Application of an extended solvation theory to study on the binding of magnesium ion with myelin basic protein

Binding properties of myelin basic protein (MBP) from bovine central nervous system due to the interaction by divalent magnesium ion (Mg²⁺) was investigated at 27°C in aqueous solution using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) technique. An extended solvation model was used to reproduce the enthalpies of Mg²⁺-MBP interaction over the whole Mg²⁺ concentrations. It was found that there is a set of two identical and noninteracting binding sites for Mg²⁺ ions. The dissociation equilibrium constant is K _d=45.5 μM. The molar enthalpy of binding site is identical for both sites; ΔH=−15.24 kJ mol⁻¹. The solvation parameters recovered from the solvation model were attributed to the structural change of MBP due to the metal ion interaction.     

Effect of ion solvation on the diffuse layer structure in mixed electrolytes

A “solvionic” model of a multicomponent electrochemical system (mixed electrolyte) is considered. An ion in the solution is considered as a point charge rigidly fixed inside its solvation shell. The corresponding equations for the diffuse layer on an ideally polarizable electrode are derived, and an effective method of their numerical solution is formulated. The calculations are performed in order to follow the changes in the diffuse layer structure with variations in the electrode charge and electrolyte composition. Far from the zerocharge potential of solution, the dependences of distributions of solution components over the diffuse layer on the electrode charge radically differ from those within the classic Gouy-Chapman theory. Analytical equations (asymptotics at large electrode charges) for concentrations of solvated ions in the plane of their maximum approach and for their “surface excesses” (diffuse adsorption) are determined. Results of numerical calculations for a 0.2 M LiCl + 0.05 M BaCl₂ solution are plotted.     

Electrostriction, ion solvation, and solvent release on ion pairing

The theoretical mean molar electrostriction volume of electrolytic solvents, DeltaVel(solvent), was calculated from their properties: the relative pressure derivatives of the density (the compressibility) and permittivity and their second pressure derivatives. The molar electrostriction caused by ions at infinite dilution was taken as the differences of their standard partial molar volumes in the solution and their intrinsic volumes: DeltaVel(ion) = Vinfinity(ion) - Vin(ion). The ratio ninfinity = DeltaVel(ion)/DeltaVel(solvent) then represents the solvation number of the ion in the solvent at infinite dilution. Similarly, from the molar volume change on ion pair formation, DeltaVip, the ratio Deltanip = DeltaVip/DeltaVel(solvent) represents the number of solvent molecules released thereby. These values were tabulated for those solvents, ions, and ion pairs for which the relevant information could be found, the extension to nonaqueous solvents not having been attempted previously.     

Application of the extended solvation model for thermodynamic study of copper ion binding to Jack bean urease

A Thermodynamic study on the interaction Jack bean urease, JBU, with Cu²⁺ ion was studied by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) at 300 and 310 K in 30 mM Tris buffer solution, pH 7.0. The heats of JBU + Cu²⁺ interactions are reported and analyzed in terms of the extended solvation theory. It was indicated that there are a set of 12 identical and non-cooperative sites for Cu²⁺ ion. The binding of Cu²⁺ ion with JBU is exothermic with dissociation equilibrium constants of 284.883 and 345.855 μM at 300 and 310 K, respectively.     

Cation binding effect on imidazole tautomerism

Binding of Zn²⁺ to imidazole (Im) and methyl imidazole (MeIm) is studied by ab initio methods as a model for the effect of cation binding on tautomeric energies. Gradient energy optimized conformations were obtained for all neutral and ionic structures, including the deprotonated molecules and the ylides. The N3? H tautomer of MeIm is calculated to be more stable than N1? H by about 1 kcal/mole. However, binding of a Zn²⁺ cation to the available nitrogen site is found to reverse the order of binding, leaving N1? H more stable by 1 kcal/mole. Binding of Zn²⁺ produces a significant perturbation in the electronic structure, a smaller shift in the equilibrium conformation of the imidazole ring, and only a small absolute shift in the relative tautomer energies. Methyl substitution at C5 has a small effect on both conformation and energetics. A high-energy ylide tautomer is produced by moving the proton bound to C2 to the N1 atom. The binding of Zn²⁺ to the C2 site is substantially stronger than to the N1 site, yielding nearly isoenergetic ZnIm²⁺ conformations for binding to either N or C atoms. For the deprotonated salts the lowest energy conformation has the C2? N3 bond bridged by Zn²⁺.     

