Anisotropic emission characteristics of semitransparent spherical particle with spherically asymmetric temperature distribution

The Monte Carlo ray-tracing method (MCRT) based on the concept of radiation distribution factor is extended to study the anisotropic emission characteristics of semitransparent spherical particle with spherically asymmetric temperature distribution. The dimensionless apparent spectral radiative intensity of particle emission is calculated by the radiation distribution factor. The effects of the related parameters on the dimensionless apparent spectral radiative intensity are analyzed and discussed. The results show that the anisotropy of particle emission increases with the spherically asymmetry of particle temperature, and the refractive index and the particle optical thickness strongly affect the anisotropic emission characteristics of semitransparent spherical particle with spherically asymmetric temperature distribution.     

Internal electric field distribution within a micro-cylinder-shaped particle suspended in an absorbing gaseous medium

The present study is concerned with photophoresis of a microsized long cylinder-shaped particle suspended in an absorbing gas medium. To facilitate the analysis, an infinite cylinder subjected to an intensive light beam is considered as the physical model. The electromagnetic energy can be absorbed by the particle and turned into thermal energy heating surface unevenly, which results in a net momentum transfer between gas molecules and the particle to drive particle in photophoretic motion. Effects of the governing parameters on the absorbed energy distribution in the cylindrical particle are investigated. The results demonstrate that increasing either the radius or absorptivity of the cylinder enhances the energy absorbed on the illuminated side and tends to generate positive photophoresis; while an increase in the refractivity of the particle tends to enhance the internal electric field intensity and shift the absorption peak on the shaded side toward the particle center. Increase in medium absorptivity reduces the energy reaching at the particle, which significantly degrades the level of energy absorption and therefore weakens the photophoretic mobility of the particle. It is also found that, at the same conditions, the source function peaks in long cylinder-shaped particles are generally lower than those in spheres due to the weaker light refraction of the cylindrical shape.     

к тЕОРИИ пОглОЩЕНИь М ОЩНых пОтОкОВ ИжлУЧЕ НИь

The equations for a density matrix were used to calculate the radiation absorption of an arbitrary spectral composition and angular distribution. The calculation takes into consideration the saturation effect, the interaction of the absorbing molecues with the surroundings being described by means of the probabilities of non-optical transitions and not by means of approximate relaxation terms. The result are expressions for the absorption coefficient, taking into consideration its dependence on the intensity, spectral composition, direction of propagation and polarization of the radiation, which is absorbed in the region of one and the same absorption curve of the molecule. The relations also contain the dependence of the absorption coefficient on the intensity of the radiation absorbed in the region of other natural frequencies of the molecule and on all the probabilities of non-optical and spontaneous transitions.     

Aerosol light absorption and its measurement: A review

Light absorption by aerosols contributes to solar radiative forcing through absorption of solar radiation and heating of the absorbing aerosol layer. Besides the direct radiative effect, the heating can evaporate clouds and change the atmospheric dynamics. Aerosol light absorption in the atmosphere is dominated by black carbon (BC) with additional, significant contributions from the still poorly understood brown carbon and from mineral dust. Sources of these absorbing aerosols include biomass burning and other combustion processes and dust entrainment.For particles much smaller than the wavelength of incident light, absorption is proportional to the particle volume and mass. Absorption can be calculated with Mie theory for spherical particles and with more complicated numerical methods for other particle shapes.The quantitative measurement of aerosol light absorption is still a challenge. Simple, commonly used filter measurements are prone to measurement artifacts due to particle concentration and modification of particle and filter morphology upon particle deposition, optical interaction of deposited particles and filter medium, and poor angular integration of light scattered by deposited particles. In situ methods measure particle absorption with the particles in their natural suspended state and therefore are not prone to effects related to particle deposition and concentration on filters. Photoacoustic and refractive index-based measurements rely on the heating of particles during light absorption, which, for power-modulated light sources, causes an acoustic signal and modulation of the refractive index in the air surrounding the particles that can be quantified with a microphone and an interferometer, respectively. These methods may suffer from some interference due to light-induced particle evaporation. Laser-induced incandescence also monitors particle heating upon absorption, but heats absorbing particles to much higher temperatures to quantify BC mass from the thermal radiation emitted by the heated particles. Extinction-minus-scattering techniques have limited sensitivity for measuring aerosol light absorption unless the very long absorption paths of cavity ring-down techniques are used. Systematic errors can be dominated by truncation errors in the scattering measurement for large particles or by subtraction errors for high single scattering albedo particles. Remote sensing techniques are essential for global monitoring of aerosol light absorption. While local column-integrated measurements of aerosol light absorption with sun and sky radiometers are routinely done, global satellite measurements are so far largely limited to determining a semi-quantitative UV absorption index.     

