Ca-Al水滑石的制备及其在铝酸钠溶液中的脱硅

控制铝酸钠溶液中硅的含量在氧化铝工业中是非常重要的.本文以制碱工业中的副产物氯化钙为原料合成了两种Ca-Al水滑石,Friedel盐和Kuzel盐,并以合成的两种盐为脱硅剂对铝酸钠溶液的脱硅进行了研究.考察了脱硅温度、脱硅时间、苛性比(铝酸钠溶液中Na2O与Al2O3的摩尔数比)、铝酸钠溶液浓度、初始硅量指数(铝酸钠溶液中Al2O3与SiO2的质量比)及Ca-Al水滑石的添加量对脱硅效果的影响,并对Ca-Al水滑石与CaO的脱硅效果进行了比较.实验结果表明用Ca-Al水滑石作为脱硅剂时,可使硅量指数由75提高到600以上.Ca-Al水滑石的脱硅效果优于CaO,而Kuzel盐优于Friedel盐.动力学结果表明Friedel盐脱硅反应对SiO2的浓度是一级反应,表观活化能为17.3kJ/mol.通过XRD对脱硅产物进行了分析,并探讨了Ca-Al水滑石的脱硅机理.     

水合碳铝酸钙的性质及脱硅反应研究

应用XRD、IR和TG-DTA分析等手段考察了脱硅剂水合碳铝酸钙的性质及其在铝酸钠溶液中的行为。发现水合碳铝酸钙在90℃不含硅的铝酸钠溶液中稳定,加热30min晶型未发生改变。提出了水合碳铝酸钙的合成机理和脱硅机理。认为水合碳铝酸钙是一种高水合、分散度高的含钙化合物,晶面间距大,脱硅反应在水合碳铝酸钙层间进行,因此脱硅反应速度快,脱硅活性高。硅对其晶型的转变起着关键作用。     

铝酸钠溶液深度脱硅的热力学

利用复杂无机化合物组成与热力学数据之间的线性关系,就含钙脱硅剂的合成过程进行了热力学分析,结果表明含钙脱硅剂的合成反应可以在较低温度下进行;同时还就基于形成水化石榴石(钙硅渣)的深度脱硅过程进行了热力学分析,给出了不同脱硅剂脱硅能力的大小次序.为进一步改进铝酸钠溶液的深度脱硅工艺提供了理论依据.     

过饱和铝酸钠溶液结构性质与分解机理研究现状*

过饱和铝酸钠溶液分解是氧化铝生产过机理的研究是氧化铝生产过程的重要基础问题.本文对过饱和铝酸钠溶液中铝酸根离子存在的基本形态,浓度、苛性比和阳离子对铝酸钠溶液结构性质的影响,溶液中多种铝酸根离子平衡与转化规律,以及铝酸钠溶液分解机理研究的现状进行了总结和评述;分析了现有铝酸钠溶液结构性质与分解机理研究的不足;围绕强化氧化铝生产中铝酸钠溶液分解过程的目的,提出了铝酸钠溶液结构性质与分解机理研究的重点.     

普鲁士蓝类似物修饰多孔陶瓷球的制备及其As吸附能力

通过粉末烧结和添加造孔剂法制备了直径为3～5 mm的多孔陶瓷球, 烧结温度为1573 K, 烧结时间1 h. 利用碱处理法对该多孔陶瓷球进行了脱硅处理, 降低了多孔陶瓷表面的Si/Al的物质的量之比, 并且利用扫描电镜对碱处理前后多孔陶瓷球的表面形貌进行了表征. 通过脱硅后陶瓷球与亚铁氰化钾溶液的反应, 对多孔陶瓷球进行了表面修饰, 在其表面生成了蓝色的普鲁士蓝类似物, 并且利用X射线粉末衍射分析、X射线能谱分析和红外光谱分析对该蓝色物质进行了表征. 利用砷酸二氢钠为砷源研究了修饰后陶瓷球的As离子吸附能力.     

