Light absorption and scattering by aggregates: Application to black carbon and snow grains

A geometric-optics surface-wave approach has been developed for the computation of light absorption and scattering by nonspherical particles for application to aggregates and snow grains with external and internal mixing structures. Aggregates with closed- (internal mixing) and open-cell configurations are constructed by means of stochastic procedures using homogeneous and core-shell spheres with smooth or rough surfaces as building blocks. The complex aggregate shape and composition can be accounted for by using the hit-and-miss Monte Carlo geometric photon tracing method. We develop an integral expression for diffraction by randomly oriented aggregates based on Babinet's principle and a photon-number weighted geometric cross section. With reference to surface-wave contributions originally developed for spheres, we introduce a nonspherical correction factor using a non-dimensional volume parameter such that it is 1 for spheres and 0 for elongated particles. The extinction efficiency, single-scattering albedo, and asymmetry factor results for randomly oriented columns and plates compare reasonably well with those determined from the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) and the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) computer codes for size parameters up to about 20. The present theoretical approach covers all size ranges and is particularly attractive from the perspective of efficient light absorption and scattering calculations for complex particle shape and inhomogeneous composition.We show that under the condition of equal volume and mass, the closed-cell configuration has larger absorption than its open-cell counterpart for both ballistic and diffusion-limited aggregates. Because of stronger absorption in the closed-cell case, most of the scattered energy is confined to forward directions, leading to a larger asymmetry factor than the open-cell case. Additionally, light absorption for randomly oriented snowflakes is similar to that of their spherical counterparts under the condition of equal geometrical cross section area for both external and internal mixing states; however, nonspherical snowflakes scatter less light in forward directions than spheres, resulting in a substantial reduction of the asymmetry factor. We further demonstrate that small soot particles on the order of 1 μm internally mixed with snow grains could effectively reduce snow albedo by as much as 5-10%. Indeed, the depositions of black carbon would substantially reduce mountain-snow albedo, which would lead to surface warming and snowmelt, critical to regional climatic surface temperature amplification and feedback.     

Multiple scattering of light by water cloud droplets with external and internal mixing of black carbon aerosols

The mixture of water cloud droplets with black carbon impurities is modeled by external and internal mixing models.The internal mixing model is modeled with a two-layered sphere(water cloud droplets containing black carbon(BC) inclusions),and the single scattering and absorption characteristics are calculated at the visible wavelength of 0.55 μm by using the Lorenz-Mie theory.The external mixing model is developed assuming that the same amount of BC particles are mixed with the water droplets externally.The multiple scattering characteristics are computed by using the Monte Carlo method.The results show that when the size of the BC aerosol is small,the reflection intensity of the internal mixing model is bigger than that of the external mixing model.However,if the size of the BC aerosol is big,the absorption of the internal mixing model will be larger than that of the external mixing model.     

The influence of broken cloudiness on cloud top height retrievals using nadir observations of backscattered solar radiation in the oxygen A-band

The paper is devoted to theoretical studies of the influence of cloud inhomogeneities on cloud top height (CTH) retrievals based on top-of-atmosphere nadir reflectance observations in the oxygen A-band. A three-demensional (3D) Monte Carlo code is used to simulate highly resolved spectral measurements in the oxygen A-band. These synthetic radiances are used as input for the retrieval code SACURA based on asymptotic radiative transfer theory and the independent pixel approximation. The results show that the effect of cloud inhomogeneity on the derived CTHs is small. While we found considerable 3D effects in the reflectance of more than 30% compared to the independent column approximation, the spectral dependence of the difference was small. As SACURA is mainly based on spectral ratios, the retrieval results are hardly affected by the large absolute deviations. In consequence, SACURA is capable to retrieve CTHs with an accuracy of better than 1.5 km for overcast and also most partially cloudy cases.     