Infrared absorption by surface phonons and surface plasmons in small crystals

A continuum model is developed which describes the infrared absorption of interacting spheres very much smaller than the wavelength of light. A mode with uniform polarization inside the sphere is assumed responsible for the absorption. The frequency of this mode in a small isolated sphere can be greatly shifted from the bulk value due to the surface polarization charge. If the particles are not isolated, this frequency is also influenced by the dipolar interaction of neighboring particles. We find that it is possible to define an average dielectric function for a layer of small interacting, absorbing spheres which has the Lorentz form for either phonon or plasmon excitations. If both plasmon and phonon excitations are possible in the same particle, the absorption coefficient of the coupled system displays two resonances and an antiresonance.     

Study of the spin polarization of unoccupied states near the Fermi level by spin-dependent near-edge absorption spectroscopy

Spin-dependent near-edge absorption spectroscopy is presented as a new method for studying the spin density of states near the Fermi level at the absorbing atom site. Using circularly polarized synchrotron radiation the spin-dependent inner-shell absorption coefficient is measured as a function of the photoelectron energy. The spin-dependent absorption profile is expected to reflect directly the spin-density distribution of the states populated in the absorption process. The spin densities of 3d-and 4f-elements in pure systems, ferromagnetic alloy and compounds, and 5d-impurities in Fe have been investigated. The results are compared with spin-resolved band-structure calculations for the ferromagnetic ground state.     

Radiation trapping in atomic absorption spectroscopy at lead determination in different matricies

The determination of lead by flame atomic absorption analysis in the presence of Sn and Fe atoms and different matrices such as OH and SO₃ was investigated with the objective of understanding the spectral interference processes at the analytical lines 283.31 nm for a wide range of concentration.The radiation trapping factor was interpreted and evaluated assuming Voigt distribution of the atomic and rotational lines in the flame. The radiation trapping factor was increased by increasing the number density (plasma of the absorbing medium is optically thick). In plasma, there is a certain point of equilibrium between the trapping and the escaping of radiation, which is relevant to 50% of absorption.The spectral background interference can cause a variation of the number density at equilibrium point as a result of the degree of overlap with the analytical line.The spectral background interference can be easily avoided by using another resonance absorption line for the analysis. The chemical modification of the matrix is applied to minimize the interference effect. Nitric acid, ammonium nitrate and magnesium nitrate are most commonly recommended as matrix modifiers.     

Radiative properties of densely packed spheres in semitransparent media: A new geometric optics approach

This contribution presents a new Ray-tracing method for calculating effective radiative properties of densely packed spheres in non-absorbing or semitransparent host medium. The method is restricted to the geometric optic objects and neglects the wave effects. The effective radiative properties such as the absorption and scattering coefficients, and phase function are retrieved from the calculation of mean-free paths of scattering and absorption, and the angular scattering probability of radiation propagating in the dispersed medium. The model accounts for the two geometric effects called here as non-point scattering and ray transportation effects. The successful comparison of the current model with data of radiative properties and transmittances of particle beds in a non-absorbing medium reported in the literature confirm its suitability. It is shown that: (i) for opaque or absorbing particles (not systematically opaque), the non-point scattering is the dominant geometric effects whereas both non-point scattering and ray transportation effects occur for weakly absorbing and transparent particles. In the later cases, these two geometric effects oppose and may cancel out. This may explain why the Independent scattering theory works well for packed of quasi-transparent particles; (ii) the non-point scattering and ray transportation effects can be captured through the scattering and absorption coefficients while using the classical form of phase function. This enables using the standard radiative transfer equation (RTE); (iii) the surrounding medium absorption can be accounted for without any homogenization rule. It contributes to increasing the effective absorption coefficient of the composite medium as expected but, at the same time, it reduces the particle extinction; and (iv) the current transfer calculation predicts remarkably the results of direct Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. This study tends therefore to confirm that the RTE can be applied to densely packed media by using effective radiative properties.     