Quantum-chemical simulation of dicyanamide and tricyanomethanide ion solvation

SCF MO LCAO has been applied in the MNDO-WS approximation to calculate the spatial and electronic structures for solvates formed by dicyanamide and tricyanomethanide ions with alcohols, water, chloroform, and methylene chloride. The monosolvates formed by those anions are molecular complexes having medium-strength H bonds.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Ékperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 92–96, January–February, 1989.     

Effect of the complex forming ion on the physicochemical characteristics of solvation of tetraphenylporphine complexes

The enthalpies of dissolution, transfer, and axial coordination for the Cd(II), Co(II), Mn(III), Fe(III), and Cr(III) complexes of tetraphenylporphine, H₂(TPP), in nonpolar (C₆H₆, CCl₄) and electron-donating solvents (DMF, DMSO, Py,c-C₅H₁₀NH) have been determined calorimetrically at 298.15 K. On the basis of thermogravimetrical data for the corresponding crystallosolvates the composition, thermal stability, and energy of intermolecular interaction of the metal-porphine complexes with pyridine have been calculated. Complexing in noncoordinating solvents brings about no radical change in the physicochemical characteristics of axial coordination which depend critically on the electron structure of the complex-forming metal.Translated fromfzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 846–850, May, 1993.     

Electrostatic contribution to the ion solvation energy: cavity effects

Ion solvation process has been analysed for the spherically symmetrical system where an ion is located inside a cavity surrounded by an isotropic nonlocal dielectric medium. It has been proven that for any dielectric properties of the medium, the electric field outside the cavity as well as the ion solvation energy depend only on the total ion charge but not of the particular distribution of the ion charge density inside the cavity. These characteristics remain unchanged if the charge is displaced from the external boundary of the cavity into it. Analytical formulas for them have been derived for a particular model of the nonlocal dielectric function. Comparison of results for the solvation energy on the basis of this new theory and of the conventional approach (disregarding the existence of the cavity) shows a significant difference between their predictions if the ion charge is displaced inside the ion cavity.     

Effects of ion solvation on phase equilibrium and interfacial tension of liquid mixtures

We study the bulk thermodynamics and interfacial properties of electrolyte solution mixtures by accounting for electrostatic interaction, ion solvation, and inhomogeneity in the dielectric medium in the mean-field framework. Difference in the solvation energy between the cations and anions is shown to give rise to local charge separation near the interface, and a finite Galvani potential between two coexisting solutions. The ion solvation affects the phase equilibrium of the solvent mixture, depending on the dielectric constants of the solvents, reflecting the competition between the solvation energy and translation entropy of the ions. Miscibility is decreased if both solvents have low dielectric constants and is enhanced if both solvents have high dielectric constant. At the mean-field level, the ion distribution near the interface is determined by two competing effects: accumulation in the electrostatic double layer and depletion in a diffuse interface. The interfacial tension shows a nonmonotonic dependence on the salt concentration: it increases linearly with the salt concentration at higher concentrations and decreases approximately as the square root of the salt concentration for dilute solutions, reaching a minimum near 1 mM. We also find that, for a fixed cation type, the interfacial tension decreases as the size of anion increases. These results offer qualitative explanations within one unified framework for the long-known concentration and ion size effects on the interfacial tension of electrolyte solutions.     

Specific ion binding to macromolecules: effects of hydrophobicity and ion pairing

Using molecular dynamics simulations in an explicit aqueous solvent, we examine the binding of fluoride versus iodide to a spherical macromolecule with both hydrophobic and positively charged patches. Rationalizing our observations, we divide the ion association interaction into two mechanisms: (1) poorly solvated iodide ions are attracted to hydrophobic surface patches, while (2) the strongly solvated fluoride and to a minor extent also iodide bind via cation-anion interactions. Quantitatively, the binding affinities vary significantly with the accessibility of the charged groups as well as the surface potential; therefore, we expect the ion-macromolecule association to be modulated by the local surface characteristics of the (bio-)macromolecule. The observed cation-anion pairing preference is in excellent agreement with experimental data.     