黑碳团簇气溶胶混合生长的红外吸收特性及长波辐射效应

黑碳气溶胶是当前气溶胶辐射强迫评估中最不确定的因子.本文通过构建黑碳的微物理模型,分别模拟了新鲜状态的黑碳气溶胶和混合生长(老化)后被硫酸盐包裹的黑碳气溶胶,利用叠加T矩阵方法计算获得了具有团簇形态和多成分混合的黑碳气溶胶红外吸收特性,通过大气辐射传输模型模拟了黑碳气溶胶的长波辐射强迫,分析了典型理化参数的敏感性.发现黑碳混合生长可以显著增强其大气层顶的长波辐射强迫,最高可达3倍.而且,包裹黑碳的硫酸盐半径越大,将明显增强大气层顶的黑碳长波辐射强迫.这些发现将有助于降低黑碳气溶胶气候效应评估的不确定性.     

喷管构形和聚焦位置对雾化水滴推进性能的影响

以抛物形和锥形喷管为研究对象,开展了雾化水滴的脉冲式TEA CO<,2>激光推进性能的实验研究.冲营的大小由压电传感器测量得出的推力随时间的变化关系曲线得出.雾化水滴的能量转化效率达到了26.1%,比冲达到了102 s.对于较短的喷管而言,聚焦位置距离喷管顶部越近,推进性能参数越高.喷管构形对推进性能的影响比较明显,抛...     

多晶硅中的氧碳行为及其对太阳电池转换效率的影响

认识及控制多晶硅中杂质行为对于实现低成本、高效率多晶硅太阳电池有着重要的意义.利用红外光谱技术研究了定向凝固多晶硅锭中不同部位材料热处理前后的氧浓度、碳浓度变化,结合少子寿命、光电转换效率、内量子效率等电池性能,探索不同含量的氧、碳杂质对电池性能影响的物理机制.提出一种考虑碳影响的氧沉淀生长模型,并模拟了热处理后氧沉淀的尺寸分布和数量.研究发现,碳除了使利用硅锭顶部材料制备得到的电池转换效率降低外,还是决定氧沉淀作用的重要因素.由于碳含量多造成中部材料氧沉淀的尺寸大、数量多,引起缺陷,增加复合,而碳在底部 关键词： 氧 碳 太阳电池 转换效率     

An enhancement of efficiency of a solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell due to cocktail effect of N719 and black dye

The solar cell performance of the black dye, N719 dye and the cocktail of two dyes on TiO₂ films were studied by mean of the utilization as light harvesting electrodes in solid-state FTO|TiO₂|dye|CuI|Cr–FTO cells. The power conversion efficiencies of 3.8% and 3.0% are obtained when N719 and black dye were used. When the mixture of 1:1 of two dyes was used, the conversion efficiency rises to 4.6%. In the mixture of N719 and black dye, the N719 dye acts as the aggregation preventer and a co-absorber on TiO₂ surfaces. The increased absorption of light by the two dyes results in increase of electron injection thus enhancing both the short-circuit current density and the open circuit voltage contributing to increased power conversion efficiency of the cell.     

The effect of collisions with nitrogen on absorption by oxygen in the A-band using cavity ring-down spectroscopy.

This paper reports on the effect of collisions between nitrogen and oxygen on absorption in the A-band near 760?nm under atmospheric conditions relevant for satellite retrieval studies. We use pulsed laser cavity ring-down spectroscopy with a narrow bandwidth laser and use pressure scans to increase the accuracy of the measured oxygen extinction coefficients. We use the so-called Adjustable Branch Coupling model to describe line mixing in the magnetic allowed A-band dipole absorption and we retrieve the collision induced absorption spectrum due to N₂–O₂ collisions.     

Synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure study on oxidative etching of diamond-like carbon films by hyperthermal atomic oxygen

Surface structural changes of a hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (DLC) film exposed to a hyperthermal atomic oxygen beam were investigated by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy (SR-PES), and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS). It was confirmed that the DLC surface was oxidized and etched by high-energy collisions of atomic oxygen. RBS and real-time mass-loss data showed a linear relationship between etching and atomic oxygen fluence. SR-PES data suggested that the oxide layer was restricted to the topmost surface of the DLC film. NEXAFS data were interpreted to mean that the sp² structure at the DLC surface was selectively etched by collisions with hyperthermal atomic oxygen, and an sp³-rich region remained at the topmost DLC surface. The formation of an sp³-rich layer at the DLC surface led to surface roughening and a reduced erosion yield relative to the pristine DLC surface.     

