣除背景方式对样品溶液进行测定。样品溶解较完全,共存元素对镉的测定基本无干扰。方法重现性较好,准确度较高。相对标准偏差在2.3%~8.3%,加标回收率在96.7%~105%,标准样品分析结果与标准值基本一致。能满足日常分析检测的需要。