Three-dimensional radiative transfer in an anisotropically scattering, semi-infinite medium: generalized reflection function

Three-dimensional radiative transfer in an anisotropic scattering medium exposed to spatially varying, collimated radiation is studied. The generalized reflection function for a semi-infinite medium with a very general scattering phase function is the focus of this investigation. An integral transform is used to reduce the three-dimensional transport equation to a one-dimensional form, and a modified Ambarzumian's method is applied to formulate a nonlinear integral equation for the generalized reflection function. The integration is over both the polar and azimuthal angles; hence, the integral equation is said to be in the double-integral form. The double-integral, reflection function formulation can handle a variety of anisotropic phase functions and does not require an expansion of the phase function in a Legendre polynomial series. Complicated kernel transformations of previous single-integral studies are eliminated. Single and double scattering approximations are developed. Numerical results are presented for a Rayleigh phase function to illustrate the computational characteristics of the method and are compared to results obtained with the single-integral method. Agreement between the two approaches is excellent; however, as the transform variable increases beyond five the number of quadrature points required for the double-integral method to produce accurate solutions significantly increases. A new interpolation scheme produces accurate results when the transform variable is large.     

Three-dimensional radiative transfer in an anisotropically scattering, plane-parallel medium: generalized reflection and transmission functions

The problem of spatially varying, collimated radiation incident on an anisotropically scattering, plane-parallel medium is considered. A very general phase function is allowed. An integral transform is used to reduce the three-dimensional radiative transport equation to a one-dimensional form, and a modified Ambarzumian's method is applied to derive nonlinear integral and integro-differential equations for the generalized reflection and transmission functions. The integration is over the polar and azimuthal angles—this formulation is referred to as the double-integral formulation. The integral equations are used to illustrate symmetry relationships and to obtain single- and double-scattering approximations. The generalized reflection and transmission functions are important in the construction of the solutions to many multidimensional problems. Coupled integral equations for the interior and emergent intensities are developed and, for the case of two identical homogeneous layers, used to formulate a doubling procedure. Results for an isotropic and Rayleigh scattering medium are presented to illustrate the computational characteristics of the formulation.     

Three-dimensional vector radiative transfer in a semi-infinite, Rayleigh scattering medium exposed to spatially varying polarized radiation: generalized reflection matrix

Three-dimensional vector radiative transfer in a semi-infinite medium exposed to spatially varying, polarized radiation is studied. The problem is to determine the generalized reflection matrix for a multiple scattering medium characterized by a 4×4 scattering matrix. A double integral transform is used to convert the three-dimensional vector radiative transfer equation to a one-dimensional form, and a modified Ambarzumian's method is then applied to derive a nonlinear integral equation for the generalized reflection matrix. The spatially varying backscattered radiation for an arbitrarily polarized incident beam can be found from the generalized reflection matrix. For Rayleigh scattering and normal incidence and emergence, the generalized reflection matrix is shown to have five non-zero elements. Benchmark results for these five elements are presented and compared to asymptotic results. When the incident radiation is polarized, the vector approach used in this study correctly predicts three-dimensional behavior, while the scalar approach does not. When the incident radiation is unpolarized, both the vector and scalar approaches predict a two-dimensional distribution of the intensity, but the error in the scalar prediction can be as high as 20%.     

A boundary integral method to compute Green's functions for the radiative transport equation

The Green's function for the time-independent radiative transport equation in the whole space can be computed as an expansion in plane wave solutions. Plane wave solutions are a general class of solutions for the radiative transport equation. Because plane wave solutions are not known analytically in general, we calculate them numerically using the discrete ordinate method. We use the whole space Green's function to derive boundary integral equations. Through the solution of the boundary integral equations, we compute the Green's function for bounded domains. In particular we compute the Green's function for the half space, the slab, and the two-layered half space. The boundary conditions used here are in their most general form. Hence, this theory can be applied to boundaries with any kind of reflection and transmission law.     

