助剂对Ni基催化剂结构及甲烷化性能的影响

本文采用等体积浸渍制备了掺杂不同金属助剂改性的Ni基催化剂,考察了其催化浆态床CO甲烷化的性能。通过XRD、H₂-TPR、HR-TEM等表征对催化剂进行了分析,结果表明,掺杂Zr、Co、Ce、Zn、La助剂促进了Ni物种在载体表面的分散,减小了Ni的晶粒尺寸,降低了催化剂的还原温度;掺杂Mg助剂则导致催化剂的还原温度升高。浆态床活性评价结果表明,掺杂Zr、Co、Ce、Zn、La助剂提高了催化剂的甲烷化性能,其中以La助剂的效果最明显,通过对La负载量进一步优化后发现,当La负载量为8%时,催化剂的甲烷化催化性能最优,CO转化率、CH₄选择性和时空收率分别达到96.3%、87.1%和179.6g·kg^-1·h^-1;掺杂Mg助剂则降低了催化剂的甲烷化活性。     

Ce含量对Ni-Ce/Al_2O_3催化剂结构及浆态床CO甲烷化性能的影响

以γ-Al2O3为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了不同Ce含量的Ni-Ce/Al2O3催化剂,并考察了其浆态床CO甲烷化反应性能。借助XRD、BET、H2-TPR及CO-TPD等对催化剂进行了表征分析,研究了催化剂的微观结构与甲烷化性能之间的关系。结果表明,助剂Ce的引入能够加强Ni物种与载体之间的相互作用、增强活性组分Ni对CO的吸附能力。随着Ce含量的升高,Ni物种在载体表面的分散度提高、Ni晶粒粒径减小,催化剂的比表面积及与载体相互作用较强的β-NiO相对含量先升后降。催化剂的浆态床甲烷化活性随Ce含量的升高呈现规律性的变化,CO转化率和CH4时空收率先增加后略有下降,当Ce含量为4%(质量分数)时,催化剂甲烷化活性最佳。     

助剂对Ni/SiO_2催化剂微观结构及二硝基甲苯催化加氢性能的影响

采用等体积浸渍法制备了负载型Ni/SiO2催化剂,研究了Ce、Zr、La、Co和Fe助剂对催化剂微观结构及其催化二硝基甲苯(DNT,C6H3CH3(NO2)2)加氢制备甲苯二胺(TDA,C6H3CH3(NH2)2)性能的影响。通过XRD,BET,H2-TPD、H2-TPR和XPS技术对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,助剂的引入促进了Ni物种在载体表面的分散,减小了Ni晶粒的尺寸,使得NiO晶粒更易还原。添加La、Fe和Zr助剂增加了有效的Ni活性中心数,有利于催化活性的提高,其中,添加La助剂制备的催化剂催化性能最优,DNT转化率和TDA选择性分别为98.1%和99.1%。但Co和Ce助剂的加入降低了化学氢吸附量,使得有效的Ni活性中心数降低,降低了催化剂的催化活性。     

掺杂助剂Ce和Zr的Ni/Al2O3催化剂的X光电子能谱分析

以Na2CO3为沉淀剂,在pH 9.0的沉淀条件下,采用并流沉淀法制备了Ni/Al2O3、Ni/CeO2-Al2O3、Ni/ZrO2-Al2O3和Ni/ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O34种催化剂,催化剂中Ni负载量(质量分数)为10%。采用XPS表征手段及常压固定床反应器对催化剂进行活性评价,考察了助剂Ce和Zr及二者的协同作用对Ni基催化剂表面物种结合能的影响以及对甲烷自热重整制氢反应性能的影响。结果表明,助剂Ce和Zr的添加及二者的协同作用对Ni基催化剂表面各物种的结合能均有一定的影响,结合评价结果可知,Ce和Zr二者的协同作用对Ni基催化剂的催化性能提高最大。     

Zr改性Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂用于浆态相合成气的低温甲烷化

采用浆态床反应器,在低温(300~330 ℃)下进行合成气的甲烷化反应.实验中通过共浸渍法(包括含浸-旋蒸法)制备了锆(Zr)修饰的Ni/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,并考察其与单一NiO、未掺杂Zr 的Ni/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂的催化性能差异.研究表明,载体γ-Al₂O₃的引入能够明显地提高CO的转化率和甲烷的选择性,而Zr的掺杂会进一步提升催化剂的催化活性.在325 ℃,空速为4 200 mL·g^-1·h^-1时,CO的转化率可以达到86.41%,甲烷选择性为90.53%.催化剂的表征结果表明,Zr的添加促进了Ni在催化剂表面的分散、减弱了活性Ni与载体的相互作用,抑制了低甲烷化活性的NiAl₂O₄的生成,使得催化剂的反应性能得到较大提高.     