Radiative properties of radially nonisothermal alumina particles with multiphase

Accurate prediction of radiative properties of alumina (Al₂O₃) particle with phase transition is essential to both spray deposition of coatings and solid aluminized rocket plume diagnostics. In this paper, a theoretical model based on the electromagnetic theory is applied to determine thermal radiation of a radially inhomogeneous alumina particle having a radial temperature distribution, where a concise and efficient algorithm is developed for the calculation. The internal absorption efficiencies for single phase and multiphase particle are calculated and discussed. The absorption efficiency at the surface of multiphase alumina spherical particle is calculated by the effective-medium sphere mode, and the result is compared with that of multilayered sphere model, which shows that effective-medium sphere mode gives similar results when each layer's thickness is much less than the wavelength of the incident light. The effect of temperature difference between the center and the surface on the spectral radiant flux of multiphase alumina particle is also analyzed in this paper.     

积雪与气溶胶粒子混合的光谱反照率模拟研究

积雪中的黑碳气溶胶粒子会导致积雪光谱反射率显著下降,进而引起的气候辐射变化会推迟或提前积雪融化时间,严重影响了干旱区地表径流特征、区域水循环过程,由此引起的干旱区生态水文问题也越来越受到关注。2018年1月在新疆北疆地区开展积雪中气溶胶粒子观测实验,借助ASD地物光谱仪、Snow Folk积雪特性仪与HR-1024外场分光辐射度计等仪器获取原始积雪光谱数据与其他积雪参数,应用Snow,Ice,and Aerosol Radiation model(SNICAR)模型模拟了不同雪粒径下、不同太阳天顶角、不同Black Carbon(BC)浓度下的积雪光谱反照率变化状况,讨论了BC、雪粒径在不同光谱范围内敏感性,结果表明:太阳天顶角对雪面光谱反照率的影响在近红外波段比其他波段表现得更明显,在积雪光谱曲线中太阳天顶角从0°变化到80°,可见光波段600 nm处光谱反照率升高了0.045,近红外波段1000,1200和1300 nm处光谱反照率分别升高了0.16,0.225和0.249;在天顶角为60°时,雪粒径从100μm增大到800μm,对应的光谱反照率减少量最大可达到0.15,且100~300μm范围内的雪粒径比400~800μm范围内的引起光谱反照率的下降量明显增大,雪粒径的增大能使吸光性颗粒物的光吸收效应增强;随着BC浓度的增加,积雪反照率会显著下降,且不同浓度的BC对积雪的反照率的差值不同,随着BC浓度的增加,反照率的差值量越来越小。不同的BC浓度在近红外波段对光谱反照率影响较小,影响较大的范围主要集中可见光波段,在光谱800和1100 nm处,5μg·g-1的BC浓度使光谱反照率减小了0.13和0.04,5μg·g-1的BC可使350与550 nm处的光谱反照率减小0.25与0.23;比较不同粒径下,BC浓度对积雪光谱宽波段反照率的减少情况可发现,在BC存在的情况下,雪粒径的增加会增大BC的光吸收效应,且浓度越高,吸收增加的越多;从光谱指数角度表明BC在可见光波段350~740 nm比较敏感,相关系数较高;雪粒径在近红外波段1100~1500 nm比较敏感,尤其在1000与1300 nm左右,BC与雪粒径在积雪光谱曲线中的敏感波段相关性都较高,R 2高达0.9以上;最后将模型模拟的积雪反照率与实测数据进行验证对比,R 2为0.738,模拟效果较好,可为干旱区积雪光谱反照率的研究奠定数据基础。     

Modelling laser cleaning of low-absorbing substrates: the effect of near-field focussing

