用于人类脂肪干细胞的纯化和体外长期培养的聚合物涂层

采用紫外固化法制备了基于丙烯酸酯类水凝胶的聚合物涂层(PC),并用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、水接触角(WCA)和原子力显微镜(AFM)分别对PC进行了化学组成和表面性能的表征.在PC表面进行了人类脂肪干细胞(h ASC)的体外长期培养扩增,得到的第3代细胞的生物学表征结果表明,干细胞在PC表面能正常黏附生长,流式细胞仪检测发现干细胞对特征标记物CD49d,CD73,CD105的阳性显性比例较高,对HLA-DR和CD31几乎不显性,说明扩增的干细胞具有h ASC特征.对PC上扩增的干细胞进行诱导分化,并用油红O、茜素红和阿利新蓝分别进行染色分析,结果表明,该干细胞保留了h ASC的多能特性:能分化为成脂、成骨和成软骨细胞.含有单体甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)、甲基丙烯酸环己酯(CHMA)和甲基丙烯酸-2-(二乙氨基)乙酯(DEAEMA)的PC2(质量比为3∶1∶2)在用于h ASC体外长期培养时,比其它PC和TCP更有利于细胞的黏附和增殖,纯化细胞,保持其多能性.实时荧光定量PCR(RT-q PCR)的分析表明PC2上得到的细胞更容易向成骨和成软骨细胞分化.     

Human salivary gland stem cells ameliorate hyposalivation of radiation-damaged rat salivary glands

Salivary function in mammals may be defective for various reasons, such as aging, Sjogren''s syndrome or radiation therapy in head and neck cancer patients. Recently, tissue-specific stem cell therapy has attracted public attention as a next-generation therapeutic reagent. In the present study, we isolated tissue-specific stem cells from the human submandibular salivary gland (hSGSCs). To efficiently isolate and amplify hSGSCs in large amounts, we developed a culture system (lasting 4–5 weeks) without any selection. After five passages, we obtained adherent cells that expressed mesenchymal stem cell surface antigen markers, such as CD44, CD49f, CD90 and CD105, but not the hematopoietic stem cell markers, CD34 and CD45, and that were able to undergo adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation. In addition, hSGSCs were differentiated into amylase-expressing cells by using a two-step differentiation method. Transplantation of hSGSCs to radiation-damaged rat salivary glands rescued hyposalivation and body weight loss, restored acinar and duct cell structure, and decreased the amount of apoptotic cells. These data suggest that the isolated hSGSCs, which may have characteristics of mesenchymal-like stem cells, could be used as a cell therapy agent for the damaged salivary gland.     

Isolation and Characterization of Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (ADSCs) from Cattle

Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) were isolated from the adult adipose tissue of 2-year-old cattle, and then characterized by immunofluorescence and RT-PCR. We found that primary bADSCs could be expanded for 25 passages. Expression of β-integrin, CD44, and CD73 was observed by immunofluorescence and RT-PCR. Passage 3 bADSCs were successfully induced to differentiate into osteoblasts and adipocytes. The results indicate the potential for multi-lineage differentiation of bADSCs that may represent an ideal candidate for cellular transplantation therapy.     

Concurrent hypermulticolor monitoring of CD31, CD34, CD45 and CD146 endothelial progenitor cell markers for acute myocardial infarction

The circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in blood of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patient have been monitored in many previous studies. The number of circulating EPC increases in the blood of patients at onset of the AMI. EPC is originated from bone marrow. It performs vessel regeneration. There are many markers used for detecting EPC. Four of these markers, CD31, CD34, CD45, and CD146, were concurrently detected at the single cell level for the identification of EPC in the present preliminary study. The CD45 negative cell sorting was performed to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) acquired from four AMI patients with a magnetic bead sorter, since, EPCs expressed CD45 negative or dim. The resultant PBMC eluents were treated with quantum-antibody conjugates for the probing four different markers of EPCs and then applied to a high-content single cell imaging cytometer using acousto-optical tunable filter (AOTF). The use of quantum dot, with narrow emission wavelength range and AOTF enabling cellular image at a particular single wavelength, is very advantageous for accurate high-content AMI diagnosis based on simultaneous monitoring of many markers. The number of EPC increased as compared with control in three of four AMI patients. In this approach, two EPC subtypes were found, CD31(+), CD34(+), CD45(−/dim), CD146(−) as early outgrowth EPCs and CD31(+), CD34(+), CD45(−/dim), CD146(+) as late outgrowth EPCs. Patient 1 had CD31(+), CD34(+), CD45(−/dim), CD146(+) cells whose percentage was 4.21% of cells. Patient 2 had 2.38% of CD31(+), CD34(+), CD45(−/dim), CD146(−) cells and patient 3 had 4.28% of CD31(+), CD34(+), CD45(−/dim), CD146(+) cells.     

Poly(l‐Lactic Acid)/Gelatin Fibrous Scaffold Loaded with Simvastatin/Beta‐Cyclodextrin‐Modified Hydroxyapatite Inclusion Complex for Bone Tissue Regeneration

Recently, the application of nanostructured materials in the field of tissue engineering has garnered attention to mediate treatment and regeneration of bone defects. In this study, poly(l ‐lactic acid) (PLLA)/gelatin (PG) fibrous scaffolds are fabricated and β‐cyclodextrin (βCD) grafted nano‐hydroxyapatite (HAp) is coated onto the fibrous scaffold surface via an interaction between βCD and adamantane. Simvastatin (SIM), which is known to promote osteoblast viability and differentiation, is loaded into the remaining βCD. The specimen morphologies are characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The release profile of SIM from the drug loaded scaffold is also evaluated. In vitro proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human adipose derived stem cells on SIM/HAp coated PG composite scaffolds is characterized by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mineralization (Alizarin Red S staining), and real time Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The scaffolds are then implanted into rabbit calvarial defects and analyzed by microcomputed tomography for bone formation after four and eight weeks. These results demonstrate that SIM loaded PLLA/gelatin/HAp‐(βCD) scaffolds promote significantly higher ALP activity, mineralization, osteogenic gene expression, and bone regeneration than control scaffolds. This suggests the potential application of this material toward bone tissue engineering.

     

Single-cell analysis of multiple myelomas refines the molecular features of bortezomib treatment responsiveness

Both the tumor and tumor microenvironment (TME) are crucial for pathogenesis and chemotherapy resistance in multiple myeloma (MM). Bortezomib, commonly used for MM treatment, works on both MM and TME cells, but innate and acquired resistance easily develop. By single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we investigated bone marrow aspirates of 18 treatment-naïve MM patients who later received bortezomib-based treatments. Twelve plasma and TME cell types and their subsets were identified. Suboptimal responders (SORs) to bortezomib exhibited higher copy number alteration burdens than optimal responders (ORs). Forty-four differentially expressed genes for SORs based on scRNA-seq data were further analyzed in an independent cohort of 90 treatment-naïve MMs, where 24 genes were validated. A combined model of three clinical variables (older age, low absolute lymphocyte count, and no autologous stem cell transplantation) and 24 genes was associated with bortezomib responsiveness and poor prognosis. In T cells, cytotoxic memory, proliferating, and dysfunctional subsets were significantly enriched in SORs. Moreover, we identified three monocyte subsets associated with bortezomib responsiveness and an MM-specific NK cell trajectory that ended with an MM-specific subset. scRNA-seq predicted the interaction of the GAS6-MERTK, ALCAM-CD6, and BAG6-NCR gene networks. Of note, tumor cells from ORs and SORs were the most prominent sources of ALCAM on effector T cells and BAG6 on NK cells, respectively. Our results indicate that the complicated compositional and molecular changes of both tumor and immune cells in the bone marrow (BM) milieu are important in the development and acquisition of resistance to bortezomib-based treatment of MM.Subject terms: Myeloma, Cancer microenvironment     

