Gd掺杂TiO2/活性炭纤维复合材料的制备及表征

以TiCl4和Gd(NO3)3·6H2O为主要原料,采用酸催化水解法制备Gd掺杂TiO2光催化剂并通过浸涂法将其负载在活性炭纤维(ACF)表面,制得Gd掺杂TiO2/ACF复合材料。 以气相苯为模型物,考察材料的光催化活性。 利用XRD、FTIR及GC-MS对催化剂的晶相结构、光谱特征等进行了表征。 结果表明,Gd掺杂能有效抑制TiO2的晶粒生长。 Gd掺杂量、浸涂次数影响TiO2/ACF光催化活性,Gd2O3掺杂质量分数为0.48%、浸涂2次的TiO2/ACF活性最高。 在苯光催化氧化后的Gd掺杂TiO2/ACF复合材料表面未发现醌类中间产物的存在。 Gd的掺入能减缓催化剂失活,光催化反应100 min后仍能表现出较高活性。     

Gd掺杂TiO2/活性炭纤维复合材料的制备及表征

以TiCl4和Gd(NO3)3·6H2O为主要原料,采用酸催化水解法制备Gd掺杂TiO2光催化剂并通过浸涂法将其负载在活性炭纤维(ACF)表面,制得Gd掺杂TiO2/ACF复合材料。 以气相苯为模型物,考察材料的光催化活性。 利用XRD、FTIR及GC-MS对催化剂的晶相结构、光谱特征等进行了表征。 结果表明,Gd掺杂能有效抑制TiO2的晶粒生长。 Gd掺杂量、浸涂次数影响TiO2/ACF光催化活性,Gd2O3掺杂质量分数为0.48%、浸涂2次的TiO2/ACF活性最高。 在苯光催化氧化后的Gd掺杂TiO2/ACF复合材料表面未发现醌类中间产物的存在。 Gd的掺入能减缓催化剂失活,光催化反应100 min后仍能表现出较高活性。     

TiO2/ACF的制备及光催化降解四氯乙烯性能

以钛酸四丁酯为前驱物,活性炭纤维(ACF)为载体,蔗糖为胶粘剂,采用真空吸附水解的方法制得了TiO₂/ACF催化剂.采用BET、XRD、SEM等手段对其物理化学特性进行表征,以四氯乙烯光降解反应为探针反应,考察了TiO₂/ACF催化剂的光催化降解性能.实验结果表明,采用真空吸附水解法可以将TiO₂很好地负载到活性炭纤维表面上.通过优化条件制备的TiO₂/ACF催化剂在光照2h条件下,可以将水中溶解量的四氯乙烯降解90%以上.催化剂可以多次循环使用,光催化反应活性不变.     

活性炭孔径和比表面积对TiO2/AC光催化性能的影响

采用“同步物理-化学活化法”二次活化商品活性炭, 制备不同孔径和比表面积的系列活性炭(AC)载体, 以偏钛酸为钛源, 利用均匀沉淀法制备TiO2负载型光催化剂(TiO2/AC), 用氮吸附、XRD、SEM等方法表征, 研究活性炭的孔径和比表面积对TiO2/AC性能的影响; 并通过降解水溶液中的亚甲基蓝(MB)研究TiO2/AC光催化氧化特性, 考察催化剂投加量、不同MB浓度等因素对光催化氧化的影响. 结果表明, 负载的TiO2粒子粒径为12-20 nm, 活性炭的比表面积大、平均孔径大有利于TiO2的均匀分散, 阻止TiO2晶粒生长, 有利于充分发挥TiO2小尺度效应; 另外, 活性炭吸附和TiO2光解的协同效应使TiO2/AC光催化剂对MB降解的效率显著提高. 动力学研究表明, TiO2/AC光催化降解MB反应符合表观一级动力学特征.     

