表面改性对VGCF分散性质的影响

针对气相生长碳纤维极易团聚及与树脂基体界面结合能力较差的难题,采用双氧水-浓硝酸二步法对VGCF进行表面改性处理。利用X射线衍射仪、热重分析仪、傅立叶红外光谱仪、紫外可见分光光度计等测试分析了改性前后VGCF的表面结构和在溶剂中的分散性,并以形状记忆聚氨酯为基体,采用溶液混合法制备了气相生长碳纤维/形状记忆聚氨酯的复合材料,测试了复合材料的力学性能。经过改性后,VGCF的石墨晶型结构几乎没有改变,VGCF表面的含氧官能团浓度得到较大提高,且其在有机溶剂中的分散性及分散稳定性也得到很大提高;在气相生长碳纤维/形状记忆聚氨酯的复合材料截面中,扫描电镜观察表明表面改性使得VGCF在基体中的分散性及与基体的界面结合能力都得到一定程度的提高;经二步法改性处理后的气相生长碳纤维比未处理气相生长碳纤维对复合材料的力学性能的增强效果更为明显。     

气相色谱法分离测定空气中的有机胺类物质

本文对空气中有机胺类物质的气相色谱分离和定量测定进行了系统研究。样品经富集,分离浓缩后,可以实现对三甲胺,甲胺,乙胺的色谱分离。对排出量大、嗅觉阈值低的三甲胺(0.00021μg/ml)进行了GC定量研究,其最小检出量为0.1μg/ml,回收率达96～100％。本方法简便、快速、灵敏、准确。可用于现场样品测定。     

气相生长纳米碳纤维与聚合物复合材料的性能研究

气相生长纳米碳纤维/聚合物复合材料是一种性能优良的复合材料。与传统的聚合物导电复合材料相比这种材料表现出优良的电学性能,屏蔽效能与热性能。本文首先对气相生长纳米碳纤维的生产、性能做了总体的介绍,然后对影响气相生长纳米碳纤维/聚合物导电复合材料的电学性能、屏蔽效能以及热学性能的因素做了详细的阐述,特别强调了纳米纤维的分散分布程度、填充浓度和纵横比等方面的影响。本文还对熔融聚合、原位聚合和溶液聚合等加工方法对气相生长纳米碳纤维(VGCNF)/聚合物复合材料最终性能的影响进行了综述,着重介绍了影响气相生长纳米碳纤维/聚合物复合材料电学性能的因素,其中最重要的影响因素是加工方法和加工条件。     

气相生长碳纤维/形状记忆聚氨酯复合薄膜的力学及形状记忆性能研究

采用溶液混合法制备了不同含量的气相生长碳纤维(VGCF)增强形状记忆聚氨酯(SMPU)的复合材料薄膜,测试分析了纯SMPU及VGCF/SMPU复合材料薄膜的力学性能及形状记忆性能.结果表明,制得的复合材料薄膜在VGCF含量达到9 wt%时,VGCF在SMPU基体中仍具有较好的分散性;SMPU与VGCF复合后,得到的复合材料薄膜的拉伸强度和刚度有较大程度的提高,含量达到9 wt%时复合材料薄膜的拉伸强度比纯SMPU提高66%,弹性模量提高300%,储能模量也有较大程度提高;SMPU与VGCF复合后,形状记忆性能有一定的下降,但经过适当预处理后,其形状记忆性能可以基本接近纯SMPU.     

层状碳及层状碳/硫酸铅复合材料的制备与应用

碳酸钾或碳酸钠颗粒作催化剂基底,采用化学气相沉积（CVD）制得类似于石墨烯的层状碳材料,并经原位化学沉积可得层状碳/硫酸铅复合材料. 用X射线衍射（XRD）、热重分析、扫描电镜（SEM）和透射电镜（TEM）分析与测试样品. 结果表明,层状碳为无定型碳层,复合材料为无定型碳层与附着其上的细小硫酸铅颗粒的复合. 上述层状碳和复合材料作为负极添加剂应用于铅酸电池中,测试了电池电化学性能. 结果表明,电池大电流放电比容量和循环寿命均明显提高. 通过电化学交流阻抗谱图（EIS）、充放电曲线和负极失效后的SEM照片证实,加入添加剂能够降低反应阻抗、减小极化及有效抑制极板硫酸盐化.     