A three-dimensional model for laser cleaning of spherical, transparent particles on low-absorbing substrates has been developed. It takes into account near-field focussing of the laser radiation by the particles. The intensity distribution under a particle was found using Mie theory together with the geometrical optics approximation. This permits the estimation of the beam width at the substrate surface and the focal distance of the radiation coming from the spherical particle. These parameters are used to find the distribution of intensity within the low-absorbing substrate from the formula for a focussed Gaussian beam. This is in contrast with most other models of laser cleaning, which assume that all absorption occurs at the surface of the substrate. The energy criterion was used to calculate the threshold fluence. The model predicts threshold fluences of the order of 10³ J/cm² for silica spheres having a diameter of the order of a micron on silica substrates, assuming adhesion by van der Waals force. As this is well above the damage threshold for silica, it effectively predicts that laser cleaning of silica spheres from silica will be impossible. For glass slides the threshold fluence is predicted to be a factor of 10^-4 times smaller than that for silica slides (about 0.1 J/cm²). This is due to the much higher absorption of glass compared to that of silica at 248 nm. PACS 42.62.Cf; 81.65.Cf     

Diffusion-controlled processes among partially absorbing stationary sinks

A general linear response theory is presented to calculate the zero-wavevector and zero-frequency reaction rate coefficient for particles diffusing into absorbing spheres. Allowance is made for possible incomplete particle absorption. A Faxén-like theorem for chemical reactions is derived. The problem is solved completely for a simple regular array of sinks. Exact analytic expressions for the rate coefficient as a function of sink volume fraction are obtained for the sc and fcc lattices. The case of a disordered array of sinks is also considered and the leading order nonanalytic density dependence of the rate coefficient is calculated. In both cases an increase in the rate coefficient with sink density in a local region of the system is found. The general formalism is extended to examine the modification to the particle diffusion coefficient due to the presence of the spheres. For regular arrays of spheres, the mean field result is reproduced.Research supported in part by a grant from the National Research Council of Canada.     

Radiative heat transfer through opacified fibers and powders

Radiative heat transfer through opacified (metallic or metallized) cylindrical fibers and spherical powders is investigated theoretically. The radiative properties of these packed particles are evaluated by using the solutions of electromagnetic theory. The large optical constants and large particle size parameters require an improved numerical scheme for evaluation of these properties. The results show that fine metal fibers provide excellent thermal radiation resistance. For the packed spheres, the high solid volume fraction restricts the present model to the geometric scattering regime. The results in this regime indicate better radiation resistance for smaller spheres. It is also interesting to note that, relative to unopacified spheres, the opacified spheres have higher thermal radiation resistance only at high temperatures.     

Aggregation and composition effects on absorption and scattering properties of dye-sensitized anatase TiO2 particle clusters

A transition matrix approach is used to compute the scattering and absorption cross sections, as well as phase functions, asymmetry factors and forward scattering ratios, of clusters of spherical particles. In order to approach the local structure and composition of the nanosized active layer of photoelectrochemical solar cells, some clusters consist of homogeneous non-absorbing anatase spherical pigments, others have anatase particles coated with a monolayer of absorbing dye molecules, and others can consist of both uncoated and dye-coated anatase particles. Orientation average values of the volumetric scattering and absorption cross sections are computed in terms of the size of the spherical particles in the clusters and their number. The degree of scattering and absorption when considering dye-coated anatase particles in the clusters is characterized. The effect of dependent scattering on the average angular distribution of the scattered radiation is also considered.     

The kinetic boundary layer for the Fokker-Planck equation: Selectively absorbing boundaries

We study the joint distribution function for position and velocity of a Brownian particle near a wall. The wall absorbs all particles that hit it with sufficiently high velocity and reflects all slower ones, either specularly or diffusely. We determine in particular stationary distributions in the absence of external forces. Appreciable deviations from local equilibrium occur in a kinetic boundary layer near the wall; its details depend strongly on the way in which the slow particles are reflected. The resulting effective absorption rate is calculated and compared with the result of approximations analogous to the transition state theory of chemical reactions. The method used is a generalization of the one used in an earlier paper for the case of a completely absorbing wall; a numerical algorithm based on an expansion of the distribution function in terms of a presumably complete set of boundary layer solutions.     

Application of transition radiation in a small dihedral angle to detection of relativistic particles

The features of transition radiation excited by a relativistic particle in a dihedral angle with an opening comparable to the angular divergence of transition radiation are considered. It is shown that the radiation distribution in the dihedral angle is more sensitive to the direction of emitting particle motion and to the position of the surface intersection by the particle, than the radiation excited when a plane surface is intersected. It is indicated that the spectral radiation density in the small dihedral angle is higher than the density of radiation excited when a plane surface is intersected. These features offer additional opportunities to use transition radiation in systems for measuring particle parameters.     