具有介孔结构的ZSM-12分子筛的制备、表征及催化性能

采用碱脱硅法制备了具有介孔结构的ZSM-12分子筛,并运用X射线衍射、N2吸附-脱附、固体核磁共振和氨程序升温脱附等方法对碱处理前后的ZSM-12分子筛进行了表征,并考察了碱脱硅改性对分子筛的孔结构、酸性以及催化萘的烷基化反应性能的影响.结果表明,通过改变NaOH溶液的浓度可以在保持ZSM-12分子筛骨架结构的同时,有效地调变介孔的分布,随着碱处理浓度的提高,ZSM-12分子筛的介孔孔容增加,孔径分布范围变宽,产生的二次介孔改善了反应产物的扩散性能,有效地提高了对萘和甲醇烷基化反应的催化性能,萘转化率和2,6-二甲基萘选择性均得到提高.     

铝酸钠和含硅铝酸钠溶液结构和性质的研究

本文通过对铝酸钠和硅铝酸钠溶液的红外光谱、拉曼光谱、粘度、表面张力、丁达尔现象和聚沉等光谱和物理化学性质的研究测定,分析了硅在铝酸钠溶液中的行为.认为硅主要是取代Al-O-Al结构中的Al,形成Al-O-Si结构和Al-O-Si-O-Al-O结构等多种形式硅氧铝键以及由氢键相连的大分子结构.这种结构直接影响其物理化学性质,表现为随硅含量增加表面张力增加,粘度上升,具有丁达尔现象等.说明含硅铝酸钠溶液中存在大分子的胶性基团,属于无机高分子溶液,这种网络状"大分子"结构是硅铝酸钠溶液稳定的原因.     

用偏铝酸钠直接制取高纯拟薄水铝石

 利用自制的超深度脱硅剂将山西铝厂生产的偏铝酸钠母液进行精制，使母液中的硅铝比（m（SiO2）／m（Al2O3））和铁铝比（m（Fe2O3）／m（Al2O3））稳定达到万分之一以下，以制取高纯拟薄水铝石．用氨气作为循环介质，采用缓冲溶液沉淀法，研究了反应物浓度、加料方式、pH值、反应温度、反应时间及老化洗涤等条件对拟薄水铝石比表面积和孔体积的影响．结果表明，制得的粉末状拟薄水铝石的比表面积达到300m2／g以上，孔体积达到0．7ml／g左右．经自制的高效脱钠剂处理，可使拟薄水铝石中杂质钠的质量分数降到5×10－5以下，其性能达到了德国用有机醇铝法生产的同类产品的技术指标．     

过饱和铝酸钠溶液中氢氧化铝自发成核动力学规律的研究

用电导法和吸光光度法首次对苛性比相同的不同浓度过饱和铝酸钠溶液自发分解过程进行了实时跟踪研究,获得铝酸钠溶解氢氧化铝自发成核动力学方程,探索了H₂O和Na⁺对氢氧化铝自发成核过程的影响.结果表明,过饱和铝酸钠溶液分解为氢氧化铝属化学反应控制过程;H₂O参与了溶液分解过程控制步骤的反应;K⁺和Na⁺等阳离子参与了溶液的重构,但对溶液分解的控制步骤影响不大.     

Mn-Ce-M复合改性无硅残渣炭催化剂的NH3选择性还原NO性能研究

生物质作为极具潜力的可再生能源,其热解制油技术备受关注,副产物残渣炭的高值化利用是当下重要的研究内容之一。脱硅处理不仅可实现硅的资源化利用,同时可以实现炭材料的结构改性。本文开展了残渣炭煮溶脱硅研究,并基于最佳脱硅方式,探究不同金属M（M：Ho、Sb、La、Nd）对无硅残渣炭（FRB）催化剂的脱硝性能的影响规律。结果表明：煅烧预处理结合煮溶脱硅可以脱除99%以上的SiO2,脱硅的同时理化性质显著改善,表现出较大的比表面积（1923 m2/g）、丰富的介/微孔结构以及表面含氧官能团,并促进了催化剂的SCR反应活性（250℃时NOx脱除率可达100%）。此外,Ho改性无硅残渣炭脱硝催化剂具有最好的低温脱硝活性,在200~300℃范围内保持80%以上的脱硝效率。表征结果显示,MnCeHo/FRB催化剂具有较强的表面酸性和氧化还原性,活性组分在载体上均匀分散,且表面化学吸附氧较为丰富。此外,In-situ DRIFTs实验表明MnCe/FRB催化剂表面同时存在E-R和L-H机理,但E-R机理占主要地位。     