Rhamnogalacturonan II is a Toll-like receptor 4 agonist that inhibits tumor growth by activating dendritic cell-mediated CD8+ T cells

We evaluated the effectiveness of rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II)-stimulated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) vaccination on the induction of antitumor immunity in a mouse lymphoma model using EG7-lymphoma cells expressing ovalbumin (OVA). BMDCs treated with RG-II had an activated phenotype. RG-II induced interleukin (IL)-12, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production during dendritic cell (DC) maturation. BMDCs stimulated with RG-II facilitate the proliferation of CD8⁺ T cells. Using BMDCs from the mice deficient in Toll-like receptors (TLRs), we revealed that RG-II activity is dependent on TLR4. RG-II showed a preventive effect of immunization with OVA-pulsed BMDCs against EG7 lymphoma. These results suggested that RG-II expedites the DC-based immune response through the TLR4 signaling pathway.     

Fetal hematopoietic stem cells express MFG-E8 during mouse embryogenesis

The milk fat globule-EGF-factor 8 protein (MFG-E8) has been identified in various tissues, where it has an important role in intercellular interactions, cellular migration, and neovascularization. Previous studies showed that MFG-E8 is expressed in different cell types under normal and pathophysiological conditions, but its expression in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) during hematopoiesis has not been reported. In the present study, we investigated MFG-E8 expression in multiple hematopoietic tissues at different stages of mouse embryogenesis. Using immunohistochemistry, we showed that MFG-E8 was specifically expressed in CD34⁺ HSCs at all hematopoietic sites, including the yolk sac, aorta-gonad-mesonephros region, placenta and fetal liver, during embryogenesis. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting and polymerase chain reaction analyses demonstrated that CD34⁺ cells, purified from the fetal liver, expressed additional HSC markers, c-Kit and Sca-1, and that these CD34⁺ cells, but not CD34⁻ cells, highly expressed MFG-E8. We also found that MFG-E8 was not expressed in HSCs in adult mouse bone marrow, and that its expression was confined to F4/80⁺ macrophages. Together, this study demonstrates, for the first time, that MFG-8 is expressed in fetal HSC populations, and that MFG-E8 may have a role in embryonic hematopoiesis.     

In Vitro Culture, Determination, and Directed Differentiation of Adult Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Towards Cardiomyocyte-Like Cells Induced by Angiotensin II

The in vitro basic biological characteristics and directed differentiation potential towards cardiomyocytes of adult adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) induced by angiotensin II were both investigated. ADSCs were isolated from adult adipose tissue and cultured in vitro, and were subsequently induced into adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts for assays of multipotential differentiation. The morphological characteristics of ADSCs were observed under an inverted microscope in bright field and phase-contrast ways and a confocal laser scanning microscopy. Moreover, the directional differentiation potential was observed by Oil Red, alkaline phosphatase, von Kossa, and toluidine blue stainings, respectively. The expressions of CD34, CD44, CD45, CD105, and HLA-DR were also detected via flow cytometry. Following to this, ADSCs were induced by angiotensin II and basic fibroblast growth factor for the purpose of directional differentiation towards cardiomyocyte-like cells, and the cells treated with 5-azacytidine were regarded as the control. The results showed that the isolated and cultured ADSCs presented a typical morphology of fusiform shape and also expressed CD44, CD105, but not CD34, CD45, and HLA-DR with assays of flow cytometry. The multi-differentiations to adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts confirmed that the isolated cells maintained the stem characteristics generating from adipose tissues. After 4 weeks of induction by angiotensin II, the cells expressed myosin heavy chain, troponin I, and connexin43 by immunocytochemistry staining, but without beating of the cells. This current study indicated that ADSCs possessed the characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells and angiotensin II could induce ADSCs into cardiomyocyte-like cells.     

