HPLC检测煤、石油产品中的极性化合物

本文以高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析为主要手段,对煤、石油加工产品中的含氧、含氮的极性物进行了检测。试样中极性物的富集,采用经典柱液体色谱法、组分的分离,采用双ODS柱、以色谱保留值和质谱核实作定性测定。文中,以石脑油裂解产品及煤超临界抽提产品为对象,列举了它们的某些含氧、氮的极性物的定性、定量检测结果及典型色谱分离谱图。     

涂渍极性及强极性固定相硅膜改性弹性玻璃毛细管柱的研制

本文工作研究了极性、强极性固定液直接涂渍在硅膜改性弹性玻璃毛细管内壁上，经优化温度老化色谱柱，成功地研制出ＯＶ－２２５，ＤＥＧＳ，Ｓｉｌａｒ５，Ｓｉｌａｒ９，Ｓｉｌａｒ１０等硅膜改性弹性玻璃毛细管柱，各种柱子均具有柱效高，热稳定性好的色谱性能。     

Evaluation of excess molar polarization in binary mixtures of Polar–Nonpolar liquids

Excess molar polarization in the binary mixture of polar solutes (acetic acid, n-tributyl phosphate) in nonpolar solvents (benzene, tetrachloromethane, p-xylene) is evaluated with the help of our proposed equation. The results have been compared with those obtained from a previously proposed equation. It is observed that our proposed equation is more accurate to interpret the liquid structure and molecular association in the binary liquid mixtures.     

苯甲醛肟偶极互变反应的理论研究

研究了苯甲醛肟Z构型和E构型两种异构体与相应偶极体的3条互变反应途径:(1)单分子内质子转移反应,质子由肟羟基转移至邻位的氮上,过渡态为三角形结构,反应能垒较高;(2)二聚体内的质子互换反应,质子分别从一个肟羟基转移到另一个肟的氮上,过渡态为六元环结构,能垒较低,理论反应速度较大,但平衡常数较小;(3)肟羟基与甲醇的质子互换反应,过渡态具有五元环结构,能垒和反应速度介于上述两者之间.结果表明,在3条反应途径上,Z构型和E构型均有类似的过渡态,Z构型有利于偶极体存在.在室温下主要通过二聚体内质子交换进行互变反应,实际体系中由于偶极体不断被消耗,反应可以持续进行.     

对甲苯磺酸三甲胺固定相的研究及其分析应用

采用汞塞动态法涂柱,以对甲苯磺酸三甲胺作为固定液制备了石英毛细管色谱柱,固定液量为9.0%(m/V),柱尺寸为30 m×0.32 mm i.d.。对该柱的性能进行了考察。实验结果表明,这种色谱固定相对于极性有机化合物如醇类物质、有机羧酸、酚类物质等有良好的分离能力,且出峰快,时间短,峰形窄而对称。     

极性晶体结晶习性的形成机理

将负离子配位多面体生长基元模型应用于对极性晶体结晶习性的研究。从结晶化学角度探讨了晶体中负离子配位多面体的结晶方位与晶体各族晶面显露规律，提出负离子配位多面体在晶体各族晶面上联结的稳定性决定了晶面的生长速率。在不同的生长温度和溶液碱浓度下，负离子配住多面体相互联结构成不同维度的生长基元，而不同维度的生长基元往晶体各族晶面上叠合的速率比例是在变化的，这是导致晶体结晶形态多变性的主要原因。同时提出：如果把PBC模型中的化学键链设定为配位多面体相联结的键链，使得极性晶体结晶习性中难以解释的问题就会迎刃而解，从而使PBC理论模型的应用会得到更进一步的拓宽。     

采样管-固相微萃取法分析空气中的微量毒剂及相关化合物

创立了采样管-SPME分析气体样品的新技术,并应用于对空气中微量毒剂及相关化合物的测定。对比了65μm PDMS／DVB纤维和50／30μm DVB／CAR／PDMS纤维对所选化合物的萃取效果。优化了萃取时间及解吸温度。通过对i-PrMPA的衍生方法研究,确定了在纤维涂层中衍生的方法。研究了采样管-SPME法测试DMMP、GB、i—PrMPA和GD的检出限,分别为56ng、84ng、121ng和274ng。     

直接共聚法制备功能化聚烯烃研究进展

从催化剂研究发展的角度概述了直接配位共聚法制备功能化聚烯烃的研究现状 ,重点讨论了催化剂的结构 ,主催化剂和助催化剂以及催化剂和极性基团之间的相互作用对直接功能化聚合反应的影响。     

Quantitative Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis of Gas Phase Cigarette Smoke and Other Gas Mixtures

Abstract

A new method for the analysis of selected components in complex gas mixtures has been developed utilizing a relatively inexpensive Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and a continuous flow gas cell. the method was used to monitor nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide concentrations in cigarette smoke with time.

Using multivariate least-square regression analysis, it is possible to simultaneously quantitate both NO and NO₂, even in the presence of overlapping peaks. Using this method, the oxidation of nitric oxide in the presence of isoprene in cigarette smoke and in a model system was followed with time. the method also can be applied to other compounds in smoke or to any other gaseous mixture.     

