In vitro mineral availability from digested tea: a rich dietary source of managanese

Tea is potentially a rich source of some dietary metals and approximately 70 l are drunk per capita per year in the UK. In particular, tea may be an important source of Mn, since leaf tea contains 350-900 micrograms g-1 of this essential element. However, the leaching and bioavailability of Mn from tea have been little studied, so a recently developed in vitro assay was applied to compare the bioavailability of Mn from tea infusions with that of other major and trace essential elements. Analysis of tea infusions before digestion showed that 1.0 l contained 115% of the average daily dietary intake of Mn but < 6% of all other minerals. Samples of these infusions were incubated with human gastric juice (37 degrees C, 1 h) and some were then adjusted to pH 6.5 to simulate intestinal pH. All were centrifuged through ultrafilters with molecular mass cut-offs of 3, 10 and 30 kDa. The percentages of ultrafilterable (< 3 kDa) elements following simulated gastrointestinal digestion were (n = 3; mean +/- s) Ca 47.7 +/- 10.7, Cu 45.3 (n = 1), Fe < 5, Mg 66.4 +/- 1.6, Mn 39.8 +/- 11.4, K 40.3 +/- 2.2, Na 100.0 +/- 5.3 and Zn 33.7 +/- 1.1. Hence the ultrafilterability of elements showed the general trend M+ > M2+ > M3+, which is probably the inverse of the order of their strengths of binding to tea polyphenols. However, Mn was the only element found in significant dietary amounts in tea, and under simulated intestinal conditions was still 40% bioavailable.     

Dietary intake of 25 elements by man estimated by neutron activation analysis

The trace element content of the total daily diet (food and beverages) of each of 4 adult males was determined over a period of one week. A method of radiochemical neutron activation analysis is briefly described which enables the determination of up to 31 elements in biological samples. Of the 25 elements determined in the diet 12 are essential elements (Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Mo, Na, Se, Zn) while 6 (As, Ba, Br, Cd, Hg, Sb) are classified as toxic. The average concentrations of the toxic trace elements As, Cd and Hg of the diet are below the provisional tolerable dietary intakes recommended by WHO/FAO. The contents of Cl, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Na and Zn are adequate to the proposed nutritional requirements.     

Determination of trace element levels in polyethylene by instrumental neutron activation analysis

Elements Al, As, Au, Br, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, La, Mn, Mo, Na, Sb, Sc, Sm, V, and Zn were determined by INAA in several brands and batches of high pressure polyethylene (PE) Bralen (Slovnaft Bratislava, Czechoslovakia). A large scatter of trace element contents was found in both granules and foils, indicating an inhomogeneous distribution for the majority of the above mentioned elements present as impurities in PE. Larger amounts of the elements Al, Mn, and Sb were found in foils than in granules. Blank values resulting from using of PE Bralen as a canning material for INAA were compared to trace element concentration in human hair samples, too.     

Determination of trace elements in coffee beans and instant coffee of various origins by INAA

Summary Extensive use of coffee, by one-third of world's population, entails the evaluation of trace element contents in it. Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was successfully employed to determine the concentration of 20 trace elements (essential, toxic and nonessential) in four samples of coffee beans of various origins and two instant coffee brands most commonly consumed in Pakistan. This study provides the base-line values of certain toxic and essential elements in coffee. The daily intake of essential and toxic elements through coffee was estimated and compared with the recommended values. The cumulative intake of Mn is four times higher than the recommended value and that of toxic elements is well below the tolerance limits.     