The requirement of natural killer T-cells in tolerogenic APCs-mediated suppression of collagen-induced arthritis

TGF-β-induced tolerogenic-antigen presenting cells (Tol-APCs) could induce suppression of autoimmune diseases such as collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and allergic asthma. In contrast, many studies have shown that NKT cells are involved in the pathogenesis of Th1-mediated autoimmune joint inflammation and Th2-mediated allergic pulmonary inflammation. In this study, we investigated the effect of CD1d-restricted NKT cells in the Tol-APCs-mediated suppression of autoimmune disease using a murine CIA model. When CIA-induced mice were treated with Tol-APCs obtained from CD1d^+/- or CD1d^-/- mice, unlike CD1d^+/- APCs, CD1d^-/- Tol-APCs failed to suppress CIA. More specifically, CD1d^-/- Tol-APCs failed to suppress the production of inflammatory cytokines and the induction of Th2 responses by antigen-specific CD4 T cells both in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrate that the presence of CD1d-restricted NKT cells is critical for the induction of Tol-APCs-mediated suppression of CIA.     

Maturation of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells induced by Radix Glycyrrhizae polysaccharide

Radix Glycyrrhizae polysaccharide (GP), the most important component of Radix Glycyrrhizae, has been reported to have many immunopharmacological activities. However, the mechanism by which GP affects dendritic cells (DCs) has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effect of GP on murine bone marrow-derived DCs and the potential pathway through which GP exerts this effect. Mononuclear cells (MNCs) were isolated from murine bone marrow and induced to become DCs by culturing with GM-CSF and IL-4. Six days later, DCs were divided into three groups: control group, GP group and LPS group. After 48 h of treatment, phenotypic figures and antigen uptake ability were determined by FACS analysis. The proliferation of DC-stimulated allogenic CD3+ T cells was detected by WST-1. IL-12 p70 and IFN-γ, which are secreted by DCs and CD3+ T cells respectively, were quantified by ELISA. Additionally, IL-12 p40 mRNA expression was determined by real-time PCR. Alterations in TLR4-related signaling pathways were examined by performing an antibody neutralization experiment. Treatment of DCs with GP resulted in the enhanced expression of the cell surface molecules CD80, CD86 and MHC I-A/I-E. GP also increased the production of IL-12 p70 by DCs in a time-dependent manner. The endocytosis of FITC-dextran by DCs was suppressed by GP administration. Furthermore, GP-treated DCs enhanced both the proliferation and IFN-γ secretion of allogenic CD3+ T cells. Finally, the effects of GP on DCs were partially reduced by using inhibitors of TLR4, NF-κB, p38 MAPK or JNK. In conclusion, GP can induce the maturation of DCs, and does so, in part, by regulating a TLR4-related signaling pathway.     

Proteome database of unsensitized CD4 positive T lymphocytes in T cell receptor transgenic mice

We established a two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) mapping database of splenic CD4 T cells prepared from I-A(d)-restricted ovalbumin (OVA)(323-339) specific T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice (OVA23-3). First we examined the purification of CD4 T cells and found that the high purity of cells produced more accurate protein maps. The first dimension utilized narrow-range immobilized pH gradients (IPGs), pH 4.0-5.0, pH 4.5-5.5, pH 5.0-6.0, and pH 5.5-6.7. Approximately 1300 spots were detected by silver staining. Detection was performed by in-gel tryptic digestion of the spots, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) technology and database searches via the world wide web (WWW). We have so far identified 255 proteins on 2-DE gels of whole cell lysates. This is the first construction of a proteome database for murine unsensitized CD4 T lymphocytes. To examine this further, 2-DE mapping was utilized for splenic CD4 T cells from another TCR transgenic mouse strain (DO11.10 TCR transgenic mice). Mapping patterns were found to be almost identical to those from CD4 T cells from OVA23-3 mice. These results indicated that the 2-DE maps in this study could be used for mouse CD4 T cells to examine protein changes in cells given certain stimuli.     