Adsorption of lead(II) from aqueous solution onto several types of activated carbon fibers

In this work, the adsorption of Pb(II) from aqueous solution was investigated on various types of activated carbon fibers (ACFs) manufactured from polyacrylonitrile and phenolic resin. The textural and physicochemical properties of the ACFs were determined by the N₂-BET method and acid-base titration. The experimental adsorption equilibrium data of Pb(II) on the ACFs were obtained in a batch adsorber, and the Langmuir isotherm model better fitted the experimental data. The effects of the type of ACF and precursor of ACF, solution pH and temperature upon the adsorption of Pb(II) on the ACFs were examined in detail. The adsorption capacity was highly dependent upon the precursor of ACF. The Pb(II) adsorption capacity of the ACFs augmented when the solution pH and temperature were increased from 2 to 4 and from 288 to 308 K, respectively. The effect of the pH was attributed to the interactions between the surface of the ACF and Pb²⁺ ions present in the water solution. The Pb(II) adsorption capacity of the ACFs was enhanced by oxidation with HNO₃ solution and the enhancement factor was between 1.1 and 1.4. The reversibility of the adsorption of Pb(II) was investigated by first adsorbing Pb(II) on an ACF and then desorbing the Pb(II). It was noticed that Pb(II) was substantially desorbed from ACF while reducing the solution pH to 2. It was concluded that the Pb(II) was mainly adsorbed on the ACFs by chemisorption, electrostatic interactions and ion exchange.     

Efficient electrochemical incineration of phenol on activated carbon fiber as a new type of particulates

The feasibility of activated carbon fibers (ACFs) used as a new type of particle electrodes in 3-dimensional (3D) electrode for the electrochemical degradation of phenol wastewater was investigated for the first time. The surface morphology, textual properties and electrochemical behaviors of ACF were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N₂-BET sorption and cyclic voltammograms (CVs), respectively. Compared with the commercialized granular activated carbon (GAC), ACF particle electrodes exhibited higher electrochemical oxidation performance on the mineralization of target pollutant. The identification of intermediates indicated most of oxidation products were adsorbed onto the ACFs. The detection of hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals in the reaction system suggested that the reaction mechanism was direct anodic oxidation of pollutant on ACFs if the cathode did not contact the ACFs. The operative parameters including initial concentration of substrate, applied current density and the initial aqueous pH have been scientifically studied in search of the optimum condition. Based upon the obtained results, the ACFs longevity was tested in solution at pH 2.0, revealing relatively high electrooxidation capacity and long catalyst lifetime of ACFs in acid solution.     

Adsorbents based on carbon microfibers and carbon nanofibers for the removal of phenol and lead from water

This paper describes the production, characteristics, and efficacy of carbon microfibers and carbon nanofibers for the removal of phenol and Pb(2+) from water by adsorption. The first adsorbent produced in the current investigation contained the ammonia (NH(3)) functionalized micron-sized activated carbon fibers (ACF). Alternatively, the second adsorbent consisted of a multiscale web of ACF/CNF, which was prepared by growing carbon nanofibers (CNFs) on activated ACFs via catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and sonication, which was conducted to remove catalytic particles from the CNF tips and open the pores of the CNFs. The two adsorbents prepared in the present study, ACF and ACF/CNF, were characterized by several analytical techniques, including SEM-EDX and FT-IR. Moreover, the chemical composition, BET surface area, and pore-size distribution of the materials were determined. The hierarchal web of carbon microfibers and nanofibers displayed a greater adsorption capacity for Pb(2+) than ACF. Interestingly, the adsorption capacity of ammonia (NH(3)) functionalized ACFs for phenol was somewhat larger than that of the multiscale ACF/CNF web. Difference in the adsorption capacity of the adsorbents was attributed to differences in the size of the solutes and their reactivity towards ACF and ACF/CNF. The results indicated that ACF-based materials were efficient adsorbents for the removal of inorganic and organic solutes from wastewater.     