水热法制备MoO3-GQDs的三甲胺气敏性能

采用水热法制备了一系列具有不同碳量子点(GQDs)含量的MoO3?GQDs纳米复合材料,利用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、FTIR等对MoO3?GQDs复合材料进行了表征,研究了其气敏性能。结果表明,复合材料中GQDs的含量对MoO3?GQDs复合材料的气敏响应和选择性有显著影响。MoO3?GQDs纳米复合材料(S?6,GQDs悬浮液的含量为6 mL)传感器在230℃时对三甲胺(TMA)表现出高的气敏响应和好的气敏选择性;该传感器对1000μL·L^-1 TMA的响应为74.08;对1000μL·L^-1 TMA的响应时间和恢复时间分别为73和34 s;S?6复合材料气敏传感器在230℃时可以检测到1μL·L^-1的TMA。     

基于纳米Zr3Y2O9交叉敏感的苯和三甲胺传感器

基于纳米Zr3Y2O9对苯和三甲胺的催化发光有交叉敏感现象,建立了同时测定空气中苯和三甲胺的新方法。在两个波长处分别确定苯和三甲胺的响应关系,再通过两个波长处的叠加发光信号准确获取苯和三甲胺的浓度。最佳实验条件为:两个分析波长分别为440和540 nm,敏感材料表面温度313℃,载气流速140 mL/min。方法的检出限(3σ)分别为苯(440 nm)0.30 mg/m3和三甲胺(540 nm)0.70 mg/m3,线性范围分别为苯(440 nm)0.8~105.0 mg/m3、苯(540 nm)3.0~130.0 mg/m3、三甲胺(440 nm)2.5~232.0 mg/m3和三甲胺(540 nm)1.2~156.0 mg/m3,回收率为苯96.8%~102.3%和三甲胺97.6%~103.4%。常见共存物(甲醛、乙醇、丙酮、氨、二氧化硫和二氧化碳等)不干扰测定。连续200 h通浓度均为50 mg/m3的苯和三甲胺混合气体,发光强度的相对标准偏差低于2.0%,表明此纳米级钇锆复合氧化物对苯和三甲胺的敏感性是长寿命的。本方法充分利用了交叉敏感现象,可以实现空气中苯和三甲胺的在线分析。     

炭黑/炭纤维/聚甲基丙烯酸丁酯导电复合材料的导电性和气敏性

炭黑;气相生长炭纤维;聚合物基导电复合材料;气敏性     

苏码罐采样-气相色谱-质谱法测定环境空气中三甲胺的含量北大核心CSCD

针对现行的三甲胺分析方法在采样、样品保存、前处理等方面存在的不足,在优化预浓缩仪的冷阱捕集温度和填料、色谱和质谱条件等基础上,提出了苏玛罐采样-气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)测定环境空气中三甲胺含量的方法。将采样后的苏码罐连接到自动进样器上,经预浓缩仪的三级冷阱浓缩、富集后,按照色谱、质谱条件进行分析,以质谱图和保留时间定性,外标法定量。结果表明:优化的一级冷阱捕集温度为80℃,二级冷阱捕集温度为10℃,解吸温度为240℃,二级冷阱填料为石墨化碳黑Carbopack B;色谱分析中使用GL InertCap For Amines色谱柱,柱流量为1.4 mL·min^(-1),升温速率为15℃·min^(-1),溶剂延迟时间为6.0 min。在优化的仪器工作条件下,三甲胺峰形较好,响应值较大,并且避免了残留的CO_(2)的干扰。三甲胺标准曲线的线性范围为12.5~200 nmol·mol^(-1),检出限(3.143s)为0.003 mg·m^(-3);对不同浓度水平的加标样品进行回收试验,三甲胺测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为0.20%~5.3%,回收率为92.1%~111%。     

ACNT/C纳米复合材料导热性能及其机理的初步研究

以定向碳纳米管(ACNT)阵列为骨架, 利用化学气相渗(CVI)工艺制备了新型的定向碳纳米管/碳(ACNT/C)纳米复合材料. 导热性能测试结果表明, 密度为1.47 g/cm3的ACNT/C纳米复合材料的热扩散系数和热导率均比相同工艺条件下密度为1.50 g/cm3的传统C/C复合材料高4～6倍; 经过2 500 ℃热处理, ACNT/C的热导率接近140 W/(m·K), 而C/C仅为40 W/(m·K)左右. 这主要是由于CNT对热解炭结晶存在诱导作用, 同时特殊的准一维结构也减少了热扩散时“声子”的散射.     

Liquid chromatographic determination of trimethylamine in water

A method for the selective determination of trimethylamine (TMA) in aqueous matrices by liquid chromatography is reported. The proposed procedure is based on the derivatization of the analyte with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC) in a precolumn (Hypersil C18, 30 microm, 20 mm x 2.1 mm i.d.) connected on-line to the analytical column (LiChrosphere 100 RP18, 5 microm, 125 mm x 4 mm i.d.). Gradient elution was performed with a mixture of acetonitrile-water-0.05 M borate buffer (pH 9.0). The method has been applied to the direct determination of TMA in water within the 0.25-10.0 microg/ml concentration interval, and can also be adapted to the determination of TMA over the range 0.05-1.0 microg/ml by incorporating a preconcentration stage with C18 solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges. Good linearity, reproducibility and accuracy was achieved within the tested concentration intervals. The limits of detection at 262 nm were 50 and 5 ng/ml for the direct method and for the method involving preconcentration, respectively. The proposed conditions allowed the selective determination of TMA in the presence of other primary and secondary short-chain aliphatic amines. The utility of the described procedure has been tested by determining TMA in different water samples.     