咪唑键合细胞色素C的核磁共振共振研究

我们用^1HNMR双共振技术测定了在pH=7.04,温度303-319K范围内咪唑键合氧化型细胞色素C的平衡常数,从Van'tHoff和Arrhenius方程得到键合的热力学常数△H=48.5kj·mol^-1,△S°=184J·mol^-1·K^-1和活化能E~a=159kj·mol^-1,并与其它血红素蛋白和模型化合物的热力学常数作了比较和讨论.用饱和转移法归属了cytc·Im的血红素环上甲基峰,首次用NMR方法确证咪唑在与氧化型cytc反应中取代了轴向Met80,形成新的Fe-N键.     

氯化钙甲醇溶液中离子溶剂化作用的理论研究

利用红外光谱研究不同温度下CaCl2/甲醇溶液体系的溶剂化作用,结果表明在溶液中CaCl2以离子形式与甲醇发生溶剂化作用,且溶剂化数随温度升高而降低.通过密度泛函理论（DFT）在B3LYP/6-31G＊＊水平下对CaCl2/甲醇溶液中可能存在的配位构型进行结构优化及热力学性质的计算,说明了在CaCl2/甲醇溶液中各种配位构型存在的可能性,得出温度升高热力学数据的变化规律,解释了溶剂化数随温度升高而降低的趋势.进一步对各种可能配位构型的红外吸收频率进行计算并与实验结果进行比较,推断在CaCl2/甲醇溶液中主要存在的配位构型为[CaCl（CH3OH）n]＋和[Cl（CH3OH）n]-.     

Experimental observation of preferential solvation on a radical ion pair using MARY spectroscopy

The effect of preferential solvation on the exciplex luminescence detected magnetic field effect has been studied using magnetic-field-effect-on-reaction-yield (MARY) spectroscopy. By designing solvent mixtures which can provide a micro-environment around the magneto-sensitive radical ion pair (RIP) from highly heterogeneous to quasi-homogenous, the effect of the polarity scan on an absolute magnetic field effect (χ(E)) and B(1/2) (the field value marking half saturation) has been studied on the system 9,10-dimethylanthracene (fluorophore)/N,N'-dimethylaniline (quencher). While the trend in χ(E) (although with subtle differences) follows the usual norm of passing through maxima with increasing polarity, the B(1/2) values show either a large monotonic decrease (for heterogeneous solvents) or remain constant (for quasi-homogenous systems) with increasing polarity. The observations have been interpreted invoking the concept of amplification of the "cage-effect" as a result of preferential solvation in binary solvents and its influence on the decaying exciplex. The use of ternary solvents further confirms the proposed mechanism. Additionally electron hopping from the radical ion pair to the surrounding neutral donor molecules could also possibly contribute to the observed trend.     

Determination of primary and secondary solvation numbers and binding constants based on the shift of a proton-transfer equilibrium resulting from hydrogen bonding solvation

We show how the shift in the equilibrium constant K _PT for formation of a proton-transfer adduct in a non-interactive solvent, upon addition of a second, hydrogen-bonding solvent S reveals the nature of the hydrogen bonding solvation process. Data are analyzed for the pentachlorophenoltriethylamine proton-transfer equilibrium in cyclohexane solvent, under-going solvation by the acidic alcohols, 2,2,2-trichloroethanol and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol. K _PT vs. [S] data are fitted to a binding isotherm corresponding to two-stage solvation of both the adduct and the free amine. Stoichiometries and binding constants for both primary and secondary solvation of both solvated species are determined as adjustable parameters. Best fits correspond to both the adduct and free amine under-going primary solvation by one alcohol molecule (presumably at the oxygen and nitrogen lone-pairs, respectively) followed by secondary solvation by one to nine additional alcohol molecules, with binding constants ranging from 2100 M^–1, for primary solvation of the adduct by hexafluoro-2-propanol, down to 7 M^–1, for secondary solvation of the amine by trichloroethanol. We speculate that the secondary solvation numbers represent average sizes of hydrogen-bonded alcohol chains, nucleated by the enhanced basicity of the primary-solvation alcohol.