卷烟主流烟气气相物和总粒相物中有机酸的分析研究

以二氯甲烷-甲醇为萃取溶剂,N,O-双(三甲基硅基)三氟乙酰胺(BSTFA)为硅烷化试剂,采用配备氢火焰离子化检测器(FID)的气相色谱仪分别对卷烟主流烟气中气相物和总粒相物中甲酸、乙酸、硬脂酸等21种有机酸进行了定量分析。对样品主流烟气中气相物前处理硅烷化条件及有机酸萃取条件进行了优化,并采用气相色谱法对卷烟主流烟气中气相物和总粒相物中有机酸的含量进行了定量分析。该方法用于实际样品中挥发性有机酸分析时,回收率为88.12%～98.63%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.51%～8.38%。     

Isavuconazole: Thermodynamic Evaluation of Processes Sublimation,Dissolution and Partition in Pharmaceutically Relevant Media

A temperature dependence of saturated vapor pressure of isavuconazole (IVZ), an antimycotic drug, was found by using the method of inert gas-carrier transfer and the thermodynamic functions of sublimation were calculated at a temperature of 298.15 K. The value of the compound standard molar enthalpy of sublimation was found to be 138.1 ± 0.5 kJ·mol⁻¹. The IVZ thermophysical properties—melting point and enthalpy—equaled 302.7 K and 29.9 kJ mol⁻¹, respectively. The isothermal saturation method was used to determine the drug solubility in seven pharmaceutically relevant solvents within the temperature range from 293.15 to 313.15 K. The IVZ solubility in the studied solvents increased in the following order: buffer pH 7.4, buffer pH 2.0, buffer pH 1.2, hexane, 1-octanol, 1-propanol, ethanol. Depending on the solvent chemical nature, the compound solubility varied from 6.7 × 10⁻⁶ to 0.3 mol·L⁻¹. The Hansen s approach was used for evaluating and analyzing the solubility data of drug. The results show that this model well-described intermolecular interactions in the solutions studied. It was established that in comparison with the van’t Hoff model, the modified Apelblat one ensured the best correlation with the experimental solubility data of the studied drug. The activity coefficients at infinite dilution and dissolution excess thermodynamic functions of IVZ were calculated in each of the solvents. Temperature dependences of the compound partition coefficients were obtained in a binary 1-octanol/buffer pH 7.4 system and the transfer thermodynamic functions were calculated. The drug distribution from the aqueous solution to the organic medium was found to be spontaneous and entropy-driven.     

Detection of the Elusive Triazane Molecule (N3H5) in the Gas Phase

We report the detection of triazane (N₃H₅) in the gas phase. Triazane is a higher order nitrogen hydride of ammonia (NH₃) and hydrazine (N₂H₄) of fundamental importance for the understanding of the stability of single‐bonded chains of nitrogen atoms and a potential key intermediate in hydrogen–nitrogen chemistry. The experimental results along with electronic‐structure calculations reveal that triazane presents a stable molecule with a nitrogen–nitrogen bond length that is a few picometers shorter than that of hydrazine and has a lifetime exceeding 6±2 μs at a sublimation temperature of 170 K. Triazane was synthesized through irradiation of ammonia ice with energetic electrons and was detected in the gas phase upon sublimation of the ice through soft vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization coupled with a reflectron‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer. Isotopic substitution experiments exploiting [D₃]‐ammonia ice confirmed the identification through the detection of its fully deuterated counterpart [D₅]‐triazane (N₃D₅).     

Gas Evolution from the Pyrolysis of Jordan Oil Shale in A Fixed-bed Reactor

Jordan oil shale from El-Lajjun deposit was pyrolysed in a fixed-bed pyrolysis reactor and the influence of the pyrolysis temperature between 400 to 620°C and the influence of the pyrolysis atmosphere using nitrogen and nitrogen/steam on the product yield and gas composition were investigated. The gases analysed were H₂, CO, CO₂ and hydrocarbons from C₁ to C₄. The results showed for both nitrogen and nitrogen/steam that increase the pyrolysis bed temperature from 400 to 520°C resulted in a significant increase in the oil yield, after which temperature the oil yield decreased. The alkene/alkane ratio including ethene/ethane, propene/propane, and butene/butane ratios, can be used as an indication of pyrolysis temperature and the magnitude of cracking reactions. Increasing alkene/alkane ratio occurring with increasing pyrolysis temperature. The alkene/alkane ratio for nitrogen/steam pyrolysis atmosphere was lower than the one found under nitrogen atmosphere. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

气相二氧化硅填充极性低聚物的界面与流变

气相二氧化硅(FS)/低聚物纳米复合材料应用广泛于涂料、胶黏剂、锂离子电池、液体防弹衣等诸多领域.然而,极性低聚物与FS表面相互作用复杂,FS/低聚物复合材料(ONCs)的流变响应多种多样.如何实现ONCs流变行为调控,是长期困扰工业界的难题.本文详细总结了FS在ONCs领域的应用,将FS粒子间相互作用与ONCs流变性质相关联,综述ONCs界面层结构的表征、调控手段及界面层与流变行为的关系.结合本课题组对FS/极性低聚物体系界面及流变行为的研究成果,提出未来ONCs领域的2个重要方向,即研究界面结构与粒子-极性低聚物相互作用间的关系,并通过界面设计实现对纳米粒子/极性低聚物复合材料的流变行为的精确调控.     