菊花茶中重金属和微量元素溶出特性研究

为了探究菊花茶和茶汤中重金属及微量元素含量,指导菊花茶的饮用,本研究对浙江主要菊花茶品种皇菊和金丝皇菊的重金属和微量元素含量及其溶出特性进行了分析。通过ICP-MS和ICP-OES测定Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、As七种重金属和K、Na、Ca、Mg、Se、Fe和Mn七种微量元素的含量,并参照传统泡茶方式对不同浸泡时间及不同浸泡次数条件下的皇菊和金丝皇菊中重金属和微量元素的溶出特性进行研究。结果发现,两种菊花中Cd含量均超标,但茶汤中的Cd与其他重金属符合生活饮用水标准,随着浸泡时间延长,菊花中重金属和微量元素的溶出率逐渐增加,Cd的总溶出率仅9.9%-11.8%,Cr、Pb的总溶出率也在10%以下,但Cu、Zn、Ni、As溶出率较高,在45.0%-71.6%之间,微量元素的溶出率在1.7%-84.0%之间,其中K、Na、Se元素的溶出率较高,最高分别达到了84.0%、72.9%、78.0%;随着浸泡次数增加,菊花中重金属和微量元素的溶出率逐渐降低,在第一次浸泡后,菊花中Cd、Cr、Pb的溶出率较低,分别在0.3%-8.0%, Cd、Cr、Pb的初次溶出量占溶出总量50%-100%,Cu、Zn、Ni、As在第一次浸泡后,溶出量占总量的28%-63%,第一次浸泡后,菊花中的K和Se的溶出率较高,达到30.6%-65.8%,Na、Ca、Mg、Mn的溶出率在5.8%-29.4%。微量元素第一次浸泡溶出量占溶出总量的41%- 100%。两种菊花中,金丝皇菊第一次浸泡溶出的重金属和微量元素比例均较高。通过延长浸泡时间可增加茶汤中重金属和微量元素的溶出,弃去初泡水的方式,虽然去除了过半含量的重金属,但同时也损失了大量微量元素,建议泡茶时延长浸泡时间。     

Determination of trace elements in drinking tea by various analytical techniques

Tea has been one of the most popular simulating beverages which is both heavily produced and consumed in Taiwan. The determination of minor or trace elements in drinking tea and tea leaves is therefore important for estimating the daily intake of Taiwanese considered as a safety indicator. In order to accurately and precisely determine the concentrations of trace elements in samples, several analytical methods such as AAS, NAA and ICP-AES are suggested. This paper attempts to utilize all three methods to determine the concentrations of minor or trace elements in different types of tea leaves and the extracts percolated from them. The influence of fermentation processes on the concentration levels of minor or trace elements in tea samples is investigated. Because only free metal ions are bioavailable for the human body, it is necessary to determine their concentrations in drinking tea. The dissolution of trace elements in drinking tea is therefore studied by simulating the common Chinese style of tea percolation. Concentrations of thirteen elements including Zn, Mn, Ca, Cu, Ni, Al, K, Mg, Cd, Pb, Na, Co and Sc are determined.     

8味补阴药补阳药中微量元素Fe、Mg、Zn、Ca、Mn、Cu的测定

采用火焰原子吸收光谱法对补阴药石斛、玉竹、北沙参、女贞子和补阳药肉苁蓉、杜仲、菟丝子、补骨脂8味中药进行Fe、Mg、Zn、Ca、Mn、Cu含量测定。结果表明,以平均值而论Mg、Cu含量补阴药与补阳药相当,Fe、Ca含量补阴药低于补阳药,Zn、Mn含量补阴药高于补阳药。以每味中药而论,补阳药菟丝子Fe含量最高,是其他几味中药的近10倍,补阴药石斛Zn、Mn含量最高,是其他几味中药的3~10倍。补阴药、补阳药药效是相对的,但本实验测定各微量元素含量并没有呈现相对性,因此,补阴药、补阳药的药效与Fe、Mg、Zn、Ca、Mn、Cu微量元素的相关性有待于进一步研究。     

Influence of Water Treatment and Wastewater Treatment on the Changes in Residues of Important Elements in Drinking Water

Drinking water is the essential medium for food production, and is also needed for direct consumption; while it must be free of harmful substances, it also must have a composition that is beneficial to health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of water and wastewater treatment on reducing the concentrations of zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) in the Western Pomerania Voivodeship in Poland. The research was carried out in 2017–2019. The analysis was performed with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry (ICP-AES). The concentrations of trace elements in drinking water were below maximum acceptable concentrations (MACs). Reductions in the most dangerous elements during water treatment fluctuated from 48.5% (As) to 97% (Pb). Wastewater treatment reduced the concentrations of analyzed elements by a range of 28.6 to 60.8%, and the most toxic elements (Pb and As) by over 50%. Trace element concentrations in treated wastewater were below MAC values, and ranged from 1.15% (Pb) to 6.23% (As) of MACs for toxic elements. The concentrations of both essential elements (Zn, Ni, Fe, Mn, Cu) and toxic elements (Pb, As) in drinking water were below the MACs. Water treatment had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on decreasing trace element concentrations.     

传统藏药材高原香薷的矿质元素分析

对传统藏药材香薷中高原香薷种的17种微量元素进行了分析。结果表明,在高原香薷中人体必需微量元素Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、Co、Ni、Se等含量较高,尤其以Cu、Fe、Mn元素的含量为高。Na、Ca等宏量元素含量亦较高。     

Determination of trace elements in tea leaves by neutron activation analysis

Instrumental neutron activation analysis has been employed to determine 14 trace elements in two brands of Iranian and foreign tea. The elements are: Br, La, Ba, K, Mn, Cl, Cr, Cs, Rb, Fe, Co, Zn, Sc and Au. The transference ratio of the elements into solution, when tea is leached by percolation, is also reported. It was found that some elements are totally transferred into solution and some are partially retained by the leaves.     