Differential roles of T-cell subsets in regulation of ultraviolet radiation induced cutaneous photocarcinogenesis

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, in particular the midwavelength range (UVB; 290-320 nm), is one of the most significant risk factors for the development of nonmelanoma skin cancer. UVB radiation-induced immunosuppression, which occurs in both humans and laboratory animals, contributes to their pathogenesis. However, there are conflicting reports on the relative role of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in UVB induced skin cancer. The purpose of this study was to delineate the contribution of these two cell subpopulations to UVB induced immunosuppression and tumor development using C3H/HeN (WT), CD4 knockout (CD4(-/-) ) and CD8 knockout (CD8(-/-) ) mice. We observed that UVB induced skin carcinogenesis was retarded in terms of number of tumors per group, tumor volume and percentage of mice with tumors, in mice deficient in CD4(+) T cells compared with wild-type mice, whereas significantly greater (P < 0.05) numbers of tumors occurred in CD8(-/-) mice. These results indicate that, CD4(+) T cells promote tumor development while CD8(+) T cells have the opposite effect. Further, we found that CD4(+) T cells from tumor-bearing mice produced interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and IL-17 whereas CD8(+) T cells produced interferon-γ. Manipulation of T-cell subpopulations that are induced by UVB radiation could be a means of preventing skin cancers caused by this agent.     

Chemo–immunotherapy for chemo-resistance and metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer by combination of iron-oxide nanoparticles and dual-targeting doxorubicin liposomes

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks specific regimens for targeted therapy. Repeat chemotherapy promotes the evolution of TNBC into highly chemo-resistant tumors that metastasize to multiple organs simultaneously. Herein, polyacrylic acid-coated ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (PAA@IONs) and dual-targeting doxorubicin liposomes achieved chemo–immunotherapy through intermittent administration. They inhibited tumor-drug resistance and multiorgan-specific metastasis significantly by targeting tumors and the microenvironment. We deciphered an immunosuppressive pre-metastatic niche and discovered that PAA@IONs could target tumors, tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs), the liver, bone, and lungs. They promoted the polarization of macrophages into M1 macrophages in these organs and tissues. This action remodeled the immunosuppressive microenvironment and induced a sustained immune response, thereby reducing organ-specific metastasis. Overcoming the disadvantages of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity as well as low tumor specificity, dual peptide-modified liposomes could target CD206 and CD13 simultaneously, and reverse chemo-resistance. These properties resulted in a significant decrease in the numbers of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the liver, lungs, and bone, thereby reducing protein expression of Ki-67 in TDLNs, and dramatically increasing the number of cluster of differentiation (CD)8⁺ T cells and CD8⁺ T cell/T-regulatory-cell ratio in tumors and TDLNs (P < 0.0001). Compared with the control (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) or free drug (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.01, respectively), multi-organ metastases were suppressed significantly, tumor-growth rate reduced, and survival prolonged. Our drug-delivery system overcame TNBC chemo-resistance and inhibited multiorgan-specific metastases. It circumvents the lack of effective therapeutic targets, the problem of patient selection due to a low mutation rate, and can simultaneously offer the possibility of avoiding surgery and considerable postoperative complications.     

铅暴露对学龄前儿童淋巴细胞免疫表型的影响

探讨了低水平铅暴露对学龄前儿童淋巴细胞免疫表型的影响。用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法对 2 1 7名学龄前儿童进行血铅浓度筛查 ,并在此基础上用流式细胞仪检测不同血铅水平对学龄前儿童淋巴细胞免疫表型CD+ 3 、CD+ 3 CD+ 4 、CD+ 3 CD+ 8、CD- 3 CD+ 19、CD- 3 CD+ 56的影响。结果表明 ,高铅组 (血铅≥ 0 4 83μmol/L的学龄前儿童CD+ 3 CD+ 4 、CD+ 3 CD+ 4 /CD- 3 CD+ 8水平与低铅组 (血铅 <0 4 83μmol/L)比较显著下降 (P <0 0 1 ) ;而CD+ 3 CD+ 8细胞显著升高 (P <0 0 5 ) ;CD+ 3 、CD- 3 CD+ 19、CD- 3 CD+ 56细胞无显著差异 (P <0 0 5 )。低水平铅暴露对学龄前儿童淋巴细胞免疫表型具有不利影响     