Some general problems of fast electrons transport

A generalization is given of the segments method in the form of a multistep method with generalized time for computing the transport of fast particles. The integral equation for a flow with generalized time in the phase space of variables is written under the assumption that the flow cuts the generalized time surface at right angles. The Green's function for the differential flow operator is the kernel of the integral equation. It is also shown that such an integral equation which can be obtained from a nonstationary kinetic equation provides a uniform consistent algorithm for solving either nonstationary or stationary problems. Examples of Green's functions are given for an operator of differential flow of fast electrons.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 8, pp. 110–114, August, 1974.The author would like to express his thanks to A. A. Vorob'ev and B. A. Kononov for their encouragement, to A. P. Yalovets for discussing the work with him, and to A. M. Kol'chuzhkin for going through the text.     

A boundary integral method to compute Green's functions for the radiative transport equation

The Green's function for the time-independent radiative transport equation in the whole space can be computed as an expansion in plane wave solutions. Plane wave solutions are a general class of solutions for the radiative transport equation. Because plane wave solutions are not known analytically in general, we calculate them numerically using the discrete ordinate method. We use the whole space Green's function to derive boundary integral equations. Through the solution of the boundary integral equations, we compute the Green's function for bounded domains. In particular we compute the Green's function for the half space, the slab, and the two-layered half space. The boundary conditions used here are in their most general form. Hence, this theory can be applied to boundaries with any kind of reflection and transmission law.     

Monostatic and bistatic statistical shadowing functions from a one-dimensional stationary randomly rough surface: II. Multiple scattering

The integral equation model (IEM) has been developed over the last decade and it has become one of the most widely used theoretical models for rough-surface scattering in microwave remote sensing. In the IEM model the shadowing function is typically either omitted or a form based on geometric optics with single reflection is used. In this paper, a shadowing function for one-dimensional rough surfaces which incorporates multiple scattering, finite surface length and both monostatic and bistatic configurations is developed. For any uncorrelated process, the resulting equation can be expressed in terms of the monostatic statistical shadowing function with single reflection, derived in the preceding companion paper. The effect of correlation between the surface slopes and heights for a Gaussian surface is studied to illuminate the range over which such correlations can be ignored. It is found that while the correlation between surface slopes and heights in the monostatic statistical shadowing function with single reflection can be ignored, when calculating the average shadowing function with double reflection the correlation between slopes and heights between points must be incorporated.     

Mass operator for wave scattering from a slightly random surface

This paper deals with the mass operator representing multiple-scattering effects in the theory of wave scattering from a slightly random surface. By means of the stochastic-functional approach, a recurrence equation for the mass operator is obtained in the form of an iterative integral. However, its solution oscillates in a non-physical manner against the number of iterations. Next, the recurrence equation may be regarded as a nonlinear integral equation, when the number of iterations goes to infinity. An analytical solution of the nonlinear integral equation is presented for a special case in which the roughness spectrum is the Dirac delta function. Then, the nonlinear integral equation is solved numerically for the Gaussian roughness spectrum by iteration, starting from such an analytical solution. It is shown that only a few iterations are required to obtain the mass operator, even when the correlation distance is small. Effects of the mass operators on the coherent reflection coefficient and the incoherent scattering cross section are calculated and shown in figures.     

New exact solutions of the generalized Zakharov–Kuznetsov modified equal-width equation

In this paper, new exact solutions, including soliton, rational and elliptic integral function solutions, for the generalized Zakharov–Kuznetsov modified equal-width equation are obtained using a new approach called the extended trial equation method. In this discussion, a new version of the trial equation method for the generalized nonlinear partial differential equations is offered.     

On the Generalized Mittag-Leffler Function and its Application in a Fractional Telegraph Equation

The classical Mittag-Leffler functions, involving one- and two-parameter, play an important role in the study of fractional-order differential (and integral) equations. The so-called generalized Mittag-Leffler function, a function with three-parameter which generalizes the classical ones, appear in the fractional telegraph equation. Here we introduce some integral transforms associated with this generalized Mittag-Leffler function. As particular cases some recent results are recovered.     