Glassy state of pharmaceuticals. IV. Studies on glassy pharmaceuticals by thermomechanical analysis

The glassy state of indomethacin was examined by thermomechanical analysis (TMA). The influences of the method of preparation and the measurement conditions of the sample on the TMA curves were investigated. The TMA curves of glassy indomethacin having hemispherical and plane surfaces were examined. Expansion was observed on the TMA curves in the region of glass transition temperature (Tg), which had been confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry. The TMA curves for the sample with the plane surface showed distinct expansion. It was further found that the glass transition shifted to lower temperatures as the heating rate was decreased and the loading increased. The TMA curves of brucine, griseofulvin and phenobarbital were similar to that of indomethacin. The relaxation process of glassy indomethacin below Tg was followed in terms of the variation of mechanical properties of samples.     

A flow injection electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous measurement of trimethylamine and trimethylamine N-oxide in urine

Key metabolites for the diagnosis of the genetic disorder trimethylaminuria are trimethylamine (TMA) and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). A rapid, automatable flow injection ESI-MS/MS method for their measurement in urine has been developed. The TMA was derivatized with ethyl bromoacetate to form ethyl betaine bromide. The 2 min ESI-MS/MS analysis employed four multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) ion pairs for derivatized TMA (146.1, 118.1), derivatized (2)H(9)-TMA (155.1, 127.1), TMAO (76.1, 58.1) and (2)H(9)-TMAO (85.1, 66.1). In control urine samples (n = 27) referred for suspected metabolic problems TMA was 0.11-1.19 mmol/mol creatinine, TMAO was 13.5-181 mmol/mol creatinine and the TMA/TMAO ratio was 0.0025-0.055. In five patients with diagnosed trimethylaminuria, TMA was 5.3-230 mmol/mol creatinine, TMAO was 0.36-607 mmol/mol creatinine and the TMA/TMAO ratio was 0.20-134.     

Rapid screening assay of trimethylaminuria in urine with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Trimethyamine (TMA) and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) are the most important urine parameters for diagnosing and monitoring trimethylaminuria. A rapid, simple, and specific method based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) was developed to determine the presence of TMA and TMAO in urine samples from patients with trimethylaminuria. Formation of the quaternary tetramethylamino iodide by derivatization of TMA with methyl iodide allows measurement of TMA by MALDI-TOFMS. The method is repeatable and reproducible, with coefficients of variance (CVs)<3%. This new method was used for direct determination of TMA and TMAO in urine specimens obtained from normal children and patients. The proposed method allows for rapid and reliable measurements of TMA and TMAO in urine specimens from patients affected by trimethylaminuria.     

Modulatory Functionalization of Gold Nanorods Using Supramolecular Assemblies

Supramolecular‐assembly‐mediated functionalization of gold nanorods (GNRs) has been developed by reversible phase transfer between water and oils, which offers a facile method for fabricating robust GNRs with surface‐charge tunability. In this regard, trimethylammonium (TMA) GNRs were initially prepared from conventional cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) GNRs by means of a ligand‐exchange reaction in the presence of an excess amount of TMA ligands. To further expand their functionality and potential applications, electrostatic assemblies of positively charged TMA‐GNRs with negatively charged oleate ions were prepared. These assemblies (OA‐GNRs) can undergo facile phase transfer from water to hexane. Interestingly, the reversible electrostatic assembly between the TMA and OA ions fabricated onto GNRs can be easily disrupted by treatment with HCl, which removes the OA ions from the GNRs to re‐form the TMA‐GNRs, which can be made soluble in aqueous media again. In addition, OA‐GNRs can be further used for the synthesis of negatively charged GNRs such as 11‐mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) GNRs, which are hard to prepare directly from CTAB‐GNRs. This versatile method for phase transfer and functionalization on GNRs is expected to broaden the scope of their applications in sensing, biomedical imaging, photothermal therapies, and drug delivery systems.     

Development of a method for the determination of the “free” trimethylaluminum content in methylalumoxane

Ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) spectroscopic investigation of the reaction between tungsten oxytetrachloride and methylalumoxane (MAO) respectively trimethylaluminum (TMA) resulted in a method for the determination of the amount of “free” TMA in MAO samples. The development of the method of investigation is described.     