稀土等碱性助剂对甲烷部分氧化制合成气整体式Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂性能的影响

制备了整体式Ni/γ-Al2O3和添加稀土等碱性助剂的整体式Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂. 研究了温度、烷氧比、空速和助剂等因素对甲烷部分氧化反应性能的影响,并利用XRD和TPR对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明,催化剂活性随着温度的升高而增加;CH4转化率随着烷氧比的增加而降低;当空速为1×105 h-1时,整体式催化剂的催化性能最佳. 添加碱性助剂Ce,La,Na,Sr均有利于改善催化剂的还原性能,提高催化剂的活性. 其中添加稀土Ce,La可使副反应CH4+2 O2→CO2+2H2O 完全被抑制,从而使H2选择性达到100%.     

La促进水滑石衍生镍基催化剂的原位制备及其CO2甲烷化性能

采用原位生长法制备水滑石衍生Ni-La/Al₂O₃催化剂,并用于CO₂甲烷化反应,以研究La掺杂量对所得催化剂形貌结构及催化性能的影响。利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱、X射线衍射、氢气程序升温还原、低温氮气吸附-脱附、扫描电镜和透射电镜对催化剂的形貌结构进行分析。结果表明,适宜的La掺杂量能够提高活性金属Ni在载体中的分散性,减弱Ni与载体的相互作用,并且改善催化剂的孔隙结构,提高催化剂的比表面积。CO₂甲烷化性能表明,当Ni负载量(质量分数)为30%、La掺杂量(质量分数)为10%时,催化剂30Ni-10La/Al₂O₃具有较优的催化性能;350℃时其CO₂转化率及CH₄产率分别达到91.9%和91.5%,并且连续测试60 h后催化性能基本保持不变。     

La2O3助剂对Co/AC催化剂上费-托合成反应性能的影响

 通过改变稀土助剂La2O3的负载量,考察了La2O3助剂对活性炭负载Co基催化剂(Co/AC)上费-托合成性能的影响,并通过XRD, SEM, TPR和CO-TPD对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, La2O3的加入可提高催化剂的活性,降低产物中甲烷的选择性. 对于15%Co/AC催化剂,加入少量的La2O3(w(La)=0.7%～1.7%)可使CO转化率从27%升高到56%, 甲烷选择性从16.5%下降到7.8%,C5+选择性从55.4%升高到74.7%; 但加入过多的La2O3(w(La)=8.1%～12.4%)时,甲烷选择性反而升高. XRD和SEM结果表明, La2O3的加入提高了催化剂中Co的分散度. TPR和CO-TPD结果表明, La2O3与Co之间存在着相互作用,并使催化剂的还原度下降,尤其是La2O3负载量高的催化剂还原度下降更加明显,导致Co/AC催化剂上CO的高温吸附量的增加.     

Ce0.5Zr0.5O2修饰的Ni/SiC、Fe/SiC和Co/SiC催化燃烧甲烷性能

以铈锆固溶体(Ce0.5Zr0.5O2)修饰的高比表面积SiC为载体,采用两步浸渍法制备了Ni、Fe和Co基催化剂,研究了其在煤层气催化燃烧脱氧中的催化活性和稳定性.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、比表面积(BET)、热重分析(TGA)和H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)对催化剂进行了表征.分析结果表明,Ni、Fe和Co部分进入Ce0.5Zr0.5O2固溶体晶格内部,导致催化剂体相形成更多的缺陷;同时Ce0.5Zr0.5O2固溶体有助于加速金属氧化物和金属之间氧化还原过程的进行,促进了氧吸附、传输和对甲烷的活化.另外,SiC和Ce0.5Zr0.5O2固熔体良好的抗积碳性能,有效避免了催化剂在富甲烷反应气氛中因积碳而失活,从而使三种催化剂均具有优良的催化燃烧脱氧活性和稳定性.其中,Co/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2/SiC活性最高,可在320℃活化催化甲烷,并在410℃实现完全脱氧.     