The effect of two-photon absorption and optical excitation area on the generation of THz radiation

It was found experimentally that the THz radiation throughput based on optical rectification is strongly related to the optical excitation size in a ZeTe emitter. The factors affecting the THz radiation throughput are investigated in detail both experimentally and theoretically. By taking into account optical rectification, diffraction and two-photon absorption effects, a theoretical model is established to describe the emitting field intensity of THz radiation. There is excellent agreement between the theoretical results and the experimental data under high excitation power. Both theoretical and experimental results demonstrate that there is a trade-off between these three effects for THz radiation, and that in order to increase the THz radiation throughput based on optical rectification, one should choose suitable excitation size under a given pump power.     

The effect of a transverse electric field on the electronic properties of an armchair carbon nanoscroll

In this work, we use the tight-binding model to study the low-energy electronic properties of carbon nanoscrolls subject to the influences of a transverse electric field. A carbon nanoscroll can be considered as an open-ended spirally wrapped graphene nanoribbon. The inter-wall interactions will alter the subband curvature, create additional band-edge states, modify the subband spacing or energy gap, and separate the partial flat bands. Furthermore, the energy band symmetry about the Fermi level is lifted by such interactions. The truncated Archimedean spiral ρ?=?r _a θ?+r is used to describe the spiral structures of carbon nanoscrolls. The energy gap is found to oscillate significantly with r, and exhibits complete energy gap modulations. With the inclusion of a transverse electric field, the band structures are further altered. Inter-wall hoppings will cause electron transfers between different atoms leading to distortions of the electron wavefunctions. The main features of the energy dispersions are directly reflected in the density of states. The numbers, heights, and energies of the density of states peaks are dependent on the electric field strength.     

The effect of surface modification on heavy metal ion removal from water by carbon nanoporous adsorbent

In this work, chemically oxidized mesoporous carbon (COMC) with excellent lead adsorption performance was prepared by an acid surface modification method from mesoporous carbon (MC) by wet impregnation method. The structural order and textural properties of the mesoporous materials were studied by XRD, SEM, and nitrogen adsorption. The presence of carboxylic functional groups on the carbon surface was confirmed by FT-IR analysis. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to study the effect of adsorbent dose, initial concentration and temperature for the removal of Pb(II) from aqueous systems. The adsorption was maximum for the initial pH in the range of 6.5-8.0. The kinetic data were best fitted to the pseudo-second order model. The adsorption of chemically oxidized mesoporous carbon to Pb(II) fits to the Langmuir model. The larger adsorption capacity of chemically oxidized mesoporous carbon for Pb(II) is mainly due to the oxygenous functional groups formed on the surface of COMC which can react with Pb(II) to form salt or complex deposited on the surface of MC.     

Study on the optical limiting properties of the mixed liquid of carbon black suspensions and green tea solution by multi-pulse laser

The optical limiting properties of the mixed liquid of carbon black suspensions (CBS) and green tea solution were studied by using an 8 ns laser pulse at 532\,nm. The optical limiting effects of the CBS and mixed liquid have been compared between 5 and 10\,Hz repetition frequencies with nanosecond laser pulse. The experimental results indicate that the optical limiting threshold of the sample with the incidence laser at 10\,Hz repetition frequency is lower than at 5\,Hz repetition frequency. The possible reasons for the influence of the repetition frequency on the samples are discussed. And by observing the optical radiant distributions when the laser pulse passing through different samples, a possible mechanism for the observed effects is suggested. At the same time, the result shows that the optical limiting of CBS is the dominant factor to optical limiting of the mixed liquid.     