铝酸钠溶液的鲁米诺增强声致发光研究

Ultrasonic processing on sodium aluminate solutions was proved to have effects on the gibbsite crystallization process from sodium aluminate solution. In order to investigate the mechanism of the ultrasonic intensification, the sonofluorescence spectrum was detected by fluorescence spectrometer in sodium alumiante Luminol solutions, and the spectrum under the conditions of various ultrasonic power and different composition of sodium aluminate solutions were studied. It is found that the sodium aluminate Luminol solution can irradiate fluorescence by ultrasonic processing above the given power; the intensity of sonofluorescence are relatively low in sodium aluminate solutions with high concentration and low αk（mol ratio of Na2O/Al2O3 in sodium aluminate solution）. The relationship between the sonofluorenscence and ultrasonic intensification on gibbsite crystallization process from sodium aluminate solutions were also discussed. The conclusion that the ultrasonic effects are influenced by ultrasonic cavitation and intensity of sonofluorescence spectrum is deduced.     

Mechanism of hierarchical porosity development in MFI zeolites by desilication: the role of aluminium as a pore-directing agent

The role of the concentration and the nature of aluminium in the creation of hierarchical porosity in both commercial and synthesized MFI zeolites have been investigated through controlled mesoporosity development by desilication in alkaline medium. Framework aluminium controls the process of framework silicon extraction and makes desilication selective towards intracrystalline mesopore formation. An optimal molar Si/Al ratio in the range 25-50 has been identified; this leads to an optimal mesoporosity centred around 10 nm and mesopore surface areas of up to 235 m(2) g(-1) while preserving the intrinsic crystalline and acidic properties. At lower framework Si/Al ratios the relatively high Al content inhibits Si extraction and hardly any mesopores are created, while in highly siliceous ZSM-5 unselective extraction of framework Si induces formation of large pores. The existence of framework Al sites in different T positions that are more or less susceptible to the alkaline treatment, and the occurrence of re-alumination, are tentative explanations for the remarkable behaviour of Al in the desilication process. The presence of substantial extra framework Al, obtained by steam treatment, inhibits Si extraction and related mesopore formation; this is attributed to re-alumination of the extraframework Al species during the alkaline treatment. Removal of extraframework Al species by mild oxalic acid treatment restores susceptibility to desilication, which is accompanied by formation of larger mesopores due to the enhanced Si/Al ratio in the acid-treated zeolite.     

Mesopore Engineering for Well-Defined Mesoporosity in Al-Rich Aluminosilicate Zeolites

Desilication has been proven an effective approach for the construction of well-defined hierarchical porosities inside zeolites with an optimal framework Al content (Si/Al=25–50). However, for the Al-rich aluminosilicate zeolites, desilication is constrained by the excess and extensive shielding effects from high Al-contents. The developments in the desilication of siliceous zeolites convey a simplified principle of controlled dissolution of the microporous matrix for the construction of hierarchical porosities, which benefits the innovation of synthetic approaches for Al-rich zeolites. The perturbations to the environments of framework Al species may alleviate the excess shielding effects. This review highlights two corresponding protocols of sequential “fluorination–desilication” and “steaming–desilication” for the construction of hierarchical porosities inside Al-rich ZSM-5 zeolites. The success of these two protocols revitalizes the prevailing understanding of the interplay between dealumination and desilication, and implies the necessity of investigating the overlooked roles of extra-framework Al species. Despite the long history and significant achievements in the last decade, fundamental understandings at the molecule level are still limited for the desilication-based top-down approaches. In particular, the investigations on Al-rich zeolites just find their growing. The bridging of dealumination and desilication is essential for other industrially relevant Al-rich zeolites (e.g., faujasite zeolites). The complexities in the inherent characters (topology, spatial distribution, proximity, etc.) and apparent parameters (morphology, crystal/particle size, etc.) demand constructive synthetic toolboxes and further fundamental understanding.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米氢氧化铝溶胶