Determination of minor, trace and toxic elements in chewing tobacco products by instrumental neutron activation analysis and identification of glutamic acid

Tobacco smoking/chewing has been a cause of concern because of it being related with oral cancer. It causes stimulation and ill physiological effects. Ten different brands of spit tobacco, eight gutkaas and five paan masalas have been analyzed for seven minor (Al, Na, K, Ca, Cl, Mg, and P) and 17 trace (As, Ba, Br, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Eu, Fe, Hg, La, Mn, Rb, Sb, Sc, Th, and Zn) elements by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Also Ni and Pb were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Concentration of Cd was below detection limit (<10?mg?kg^?1) in the tobacco samples. Mg, generally added as MgCO₃ to prevent caking, is present as minor constituent in spit tobacco and gutkaas but is below detection limit (<1?g?kg^?1) in paan masalas. Most elemental concentrations vary in a wide range depending on the nature of chewing tobacco. Spit tobacco has been found to be more enriched in essential elements (Ca, K, Na, P, Mn, and Rb), whereas gutkaas contain higher concentrations of Fe, Cr, Cu, and Zn. Paan masalas contain lower contents of other elements but higher content of Hg. Gutkaas also contain higher amounts of As and Pb. Further glutamic acid has been separated from tobacco leaves and characterized as it might bind with some elements.     

Withering timings affect the total free amino acids and mineral contents of tea leaves during black tea manufacturing

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of withering timings (i.e. 0, 21, 22, 23 and 24 h) on the moisture, total free amino acids, ash, essential and toxic mineral element contents of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) leaves during black tea manufacturing. Moisture, ash, Na, P, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn, Al, Ni and Pb contents were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by withering, whereas non-significant (P > 0.05) results were noted for total free amino acids, K, Fe and Cd contents. The highest moisture content (76.4%) was examined in fresh leaves that progressively decreased to 63.8% in 24 h withering. Total free amino acid contents gradually increased up to 23 h and then decreased. Ash, P, Cu, Zn and Mn contents showed an increasing trend with withering time. Conversely, significantly lowered amounts of Na (162.5 mg/kg) and Mg (803 mg/kg) were recorded in tea leaves after 24 h withering. Among the toxic elements, Al, Ni and Pb contents were progressively increased over withering time. It was concluded that tea is a potential source of essential chemical constituents and during processing proper care should be taken to produce high quality black tea.     

Trace element determination in tomato puree using particle induced X-ray emission and Rutherford backscattering

Particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) were used to determine the concentrations of trace elements in samples of 12 tomato puree brands sold in the Mexican market. While RBS offered information about the main elements present in the matrix, PIXE gave results on trace elements. As a whole, data for 17 elements (C, N, O, Na, Mg, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn) were obtained. To evaluate the results, a comparison with brands from USA, Japan, Colombia, and Chile was carried out, using tomato purees produced following the domestic technology recipe. Additionally, the results were considered in the light of the Codex Alimentarius and the Mexican standard. It was found that all of the brands fall within the limits established by these standards, being of the same order of magnitude as the foreign brands. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

凤仙花植株不同部位微量元素含量的比较分析

The samples of pueraria lobata ohwi were digested by HNO3 + HClO4 .contents of the next trace elements Fe,Zn,Cu,Mn,Ca,Mg,Co,Cr,Ni,Cd,Pb and Al in the bloom,base,stem,and leaf of Impatiens balsamina have been determined by Flame Atomic Absorption method.The result show that the recovery is about 97.5%-103.2%,and the RSD<2.7%,with good accuracy and precision.The order of the content of the trace elements of high to low is as follows:leaf>stem>bloom>base.The importance of essential trace elements Zn,Fe,Mn,Cu for human each has a higher content.In addition,toxic trace elements such as lead,arsenic and cadmium are also found.     