An accurate and reliable analysis of trimethylamine using thermal desorption and gas chromatography–time of flight mass spectrometry

Trimethylamine (TMA) is well-known for manifesting the odor of rotting fish and urine. The analysis of TMA in environmental samples generally suffers from low reproducibility and poor sensitivity. In this study, a technique for the quantitative analysis of gas phase TMA was developed using thermal desorption (TD)-gas chromatography (GC)-time of flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS). This new approach yielded good linearity (R² = 0.9930), precision (RSE = 1.59%), and high sensitivity with the method detection limit (MDL) of 51 pg, i.e., detection of 0.021 ppb of TMA at 1 L sample (limit of detection (LOD): 5.32 pg (0.002 ppb). This method was tested against gas samples collected from two representative sources of TMA: (1) rotten thornback fish and (2) cat urine-soaked clay. The concentration of TMA in these samples, when analyzed after treatment at varying dilution ratios, averaged 293 ± 29.7 ppm (RSE = 3.82%) and 74.1 ± 5.78 ppb (RSE = 3.19%), respectively. The feasibility of this approach, when tested with TD–GC–Quadruple (Q) MS, showed a good compatibility with moderately reduced sensitivity. The results of this study demonstrated that one can achieve highly reliable and reproducible analysis of TMA from environmental samples when using thermal desorption (for pretreatment) and detection (by the TOF or Q-MS system).     

Amperometric Sniffer for Volatile Amines Based on Paper‐Supported Room Temperature Ionic Liquids Enabling Rapid Assessment of Fish Spoilage

A gas sensors based on a room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) supported on paper is proposed as amperometric sniffer for monitoring volatile amines (VAs) released from fish samples, in order to gain indication of their state of turning spoiled. It was used as a paper electrochemical detector (PED) for a flow injection system in which controlled headspace volumes in equilibrium with ice‐stored fish samples were directly injected. The performance of this RTIL‐PED sensor was preliminarily tested on synthetic samples of trimethylamine (TMA), dimethylamine (DMA), methylamine (MA) and ammonia (i.e. the main species responsible for the typical flavor of spoiled fish), thus verifying that only TMA, DMA and MA can be detected because NH₃ oxidation occurred beyond the solvent discharge. This notwithstanding, detection of the sole TMA, DMA and MA as a whole turned out to be well suited for the rapid assessment of fish spoilage, since during storage the release enhancement for these amines is largely predominant over that of NH₃. Repeatable (8 % RSD) sharp peaks were detected for all amines above over a wide range (5–1000 nmol) and a detection limit of a little more than 3 nmol was inferred for a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3. This approach was applied to the detection of VAs released from real fish samples (sardines), in parallel to the determination of their total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), which is a conventional indicator frequently adopted for the chemical quality assessment of fish. A substantially satisfactory agreement was found by comparing the data achieved by these two approaches.     

A Kinetic Investigation of Thermal Shrinkage of Aromatic Polymers by Thermomechanical Analysis

The kinetics of thermal shrinkage of the stretched polypyromellitimide (PI) films, Du Pont Kapton H, were investigated by thermomechanical analysis (TMA) at a constant rate of heating. The two-stage model of extended polymers has been applied to analyze the TMA data. The activation energy of the contraction reaction could be obtained from TMA curves at various heating rates. The one-step shrinkage of the 12.5% stretched PI film gives an activation energy of 10 kcal/mole for the first shrinking. From the 30% stretched sample, the second activation of contraction is 25 kcal/mole, and from 40% sample the third one is 33 kcal/mole. These three contraction reactions are observed successively for the TMA curves for highly stretched samples, and correspond to the various kinds of molecular motion of this special rigid polymer structure, which are also observed in the dynamic mechanical and dielectric properties of the same polymer.

Polypyromellitimide (PI) is a typical thermally stable polymer due to the rigid aromatic and heterocyclic ring structures in its backbone chain. This polymer is able to be cold-drawn in the glassy state, and it shrinks markedly on heating. The thermal shrinkage was investigated thermoanalytically by thermomechanical analysis (TMA) at a uniform heating rate. The activation energies of thermal shrinkage in three stages are estimated by this method.     

Seafood freshness determination through vapour phase Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

A new vapour-phase manifold has been developed to determine trimethylamine (TMA) in fish and cephalopod samples by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Samples were treated off-line for 1 h with trichloroacetic acid (TCA), filtered and washed. The obtained extracts were aspirated and alkalinized with NaOH 2.0 M, in an on-line system. TMA was separated from the solution in a gas phase separator and then transported by means of a nitrogen carrier into a home made 10 cm pathlength IR gas cell, where the corresponding FT-IR spectra were acquired by accumulating 30 scans per spectrum with 2 cm⁻¹ nominal resolution. The method was applied to the determination of TMA in natural samples providing concentration values statistically comparables with those obtained by a head space gas chromatography (HS-GC) reference procedure. The sample throughput by FT-IR is increased by a factor of 6 as compared with HS-GC.