助剂对Ni/SiO2催化剂微观结构及二硝基甲苯催化加氢性能的影响

采用等体积浸渍法制备了负载型Ni/SiO₂催化剂,研究了Ce、Zr、La、Co和Fe助剂对催化剂微观结构及其催化二硝基甲苯（DNT,C₆H₃CH₃（NO₂）₂）加氢制备甲苯二胺（TDA,C₆H₃CH₃（NH₂）₂）性能的影响。通过XRD,BET,H₂-TPD、H₂-TPR和XPS技术对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,助剂的引入促进了Ni物种在载体表面的分散,减小了Ni晶粒的尺寸,使得NiO晶粒更易还原。添加La、Fe和Zr助剂增加了有效的Ni活性中心数,有利于催化活性的提高,其中,添加La助剂制备的催化剂催化性能最优,DNT转化率和TDA选择性分别为98.1%和99.1%。但Co和Ce助剂的加入降低了化学氢吸附量,使得有效的Ni活性中心数降低,降低了催化剂的催化活性。     

Metallosilicates as supports of Co catalysts for the synthesis of liquid hydrocarbons from CO and H2

The effect of the nature of the silicate support on the activity and selectivity of 10%. Co/M silicate catalysts (where M=Cu, Zn, Ce, Ti, Hf, La, Al, Zr, Co, Mg) in the synthesis of hydrocarbons from CO and H₂ has been established. Co and Zr catalysts have been shown to provide the highest catalytic efficiency. The yield of liquid hydrocarbons in their presence exceeds 120 g m^–3.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 3, pp. 480–482, March, 1993.     

溶液燃烧法制备的Ni基催化剂及其浆态床甲烷化催化性能

分别以硝酸铝、硝酸氧锆、硝酸镧和硝酸铈为载体前驱体,与硝酸镍和尿素配制水溶液,采用溶液燃烧法制备了Ni-Al₂O₃、Ni-ZrO₂、Ni-La₂O₃和Ni-CeO₂催化剂,研究了浆态床CO甲烷化催化性能,并进行了低温N₂吸附-脱附、XRD、SEM、TEM、H₂-TPR和H2化学吸附等表征分析.结果表明,以硝酸铝为前驱体制备Ni-Al₂O₃催化剂时燃烧火焰稳定且持续时间长,达23 s,样品比表面积(468 m²·g^-1)和金属Ni表面积(10 m²·g^-1)均较大、Ni粒径小(3~5 nm)且分散度高,CO甲烷化催化活性和稳定性好,CO转化率和CH₄选择性分别达到94%和95%,在100 h的甲烷化反应中未出现明显失活;以硝酸氧锆和硝酸镧为前驱体制备样品时未出现明显的燃烧火焰,持续时间仅为12 s和5 s,催化剂比表面积、金属表面积及催化活性均较低;以硝酸铈为前驱体制备样品时燃烧过程迅速而剧烈,样品比表面积(22 m²·g^-1)和金属Ni表面积(5 m²·g^-1)小、Ni粒径大且分散性差,甲烷化催化性能最差,CO转化率仅为41%,CH₄选择性仅为89%.     

Nanosized cobalt-based catalyst prepared by supercritical phase condition for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

A series of nanosized Co/Zn/Mn/K composite catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) were prepared by supercritical fluid drying (SCFD) method and common drying (CD) method. The nanosized cobalt-based catalysts were characterized by XRD, TEM and BET techniques. Their catalytic performances were tested in a slurry-bed reactor under FTS reaction conditions. The drying and crystallization were carried out simultaneously during SCFD, therefore, the catalysts prepared by SCFD method have ideal structure and show the FTS performance superior to the others prepared by CD method. The FTS activity and selectivity were improved via adding Zn, Mn and K promoters, and less CH₄ and CO₂ as well as higher yield of C₅₊ products were achieved. The optimal performance of a 92% CO conversion and a 65% C₅₊ product yield was obtained over a catalyst with the component of Co/Zn/Mn/K = 100/50/10/7. Furthermore, the catalytic performance was studied under the conditions of liquid-phase and supercritical phase slurry-bed, and C₅₊ product yield were 57.4% and 65.4%, respectively. In summary, better catalytic performance was obtained using the nanosized catalyst prepared by SCFD method under supercritical reaction conditions, resulting in higher conversion of CO, less CO₂ byproduct, and higher yield of C₅₊ products.     