激光烧蚀对碳纳米管薄膜场发射性能的影响

采用丝网印刷工艺制作了碳纳米管(CNTs)薄膜阴极.经适当能量激光烧蚀后,相互粘连的CNTs随表面粘附有机物的蒸发而分散开,管间隙增加、屏蔽效应减小,使得场发射性能大幅度提高,开启场强降低、场倍增因子β增大.Raman光谱分析表明,随激光能量增加,CNTs表面缺陷增多,成为新的场发射点,对其β增大的贡献加强.相对于两电极结构,三电极中平栅极结构场发射性能经激光烧蚀有更显著的改善.这说明激光烧蚀是提高CNTs场发射性能的有效方法. 关键词： 碳纳米管薄膜 场发射 激光烧蚀 Raman光谱     

涂层球体混合体系的等效介电常数计算及应用

采用一定的包覆工艺制备了炭黑包覆发泡型聚苯乙烯(EPS)颗粒，用包覆的颗粒作为填料制备了环境适应性强的吸波材料. 将涂层球体混合体系作为密实整体考虑，计算了炭黑含量1%时的等效介电常数，并用计算结果预测了吸波性能. 与实验值对比表明，计算值是基本准确的，可以应用于新型微波暗室用吸波材料的设计和优化. 关键词： 炭黑 吸波材料 等效介电常数 吸波性能     

The effect of chemical treatment on the crystallinity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were chemically treated using nitric acid solution for different time. Quantitative analysis of the crystallinity of the MWCNTs was performed by wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). The WAXD patterns were deconvoluted into the crystalline diffraction peaks and the amorphous scattering peaks. The introduction of a correction factor for the integrated peak intensity can enhance the computational accuracy of the crystallinity. With increasing the chemical treatment time, the crystallinity of MWCNTs first increases, and then decreases. When the chemical treatment time is equal to 2 h, the crystallinity of MWCNTs reaches the maximum of 85.9%. Moreover, the degree of order in the structures of chemically treated MWCNTs was further studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). It was found that the external walls of chemically treated MWCNTs with high crystallinity consist of a series of perfectly continuous and straight graphite layers.     

O4对利用天顶散射光法测量大气组分含量的影响研究

通过实验证明是否考虑O4的存在对利用天顶散射光测量大气组分含量的结果存在影响.介绍了天顶散射光的观测原理、实验仪器、测量方法、光谱处理以及浓度反演过程.用具体的实验数据说明考虑O4在实验波段内的吸收能提高NO2和O3浓度反演结果的准确性.同时将观测得到的臭氧垂直柱密度与美国TOMS观测数据进行了对比.     

The edges and terrace effect of Ag particles on optical resonance absorption property

Alternative Ag and SiO₂ multilayers are prepared by using radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The Ag particles are found to diffuse toward and mostly accumulate near the surface of the Ag—SiO₂ composite film via a rapid thermal treatment. Different shapes of the Ag particles are obtained by changing the thickness of each Ag and SiO₂ layer. The response absorption property of the Ag composite film is also investigated. We relate the resonance absorption to the surface level and the Fermi level. To induce the obvious resonance absorption in an Ag composite film, it is necessary to maintain special shapes with sharp edges and wide terraces and to maintain the particle sizes ranging from 0 nm to 100 nm.     

The influence of surface effect on vibration behaviors of carbon nanotubes under initial stress

An analytical method is presented to solve the influence of surface effect on non-coaxial resonance of multi-walled carbon nanotubes embedded in matrix utilizing laminated structures model. Due to coupled van der Waals forces between adjacent tubes and surface effect exerted carbon nanotubes, the resonance frequencies and amplitude ratios of multi-walled carbon nanotubes under initial stresses show that the resonant characteristics of the multi-walled carbon nanotubes become complex and the numbers of vibrational modes do not keep increase under identical conditions after considering surface effects. The result obtained can be used as a beneficial reference for investigating the electronic and physical behaviors of carbon nanotubes.