Oclacitinib,a Janus Kinase Inhibitor,Reduces the Frequency of IL-4- and IL-10-, but Not IFN-γ-, Producing Murine CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells and Counteracts the Induction of Type 1 Regulatory T Cells

The purpose of the present study was to broaden the knowledge and understanding of the effects of oclacitinib (OCL), a Janus kinase inhibitor, on T cells in the context of both the immune mechanisms underlying anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties of the drug and its safety. The results indicate that beneficial effects of OCL in the treatment of skin allergic diseases may be partially mediated by the inhibition of IL-4 production in CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells. To a certain extent, the antiproliferative effect of OCL on CD8⁺ T cells may also contribute to its therapeutic effect. The study found that OCL does not affect the proliferation of CD4⁺ T cells or the number of IFN-γ- and IL-17-producing CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells. Moreover, OCL was found to counteract the induction of type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells and to act as a strong inhibitor of IL-10 production in both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells. Thus, these results indicate that beneficial effects of OCL in the treatment of skin allergic diseases are not mediated through: (a) the abolishment of IFN-γ and IL-17-production in CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells; (b) generation of Tr1 cells; (c) inhibition of CD4⁺ T cell proliferation; (d) induction of IL-10 production in CD4⁺ T cells. The results of this study strongly suggest that, with respect to the evaluated parameters, OCL exerts a suppressive effect on Th2- but not Th1-mediated immunity.     

Activation of B cells using Schneider 2 cells expressing CD40 ligand for the enhancement of antigen presentation in vitro

CD40 ligand (CD40L) expressed by activated CD4+ T cells is a family member of membrane bound TNF family ligand and its interaction with CD40 expressed in APC has been shown to contribute in enhancing immune response. Exogenous stimulation through CD40 has been performed using soluble trimeric CD40L, anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody and cells expressing CD40L. Schneider 2 (S2) cells, a cell line derived from Drosophila melanogaster, was transfected with a plasmid vector, pAc5.1/V5-HisA, for the constitutive expression of CD40L (S2-CD40L). Upon incubation of S2-CD40L with B-lymphocytes for 6 days, activated B cells were examined by counting B cell numbers and for activation markers including CD86 and HLA Class II molecules. The activated B cells were tested for its efficient APC function by mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) and enzyme-linked Immunospot (ELISPOT) assay. S2-CD40L was cultured for a year and maintained CD40L expression (>90%). S2-CD40L induced B cell activation as demonstrated by increment of total B cells and up-regulation of CD86 and MHC Class II molecules. Activated B cells pulsed with peptide from human cytomegalovirus pp65 antigen efficiently induced both proliferation and IFN-gamma secretion of T cells. Our result suggests that S2-CD40L can efficiently and conveniently generate B cells as a functional APC and represents a potential role for B-cell mediated cancer immunotherapy.     

Regeneration of kidney tissue using in vitro cultured fetal kidney cells

Transplanting fetal kidney cells (FKCs) can regenerate kidney. This requires in vitro expansion in cell number to acquire enough cells for transplantation. However, FKCs may change their cellular characteristics during expansion and, thus, may not regenerate kidney tissue upon transplantation. We investigated how cell culture period affects cellular characteristics and in vivo regenerative potential of FKCs. As the passage number increased, cell growth rate and colony forming ability decreased while senescence and apoptosis increased. To examine in vivo regenerative potential, FKCs cultured through different numbers of passages were implanted into the parenchyma of kidneys of immunodeficient mice using fibrin gel for 4 wk. Histological analyses showed passage-dependent kidney tissue regeneration, and the regeneration was better when cells from lower number of passages were implanted. This result shows that in vitro culture of FKCs significantly affects the cell characteristics and in vivo tissue regenerative potential.