Monostatic and bistatic statistical shadowing functions from a one-dimensional stationary randomly rough surface: II. Multiple scattering

Abstract

The integral equation model (IEM) has been developed over the last decade and it has become one of the most widely used theoretical models for rough-surface scattering in microwave remote sensing. In the IEM model the shadowing function is typically either omitted or a form based on geometric optics with single reflection is used. In this paper, a shadowing function for one-dimensional rough surfaces which incorporates multiple scattering, finite surface length and both monostatic and bistatic configurations is developed. For any uncorrelated process, the resulting equation can be expressed in terms of the monostatic statistical shadowing function with single reflection, derived in the preceding companion paper. The effect of correlation between the surface slopes and heights for a Gaussian surface is studied to illuminate the range over which such correlations can be ignored. It is found that while the correlation between surface slopes and heights in the monostatic statistical shadowing function with single reflection can be ignored, when calculating the average shadowing function with double reflection the correlation between slopes and heights between points must be incorporated.     

Relation between multidimensional radiative transfer in cylindrical and rectangular coordinates with anisotropic scattering

An exact integral equation is derived for the source function in a three-dimensional rectangular medium which scatters anisotropically. The upper boundary of the finite medium is exposed to collimated radiation, while the lower boundary has no radiation incident on it. The problem is multidimensional because the incident radiation varies spatially. The scattering phase function is represented by a series of Legendre polynomials. A double Fourier transform reduces the problem to a one-dimensional integral equation for the source function. The transformed equation is compared with the integral equation for a two-dimensional cylindrical medium which scatters anisotropically and is exposed to Bessel-varying collimated radiation. A simple relation is found between the two source functions which will greatly reduce the number of computations required for the three-dimensional case. The relation also illustrates the wide utility of the generalized one-dimensional source function. Simplification of the two-dimensional rectangular case to the generalized source function is also presented. The results are extended to problems with a strong anisotropic phase function which has a diffraction spike in the forward direction.     

Radiative transfer theory with time delay for the effect of pulse entrapping in a resonant random medium: General transfer equation and point-like scatterer model

Abstract

A pulse propagation of a vector electromagnetic wave field in a discrete random medium under the condition of Mie resonant scattering is considered on the basis of the Bethe–Salpeter equation in the two-frequency domain in the form of an exact kinetic equation which takes into account the energy accumulation inside scatterers. The kinetic equation is simplified using the transverse field and far wave zone approximations which give a new general tensor radiative transfer equation with strong time delay by resonant scattering. This new general radiative transfer equation, being specified in terms of the low-density limit and the resonant point-like scatterer model, takes the form of a new tensor radiative transfer equation with three Lorentzian time-delay kernels by resonant scattering. In contrast to the known phenomenological scalar Sobolev equation with one Lorentzian time-delay kernel, the derived radiative transfer equation does take into account effects of (i) the radiation polarization, (ii) the energy accumulation inside scatterers, (iii) the time delay in three terms, namely in terms with the Rayleigh phase tensor, the extinction coefficient and a coefficient of the energy accumulation inside scatterers, respectively (i.e. not only in a term with the Rayleigh phase tensor). It is worth noting that the derived radiative transfer equation is coordinated with Poynting's theorem for non-stationary radiation, unlike the Sobolev equation. The derived radiative transfer equation is applied to study the Compton–Milne effect of a pulse entrapping by its diffuse reflection from the semi-infinite random medium when the pulse, while propagating in the medium, spends most of its time inside scatterers. This specific albedo problem for the derived radiative transfer equation is resolved in scalar approximation using a version of the time-dependent invariance principle. In fact, the scattering function of the diffusely reflected pulse is expressed in terms of a generalized time-dependent Chandrasekhar H-function which satisfies a governing nonlinear integral equation. Simple analytic asymptotics are obtained for the scattering function of the front and the back parts of the diffusely reflected Dirac delta function incident pulse, depending on time, the angle of reflection, the mean free time, the microscopic time delay and a parameter of the energy accumulation inside scatterers. These asymptotics show quantitatively how the rate of increase of the front part and the rate of decrease of the rear part of the diffusely reflected pulse become slower with transition from the regime of conventional radiative transfer to that of pulse entrapping in the resonant random medium.     