太阳光活性的ZnTiO3 /TiO2纳米复合催化材料的制备及其表征

通过溶胶-凝胶(Sol-Gel)法制备了ZnTiO3/TiO2纳米复合光催化剂,利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)、红外光谱(FTIR)和ζ电位等技术进行了表征。以亚甲基蓝(MB)的降解为模型反应,考察了煅烧条件对复合材料光催化性能的影响。结果表明:600℃下焙烧3 h时所得样品具有最佳的光催化效果。如太阳光下7 h可使MB溶液的脱色降解率达92.9%,而TiO2的催化脱色率仅为68.9%;该催化剂还具有良好的稳定性能,重复使用5次后仍能保持MB溶液的脱色降解率在80%以上,且该催化剂易于离心分离去除。样品的结构缺陷-氧空位和TiO2-ZnTiO3相结与其催化性能有密切关系。     

双介孔结构的纳米TiO2/I2复合材料的制备及其可见光催化性能

以钛酸丁酯为前驱体,碘溶胶为碘源,在室温下采用水解沉淀法制备了单质碘和纳米TiO2复合的双介孔结构光催化剂(M-I2-TiO2).采用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、比表面分析(BET)、紫外-可见(UV-Vis)漫反射光谱和傅里叶变换-红外光谱(FT-IR)对M-I2-TiO2进行了表征.以次甲基蓝(MB)溶液为模拟废水,对M-I2-TiO2的光催化性能进行了评价,研究了不同热处理温度对光催化活性的影响.结果表明,M-I2-TiO2在可见光区有显著的吸收,300℃热处理得到的样品比表面积高达227.6 m2/g,600℃热处理所得样品的比表面积仍高达111.8 m2/g,而400℃热处理所得样品具有最好的光催化降解性能.双介孔结构纳米TiO2/I2复合材料的光催化降解性能显著高于相同方法制备的纯TiO2和Degussa P-25商业产品.催化剂经6次重复使用其光催化活性基本保持不变.     

大豆蛋白改性TiO_2的制备及其可见光催化性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了系列大豆蛋白改性TiO_2复合催化剂.通过元素分析、粒度分析、X射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis)、电化学等方法对所制备的样品进行了表征,以亚甲基蓝为目标降解物,研究了大豆蛋白改性TiO_2的可见光催化性能.结果表明,大豆蛋白改性可以一步实现C、N、H多种非金属元素共掺杂;相比纯TiO_2,改性后复合催化剂的比表面积增大;所有样品均为锐钛矿相;煅烧温度为400℃时,复合催化剂的可见光吸收发生明显红移,其禁带宽度较纯TiO_2窄化了0.32 e V;大豆蛋白改性后,复合材料的光电流密度增大;在可见光照射下,光催化反应2 h时,大豆蛋白改性TiO_2的亚甲基蓝降解效率最高可达79.4%.     

Characterization of TiO2 Loaded on Activated Carbon Fibers and Its Photocatalytic Reactivity

In this paper, TiO2 loaded on activated carbon fibers （ACF） was prepared by a coating treatment, followed by calcination at different temperatures in air atmosphere. The photocatalyst developed was characterized by SEM, XRD, XPS and UV-Vis adsorption spectroscopy. It was observed from SEM images that TiO2 loaded on ACF was in the form of small clusters with nanometer size. As confirmed by XRD and XPS determinations, the crystalline pattern of immobilized TiO2 was still anatase-form after calcination, and the micrographic structure and surface properties of ACF have not been damaged by the deposition process and calcination at different temperatures. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue （MB） in aqueous .solution was investigated using TiOE/ACF as photocatalyst. The comparison of photolysis, absorption and photocatalysis was carded out. The results indicated that the photocatalysis process of combined photocatalyst showed much higher degradation rate than that of photolysis and absorption processes. In addition, the possibility of cyclic usage of the photocatalyst was also confirmed.     