ACo_2O_4/HZSM-5催化剂上N_2O的直接分解

分别采用柠檬酸络合燃烧法和低温络合浸渍法制备尖晶石型复合金属氧化物催化剂ACo2O4(A=Mg,Ni,Zn)和分子筛负载尖晶石型复合金属氧化物催化剂ACo2O4/HZSM-5(A=Mg,Fe,Ni,Cu,Zn,Zr,La).采用X射线衍射(XRD)、氨程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线能谱(EDS)等手段对催化剂进行表征,并在固定床微型反应器中评价其催化分解N2O活性.实验结果表明,A位离子种类影响ACo2O4/HZSM-5催化剂活性,以Ni、Fe、Zr或La为A位离子时,催化剂的活性较好,N2O分解温度低.ACo2O4/HZSM-5催化剂的活性高于ACo2O4尖晶石型复合氧化物,一方面是ACo2O4在分子筛HZSM-5载体上高度分散,使其以超细颗粒形态存在,另一方面ACo2O4/HZSM-5催化剂具有适宜的酸性,可提高催化剂的活性.     

溶液燃烧法制备的Ni基催化剂及其浆态床甲烷化催化性能

分别以硝酸铝、硝酸氧锆、硝酸镧和硝酸铈为载体前驱体,与硝酸镍和尿素配制水溶液,采用溶液燃烧法制备了Ni-Al2O3、Ni-Zr O2、Ni-La2O3和Ni-Ce O2催化剂,研究了浆态床CO甲烷化催化性能,并进行了低温N2吸附-脱附、XRD、SEM、TEM、H2-TPR和H2化学吸附等表征分析。结果表明,以硝酸铝为前驱体制备Ni-Al2O3催化剂时燃烧火焰稳定且持续时间长,达23 s,样品比表面积(468 m2·g-1)和金属Ni表面积(10 m2·g-1)均较大、Ni粒径小(3~5 nm)且分散度高,CO甲烷化催化活性和稳定性好,CO转化率和CH4选择性分别达到94%和95%,在100 h的甲烷化反应中未出现明显失活;以硝酸氧锆和硝酸镧为前驱体制备样品时未出现明显的燃烧火焰,持续时间仅为12 s和5 s,催化剂比表面积、金属表面积及催化活性均较低;以硝酸铈为前驱体制备样品时燃烧过程迅速而剧烈,样品比表面积(22 m2·g-1)和金属Ni表面积(5 m2·g-1)小、Ni粒径大且分散性差,甲烷化催化性能最差,CO转化率仅为41%,CH4选择性仅为89%。     

Microwave-assisted extraction of rare earth elements from petroleum refining catalysts and ambient fine aerosols prior to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry

A robust microwave-assisted acid digestion procedure followed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was developed to quantify rare earth elements (REEs) in fluidized-bed catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts and atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM_2.5). High temperature (200 °C), high pressure (200 psig), acid digestion (HNO₃, HF and H₃BO₃) with 20 min dwell time effectively solubilized REEs from six fresh catalysts, a spent catalyst and PM_2.5. This method was also employed to measure 27 non-REEs including Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Zr, Mo, Cd, Cs, Ba, Pb and U. Complete extraction of several REEs (Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Tb, Dy and Er) required HF indicating that they were closely associated with the aluminosilicate structure of the zeolite FCC catalysts. Internal standardization using ¹¹⁵In quantitatively corrected non-spectral interferences in the catalyst digestate matrix. Inter-laboratory comparison using ICP-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) demonstrated the applicability of the newly developed analytical method for accurate analysis of REEs in FCC catalysts. The method developed for FCC catalysts was also successfully implemented to measure trace to ultra-trace concentrations of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Eu and Dy in ambient PM_2.5 in an industrial area of Houston, TX.