Simple Ion–Gas Mixtures as a Source of Key Molecules Relevant to Prebiotic Chemistry

Very simple chemistry can result in the rapid and high-yield production of key prebiotic inorganic molecules. The two reactions investigated here involve such simple systems, (a) carbon disulfide (CS₂) and acetate (CH₃COO¯) and (b) sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and formate (HCOO¯). They have been carried out under non-aqueous conditions, either in an organic solvent or with a powdered salt exposed to the requisite gas. Under such dry conditions the first reaction generated the thioacetate anion [CH₃COS]¯ while the second produced the radical [SO₂^·]¯anion. Anhydrous conditions are not rare and may have arisen on the early earth at sites where an interface between different phases (liquid/gas or solid/gas) could be generated. This is one way to rationalize the formation of molecules and ions (such as we have produced) necessary in the prebiotic world. Interpretation of our results provides insight into scenarios consistent with the more prominent theories of abiogenesis.     

Solar Driven Gas Phase Advanced Oxidation Processes for Methane Removal - Challenges and Perspectives

Methane (CH₄) is a potent greenhouse gas and the second highest contributor to global warming. CH₄ emissions are still growing at an alarmingly high pace. To limit global warming to 1.5 °C, one of the most effective strategies is to reduce rapidly the CH₄ emissions by developing large-scale methane removal methods. The purpose of this perspective paper is threefold. (1) To highlight the technology gap dealing with low concentration CH₄ (at many emission sources and in the atmosphere). (2) To analyze the challenges and prospects of solar-driven gas phase advanced oxidation processes for CH₄ removal. And (3) to propose some ideas, which may help to develop solar-driven gas phase advanced oxidation processes and make them deployable at a climate significant scale.     

New Approach to Determine the Activation and Reaction Volumes of Low Polar Molecular Processes

For low polar molecular processes, we found the reliable relationship between the logarithm changes of the rate or equilibrium constants in the pressure range 1–1000 bar, [Ln(K_{P = 1000}/K_{P = 1})/1000], and tangent modulus at P = 1 bar, ?Ln(K_P)/?P: ?Ln(K_P)/?P = 1.15·[Ln(K_{P = 1000}/K_{P = 1})/1000], R = 0.995, which allows to predict the value of activation and reaction volume at ambient pressure. Therefore, it is sufficient to determine the values of the rate or equilibrium constants only at ambient pressures and at 1000 bar for the reliable estimation of the values of activation or reaction volume.     

稀土催化极性单体配位均聚及与非极性单体共聚合的研究

将极性基团引入大分子链中可改善非极性聚烯烃材料的表面性能,扩展其应用范围甚至带来不可预见的新功能,是市场需求并由企业驱动.与聚合后功能化改性和物理共混方法相比,极性与非极性单体配位共聚合是最直接和简便的方法,适用范围广,并可保持聚烯烃的立构规整度,一直以来,相关研究备受企业和科研工作者瞩目.然而,极性基团通常具有Lewis碱性,容易与Lewis酸性的聚合催化剂强烈螯合而致其毒化,因此,这又是极具挑战性的课题.目前,该领域的研究取得了很大的进展,已经实现了乙烯与很多极性单体的共聚合.今后,将集中解决如何实现极性单体均聚合,提高共聚合活性,特别是极性单体插入率和分布可调节性,保持立体选择性,以及获得高分子量、具有实际应用意义的共聚产物等问题.本文旨在将课题组近年来在极性功能化苯乙烯和共轭双烯烃单体的均聚合及与苯乙烯、乙烯和共轭双烯烃等非极性单体共聚合方面的最新研究成果以及国内外该领域的相关报道进行综合阐述,为读者提供解决上述关键问题采用的研究路线、实施方法和创新性思维.     

极性分子键角与键偶极矩的关系

研究了基态极性分子的键角和键偶极矩之间的关系。我们采用原子偶极矩校正的Hirshfeld （ADCH）电荷来计算键偶极矩,利用电子的局域函数和键临界点处的局域函数值来分析键的电子结构。通过对IVA族（IVA = C,Si,Ge）、VA族（VA = N,P,As ）、VIA族（VIA = O,S,Se）和VIIA族（VIIA = F,Cl,Br）元素形成的系列共价型基态分子,以及环状基态分子的键角和键偶极矩数据进行分析,发现在键的电子结构类似的情况下,由于键偶极矩的排斥作用,这些分子的键角随键偶极矩的增加而增大。这一发现有助于加深我们对分子几何结构的认识。