Control over parameters of photonic nanojets of dielectric microspheres

We report on the results of theoretical investigation of the parameters of photonic nanojets formed near the shadow surface of micron-sized dielectric spheres irradiated by a laser radiation. The longitudinal and transversal dimensions of the photonic nanojet and its peak intensity also are calculated as the functions of particle size, index of absorption, and optical contrast of the particulate material. The photonic nano-flux was simulated numerically in composite particles made of a core and a shell with different refractive indices and variable shell thickness. Some practical conclusions are drawn concerning the possible ways to gain the control over the nanojet parameters in micron-sized spherical particles.     

Thermal emission and volumetric absorption of a graded index semitransparent medium layer

Both thermal emission and volumetric absorption characteristics of a graded index semitransparent medium layer are investigated numerically. The semitransparent and specular emerging surface of the medium layer is parallel to an opaque and diffuse substrate wall. Monochromatic spectrum or gray medium is considered in the analysis. A pseudo-source adding method is combined with a ray-splitting and -tracing technique to solve the radiative transfer in the medium. As examples, constant and linear refractive index distributions are examined for an isothermal layer and the medium layer with a linear temperature distribution. Directional and hemispherical thermal emissions from the emerging surface as well as the volumetric absorption to the diffuse and parallel incidence of radiation are investigated, respectively. The results show that the refractive index distribution has significant influences on thermal emission and volumetric absorption of a semitransparent medium layer. The optical thickness, temperature distribution and the reflectivity of substrate wall react in combination with the refractive index distribution.     

Diffuse reflectance of TiO2 pigmented paints: Spectral dependence of the average pathlength parameter and the forward scattering ratio

Diffuse reflectance spectra of paint coatings with different pigment concentrations, normally illuminated with unpolarized radiation, have been measured. A four-flux radiative transfer approach is used to model the diffuse reflectance of TiO₂ (rutile) pigmented coatings through the solar spectral range. The spectral dependence of the average pathlength parameter and of the forward scattering ratio for diffuse radiation, are explicitly incorporated into this four-flux model from two novel approximations. The size distribution of the pigments has been taken into account to obtain the averages of the four-flux parameters: scattering and absorption cross sections, forward scattering ratios for collimated and isotropic diffuse radiation, and coefficients involved in the expansion of the single particle phase function in terms of Legendre polynomials.     

PuO2颗粒对自发α射线的能量自吸收效应评估研究

构建PuO₂颗粒状α发射体的球体几何模型,采用蒙特卡罗和射程经验公式模拟计算α射线在PuO₂颗粒中的射程能量关系式及α射线从PuO₂颗粒表面出射的能谱分布,研究因PuO₂颗粒对自发α射线的能量自吸收效应导致的对人体内照射剂量评估的影响。研究结果表明,PuO₂粒径越大,其对自发α射线的能量自吸收效应越明显,内照射剂量的修正效果越好;当PuO₂粒径在2 μm以上时,内照射剂量的修正效果大于5%。本研究的结果对吸入放射性物质所致人体内照射剂量的准确估算有重要的参考价值,并可应用于放射性核素肿瘤治疗等领域的微剂量学研究。A sphere geometry model for plutonium oxide-based alpha emitter was setup.The range of alpha particle in plutonium oxide pellet versus its energy and the spectral distribution of alpha particle emerging from the emitter surface were calculated using Monte Carlo method combined with the empirical formula of range.The internal radiation dose resulted by self-absorption effect of α-rays emitted spontaneously in plutonium oxide was investigated accordingly.The result shows that the larger particle size the plutonium oxide-based alpha emitter has,the more obvious the self-absorption effect is and the better the correction effect of the intake absorbed dose that effects on human lung has.For plutonium oxide pellet with its particle size exceeding 2 μm,the correction quantity is expected to be larger than 5%.Our work is beneficial for a precise evaluation of internal radiation dose induced by inhaled radioactive material and microdosimetry study in radionuclide tumor therapy.