Adsorption properties of iodine-doped activated carbon fiber

Iodine-doped activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were prepared by the iodine immersion method on pitch-based ACF. Then iodine-doped ACFs were heated in argon at 523 K for 4 h and at 673 K for 2 h. The iodine structure of the resultant iodine-doped ACFs was examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The micropore structures were determined by N(2) adsorption at 77 K. The surface area and micropore volume of iodine-doped ACFs are less than those of pristine ACFs. However, the pore width does not change with the iodine doping. The effects of iodine doping on adsorption properties of ACFs for H(2)O and NO at 303 K were examined. The iodine doping affected remarkably the adsorptivities of ACFs for H(2)O and NO. In particular, iodine-doped ACFs treated at 673 K show enhanced adsorptivities for H(2)O and NO. This result suggests that iodine molecules doped on the micropores should be charged by heat treatment at 673 K.     

SnO2-TiO2复合颗粒的形态结构及其光催化活性

在气溶胶反应器中,利用TiCl4高温氧化反应制备超细TiO2,采用均匀沉淀法在TiO2表面沉积SnO2,制备SnO2-TiO2复合颗粒,应用TEM、EDS、XRD、BET比表面积测试等手段对粒子进行表征。以活性艳红X-3B溶液为处理对象,考察复合颗粒的光催化活性。结果表明SnO2-TiO2复合颗粒的光催化活性较纯气相合成超细TiO2有较大提高,SnO2最佳含量为15.3%,SnO2-TiO2复合颗粒光催化活性的提高归因于不同能级半导体之间光生载流子的输运和分离。     

CeO2/ACF的低温SCR烟气脱硝性能研究

在氧存在下以NH3为还原剂的选择性催化还原烟气NOX技术（SCR）已经工程化。工业中常用的催化剂，主要是V2O5／TiO2或V2O5-WO3／TiO2，在300℃～400℃表现出高的NOX脱除率。为此，选择性催化还原法（SCR）装置须安装在空气预热器之前和省煤器之后，以利用过程的烟气温度。但这里存在的高浓度粉尘和SO2容易引起催化剂中毒和使用寿命减少，因此，研究开发低温运行（〈300℃）的SCR催化剂，使催化反应器能布置在除尘或／和脱硫之后，具有重要意义。同时烟道废气的温度会因生产装置负荷的变化而有较大的波动，这就要求催化剂具有较宽的高活性温度区间。     

Fe3+掺杂TiO2光催化纤维材料的制备及表征

以棉花纤维为模板制备了一系列Fe3+掺杂的、具有中空纤维结构的TiO2光催化材料(Fe3+/TiO2), 利用热重分析(TG)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、zeta电位、红外光谱(IR)和紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)等技术对其形貌、晶体结构及表面结构、光吸收特性等进行了表征. 以亚甲基蓝(MB)溶液的脱色降解为模型反应, 考察了不同Fe3+掺杂量的样品在太阳光下的光催化性能. 结果表明, 用模板法制备的Fe3+/TiO2中空纤维结构材料表面存在大量纳米微粒(平均尺寸约12 nm); Fe3+可能均匀分散于锐钛矿结构的TiO2中, 部分取代Ti4+的晶格位置, 既拓宽了TiO2的光谱响应范围, 又形成了TiO2晶体结构的缺陷, 使其表面带负电荷. 在太阳光条件下, 该纤维结构材料较纯TiO2对MB溶液具有更好的光催化脱色降解效果, 且Fe3+的掺入量显著影响该纤维材料的催化性能; 当Fe3+掺杂量为0.15%(w), 在500 ℃焙烧2 h所得中空纤维材料的催化性能最好, 2 h即可使MB溶液的脱色降解率达93%; 重复使用5次仍可使MB溶液的脱色降解率保持在90%以上, 且该催化剂材料易于离心分离去除. 因此, 以该模板合成法, 通过Fe3+的掺杂有望使TiO2成为一种低或无能耗、高活性的绿色环保型催化材料.     