研究了利用铝酸钠溶液碳酸化产生的沉淀, 经胶溶作用制备出纳米氢氧化铝溶胶的过程. 分析了铝酸钠溶液滴加到大量碳酸氢钠溶液中时发生的反应. X射线衍射研究结果表明, 在纳米氢氧化铝溶胶制备过程中, 从无定形氢氧化铝沉淀到拟薄水铝石的晶型转变过程是氢氧化铝沉淀胶溶时溶解再析出的过程. 将碳酸氢钠加入到苛性比为1.7的铝酸钠溶液中, 中和至苛性比为1.3后, 溶液诱导期中的紫外光谱显示270 nm处的Al(OH)3-6吸收增强. 经与含铝原子六配位的晶体紫外光谱对比后表明, 在铝酸钠分解生成氢氧化铝的过程中, 其铝的配位结构从四配位转化为六配位. 拟薄水铝石溶胶粒子的形貌与胶溶所用的酸和分散剂有关.     

聚酰胺―胺的合成表征及对铝酸钠溶液物化性质的影响

用发散法合成以乙二胺为核的聚酰胺―胺(PAMAM 0.5～6.0代),采用元素分析、电位滴定等方法对合成产物进行表征分析,考察了不同分子代数、不同浓度的PAMAM对铝酸钠溶液表面张力和电导率等物理化学性质的影响。结果表明,该条件下合成的PAMAM具有较好的结构完整性。此外随着添加剂PAMAM的增加,铝酸钠溶液的表面张力急剧降低,半代数的PAMAM具有较好的表面活性,有望成为新一代的表面活性剂;整代数的PAMAM也有一定的表面活性。PAMAM属于非离子型表面活性剂,因此随着PAMAM的加入,铝酸钠溶液的电导率改变不大。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定铝酸钠溶液中微量铷

采用空气－乙炔火焰原子吸收光谱法测定铝酸钠溶液中微量铷。对仪器工作条件、测定体系酸度、共存离子干扰等作了研究。方法用于氧化铝生产工艺中碳分、种分、蒸发母液及类似样品中微量铷的快速分析。方法准确度较高,结果重现性好。     

Variation of Aluminium Distribution in Small-Sized ZSM-5 Crystals during Desilication

Hollow ZSM-5 zeolites of size below one micrometer can be produced by desilication of crystals with aluminium zoning. The parent crystals have a core–shell structure: the core part has nearly no aluminium, whereas the aluminium content in the shell increases when extending to exterior surface. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the preservation of the crystalline shell after base leaching, but could not identify its subtle change. An increase of the Si/Al ratio of the surface was detected upon leaching the parent material to form the hollow zeolite by using ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy of substituted alkylpyridines. ²⁷Al MAS NMR showed that base leaching results in a reduced percentage of distorted tetrahedrally coordinated aluminium. The reprecipitation of dissolved species occurs and tetrahedrally coordinated tin atoms can thus be introduced to the shell framework. Overall, the formation of hollow ZSM-5 zeolites by desilication involves not only the removal of silicon-rich core, but also a reduced percentage of exterior aluminium-related acid sites, which should be considered while using hollow zeolites in acid-catalyzed reactions.     

碱处理脱硅与提高Y型分子筛硅铝比——矛盾的对立与统一

考察了 "水热处理"以及"碱处理+水热处理"两种方法所制得的超稳 Y 分子筛的骨架硅铝比、孔结构特征以及酸量, 并探讨了"碱处理+水热处理"方法对起始 NaY 分子筛的适应性. 结果表明, 在水热处理前, 对 NaY 分子筛进行碱处理脱硅可在不改变最终样品的骨架超稳化水平和酸量的同时, 样品的介孔体积显著增加. 直接水热处理 NaY 分子筛所得样品介孔体积不超过 0.14 cm3/g, 而先碱处理后水热处理, 所得样品介孔体积可达 0.22 cm3/g. 该法适用于制备骨架硅铝比高的 NaY 分子筛. 起始原料的骨架硅铝比较低时, 所得样品的介孔体积增幅小, 而且微孔受损严重.