原子吸收光谱法测定原发性癫痫患者头发中微量元素

通过原子吸收光谱法测定原发性癫痫患者头发中的微量元素Ｚｎ，Ｃｕ，Ｆｅ，Ｍｎ，Ｐｂ和宏量元素Ｋ，Ｎａ，Ｃａ，Ｍｇ并与正常人头发中的微量元素比较，结果表明，：癫痫患者头发中的锰含量明显高于正常人，这一结论与有关文献的结论吻合。     

茶叶专用营养剂对金萱茶微量元素和黄酮的影响

为探讨茶叶专用植物营养剂对金萱茶微量元素和黄酮含量的影响,以自研制的茶叶专用植物营养剂做试验,分别以稀释300、500、800倍施用到金萱茶中,采取每轮茶施肥一次,并以喷清水、1%尿素和其它品牌的茶叶营养剂稀释300倍作参照,用等离子体原子发射光谱法和分光光度法对施用不同肥料的金萱茶微量元素和黄酮含量分别进行了测定。结果表明,施用自研制的茶叶专用植物营养剂,金萱茶Ca,Mg,Fe,Zn,Mn,Cu,B等微量元素含量大大增加,黄酮含量也显著增多,这与施加含有益活性菌体和多种酶及微量元素的肥料有关。     

Trace Element Evaluation of Different Varieties of Chewing Gum by Radiochemical Neutron Activation Analysis

Extensive use of chewing gums, by children in particular, entails the evaluation of trace element contents in them. Radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA) was successfully employed to determine the concentration of 35 trace elements (essential, toxic and nonessential) in eight different brands of chewing gum generally consumed in Rawalpindi/Islamabad area. Comparison of trace element data of our work with literature has been presented. None of the elements detected in the brands of chewing gum examined was found to be present at a level representing a substantial contribution to the total dietary intake of the element.     

Major elements as possible factors of trace element urban pedochemical anomalies

The relationship between real total contents of the major elements Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, Fe and the trace elements Ag, As, B, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, V, U, Zn in topsoil from the central part of Vilnius is analysed. The amounts of most elements were determined by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence, while amounts of Ag, B, Co were measured by optical atomic emission spectrophotometry. Two factors were distinguished according to major elements: anthropogenic (A) including Ca, Mg, Fe, P, S and clayey (C) including K, Al, Ti. Boron, Mn, Cr and U are significantly correlated with members of both factors, Sb with none of them and other trace elements either with all (Cu, Zn, Pb, Se, Ba, Ni, Co) or with separate (V, Ag, Sn, Mo, As) members of the A-factor. Only B, Mn, Cr, U (partly their additive index Z1) are influenced by the C-factor, while twelve other trace elements (also their additive index Z2) are influenced by the A-factor. The additive index Z of all 17 elements is also affected by the A-factor. Four groups of sites have been distinguished according to normal or higher contents of both factors. The majority of trace element anomalies are related to the sites affected by the A-factor.     

Analytical Assessment of Bioelements in Various Types of Black Teas from Different Geographical Origins in View of Chemometric Approach

A comprehensive approach to the mineral composition of black teas of different origins was studied using the Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) method, supported by chemometric tools including Principal Component Analysis PCA) and Classification and Regression Trees (CART). Significant differences between the teas from seven countries (Japan, Nepal, Kenya, Iran, Sri Lanka, India, and China) were shown. K was the main element determined in all teas, with an average concentration of 11,649 mg/kg, followed by Ca, Mg and Mn. In general, regarding all investigated black teas, the element content was ranked in the following order: K > Ca > Mg > Mn > Fe > Na > Zn > Cu. The applied chemometric methods allowed us to recognize black tea clusters based on their mineral composition and place of cultivation, and allowed us to find correlations between particular elements in black teas. The performed analyses revealed interesting correlations between the concentration of various elements in black teas: K was negatively correlated with Na, Fe, Mn and Cu; K was positively correlated with the content of Ca and Mg. Significant positive correlations between Mn and Fe and Mn and Zn in the studied black tea samples were also revealed. It was shown that mineral composition may be a significant factor regarding the origin of the black tea, not only considering the country, but also the region or province.     

老年髋部骨折患者血清中宏量及微量元素含量分析

为探讨微量元素与骨质疏松症及髋部骨折的关系,采用原子吸收分光光度计等方法分别测定了40例老年髋部骨折患者血清中微量元素铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、硒(Se)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)及宏量元素钙(Ca)、磷(P)、镁(Mg)、钾(K)、钠(Na)的含量,并与30例青壮年髋部骨折患者对照。结果表明,老年髋部骨折患者血清中的Ca含量明显升高(P<0.01)、Cu、Mn有显著提高(P<0.05),其它元素有升高趋势,但无显著性差异,Zn的含量明显降低(P<0.01)。测定血清中宏量及微量元素含量可能对预测髋部骨折及骨质疏松症的疗效评价有一定临床价值。