Ag-TiO_2/ACF纳米复合物的制备及其对亚甲基兰光降解作用及抗菌性能

以钛酸四丁酯为前躯体,活性炭纤维(ACF)为载体,蔗醣为粘结剂,采用真空吸附水解法制备了TiO2/ACF催化剂.通过在TiO2/ACF表面负载上银纳米颗粒,制得Ag-TiO2/ACF光降解-抗菌复合材料.利用BET、XRD、SEM等方法对其进行了表征.研究了Ag-TiO2/ACF在光照下对亚甲基兰的降解作用和对大肠杆菌的杀灭效果.结果表明,光照2h,Ag-TiO2/ACF可以将溶液中亚甲基兰降解97%以上.当纳米复合材料中Ag含量为0.75wt%时,Ag-TiO2/ACF对大肠杆菌具有很强的灭杀作用.     

Oxidation behaviors of metallic copper particles in NO reduction mechanism of copper/activated carbons

The reduction of nitric oxide (NO) over Cu/ACFs, prepared by copper electroplating, has been studied. It is found that copper content on the ACFs increases with increasing plating time (up to 45 wt%), while the textural properties including specific surface areas and total pore volumes decrease. As an experimental result, the NO reduction efficiency is increased in all of the Cu/ACFs, and it is confirmed that NO is converted into nitrogen and oxygen on the Cu/ACF surfaces (at 500 degrees C). Especially, the Cu metals on the ACF surfaces scavenge oxygen by oxidizing themselves into Cu2O and finally CuO as a reductant. It is indicated that copper metals on the Cu/ACFs play a major role in the NO removal in this system.     

低量Yb3+掺杂的TiO2复合纳米粉体的制备及光催化活性

姜洪泉,王鹏,线恒泽. 低量Yb3+掺杂的TiO2复合纳米粉体的制备及光催化活性[J]. 化学学报, 2006, 64(2): 145-150.     

Fe2O3/TiO2纳米管的制备及其光电催化降解染料废水性能

采用阴极电沉积和阳极氧化法制备了Fe2O3改性TiO2纳米管(Fe2O3/TiO2-NTs)电极,运用场发射扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射和紫外-可见漫反射光谱等手段对其进行了表征,考察了其光电化学性能,并研究了复合电极光电催化降解甲基橙染料废水的反应性能.结果表明,Fe2O3的负载成功地将TiO2-NTs的光响应区间拓宽到可见光区域,Fe2O3/TiO2-NTs复合电极的光电流密度达到TiO2-NTs电极的3倍.在光电催化反应中,Fe2O3/TiO2-NTs复合电极对甲基橙的脱色效果明显优于TiO2-NTs电极,以Fe2O3/TiO2-NTs为阳极,光照5min,甲基橙溶液的脱色率可达90%以上.     

(Ni-Mo)/TiO2纳米薄膜光催化降解刚果红的性能与机理

用恒电流复合电沉积方法制备(Ni-Mo)/TiO2薄膜,以扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼(Raman)光谱和紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-VisDRS)对薄膜的表面形貌、晶相结构和光谱特性进行了表征,以刚果红为模拟污染物对薄膜的光催化性能进行了测定,并讨论了刚果红溶液的pH值对薄膜光催化活性的影响.采用循环伏安技术和向溶液中加入活性物种捕获剂的方法对薄膜光催化降解机理进行了探索.结果表明:(Ni-Mo)/TiO2薄膜是由粒径为50-100nmTiO2纳米粒子相和纳米晶Ni-Mo固溶体相构成的复合薄膜.薄膜具有较高的光催化活性,卤钨灯照射80min后,复合薄膜光催化刚果红的降解率是多孔TiO2(DegussaP25)/ITO(氧化铟锡)纳米薄膜的2.43倍.(Ni-Mo)/TiO2薄膜光催化活性的提高主要归因于薄膜层中有效形成的(Ni-Mo)/TiO2异质结和良好的电子通道,以及Ni-Mo纳米晶合金对溶解氧和激发电子还原反应的催化作用.分别给出了在紫外和可见光下薄膜光催化降解刚果红的反应机理.