A solution of radiative transfer in isotropic plane-parallel atmosphere by integrating Milne equation

In this paper we solve the inversion problem of the radiative transfer process in the isotropic plane-parallel atmosphere by iterative integrations of the Milne integral equation. As a result, we obtain the scattering function in the form of a cubic polynomial in optical thickness. The author has already solved the same problem by iterative integrations of Chandrasekhar's integral equation. In the Milne integral equation, both the cosines of the viewing angles and the optical thickness are integral variables, while in Chandrasekhar's integral equation the cosines of the viewing angles are variables but the optical thickness is not. We derive several series of exponential-like functions as intermediate derivations. Their convergences are evaluated by the author's previous work in the solution of Chandrasekhar's integral equation. The truncated scattering function up to the third order in optical thickness thus obtained is identical to that obtained from Chandrasekhar's integral equation, though their apparent forms are different. Chandrasekhar pointed out that the solution of Chandrasekhar's integral equation does not have a uniqueness of solution. The Milne equation, in contrast, has been proven to have a unique solution. We discuss the uniqueness of the solution by these two methods.     

Relativistic BBGKY Theory and Collision Integral of Generalized Boltzmann Equation in a Relativistic Magnetized Plasma

Usually, only Coulomb interactions between charged particles which are independent of time are considered in BBGKY theory of a nonrelativistic plasma. In relativistic case, the induced electromagnetic forces between charged particles which are dependent on time obviously should be considered. A Lorentz-covariant generalized n-time Liouville equation for classical plasma is established. A convenient form applicable to the laboratory frame of this equation is also given. The relativistic BBGKY hierarchy is developed in which both Coulomb and electromagnetic forces between particles are included. A method for solving the relativistic pair correlation equation is given in polarization approximation. A new formula for calculating collision integral in terms of discrete particle Green functions is given. A number of generalized Boltzmann equations for relativistic plasmas are derived.     

Milne's problem for anisotropic scattering medium with specular reflecting boundary

The Milne problem is investigated subject to reflecting boundary conditions. The original version of the problem with vacuum boundary condition is generalized assigning, to the surface x=0, a specular reflection coefficient . Linearly anisotropic case is studied. The integral version of the transport equation solved using trial functions based on Case's eigenvalues and exponential integral function. Solution of the Milne problem is formulated in terms of characteristic parameters such as extrapolated end point, emergent angular distribution and total neutron density. Numerical results for the analytically evaluated parameters are then present. Some of our numerical results are compared with the available published results.     

晶体摆动场辐射系统的全局分叉与混沌行为

引入正弦平方势,在经典力学框架内和偶极近似下,考虑到运动阻尼和非线性影响,把粒子在晶体摆动场中的运动方程化为具有阻尼项和受迫项的广义摆方程.利用Jacob椭圆函数和椭圆积分分析了无扰动系统的相平面特征,并解析地给出了系统的解和粒子振动周期; 进一步利用Melnikov方法分析相平面上三类轨道的分叉性质和进入Smale马蹄意义下的混沌行为,找到系统的全局分叉与系统进入混沌的临界条件.结果表明,系统的临界条件与它的物理参数有关,只需适当调节这些参数就可以原则上避免、抑制分叉或混沌的出现. 关键词： 晶体摆动场辐射 Melnikov方法 分叉 混沌     

Improved algorithms and methods for room sound-field prediction by acoustical radiosity in arbitrary polyhedral rooms

This paper explores acoustical (or time-dependent) radiosity--a geometrical-acoustics sound-field prediction method that assumes diffuse surface reflection. The literature of acoustical radiosity is briefly reviewed and the advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed. A discrete form of the integral equation that results from meshing the enclosure boundaries into patches is presented and used in a discrete-time algorithm. Furthermore, an averaging technique is used to reduce computational requirements. To generalize to nonrectangular rooms, a spherical-triangle method is proposed as a means of evaluating the integrals over solid angles that appear in the discrete form of the integral equation. The evaluation of form factors, which also appear in the numerical solution, is discussed for rectangular and nonrectangular rooms. This algorithm and associated methods are validated by comparison of the steady-state predictions for a spherical enclosure to analytical solutions.