The Split of the Dirac Hamiltonian into Precisely Predictable Energy Components

We are dealing with the Dirac Hamiltonian H = H₀ + V with no magnetic field and radially symmetric electrostatic potential V = V(r), preferably the Coulomb potential. While the observable H is precisely predictable, its components H₀ (relativistic mass) and V (potential energy) are not. However they both possess precisely predictable approximations H₀ and V which approximate accurately if the particle is not near its nucleus. On the other hand, near 0, H₀ and V are practically unpredictable, perhaps in agreement with the fact, that a neutrino also should be in the game. [We have not yet studied the corresponding observables for the ( 12-dimensional) problem of electro-weak interaction.] Mathematically we are focusing on the spectral theory of the unbounded self-adjoint operators H₀ and V . We can prove that V is unitarily equivalent to V(r) again, by a unitary map given as Wiener-Hopf-type singular integral operator in the standard separation of variables for radially symmetric Dirac Hamiltonians. [This is, as far as the continuous spectrum is concerned.] Very similar unitary equivalence holds for H ₀ and H ₀. We are tempted to regard this as a form of renormalization.     

A search for moment localisation in UMn2

SR, high resolution neutron powder diffraction and heat capacity have been used to study the spin fluctuation compound UMn₂. The SR spectra are dominated by muon depolarisation due to static fields from the Mn nuclei, features in the temperature dependence of the associated relaxation rate, , correlating well with the structural transitions observed at 210K. While a weak exponential relaxation ( 0.01s^–1) indicates the presence of atomic spin fluctuations between 50K and 325K, SR provides little evidence of moment localisation or long range magnetic order, although an anomalous increase in below 40K is observed.     

Cubic nonlinear tensor of a ferromagnet

The nonlinear properties of a ferromagnet are studied. Many-time retarded Green's functions are used to obtain an expression for the cubic nonlinearity tensor with allowance for spatial dispersion of a uniaxial ferromagnet. The components due to the dipole-dipole interaction of the spins and also due to the anisotropy energy are found. A comparative analysis is made of the different components of the cubic nonlinearity tensor in both the nonresonance case and for various resonances, in particular when ₀, 3 2w₀, 2 ₀, 3 ₀ for the case in tripling of the frequency. Here, is the frequency of the incident wave and ₀ is the frequency of uniform precession. It is shown that in the non-resonance case the largest components are those that are nonvanishing when no allowance is made for spatial dispersion; in the resonance cases the largest components are those due to the dipole-dipole interaction of the ferromagnetism spins.Translated from Izvestiya VUZ. Fizika, No. 12, pp. 53–58, December, 1973.     

Study of the subsurface photorefractive effect in lithium niobate

A new phenomenon of a strong irreversible variation of the refractive index (n–0.2) in a skin layer (thickness 300 Å) has been discovered. The effect arises under the strong absorption of high-power uv radiation (249 nm, 5 ns, 20 MW/cm²). The characteristics of the subsurface photorefractive effect (SPRE) were identified by using the data on measurements of the reflection coefficient of a crystal and of the diffraction efficiency of a recorded phase grating.     

57Fe Mössbauer studies in a new cluster spin glass system RuxFeGa (0.5≦x≦1.5)

⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer and bulk magnetization studies have been carried out in a new magnetic system Ru_xFeGa for 0.5x1.5. The system is seen to freeze into a cluster spin glass phase at 70 K. The freezing temperature and the hyperfine field at Fe at the lowest measured temperature, 190 kOe, is essentially same for all values of x investigated.     

A high-intensity58Co slow-positron beam and applications to probe near-surface disorder

Properties and performance of a magnetically-guided, high-intensity, ultra-high-vacuum slow-positron beam are reviewed. Basic positron behaviour in solids is briefly described. Results from various⁵⁸Co ⁺ sources in conjunction with a backscattering W(110) moderator are presented. We discuss research applications to probe depth distribution of open-volume lattice defects. Two experimental methods capable of yielding information on defects within 500 Å and 1 m from the surface, respectively, are considered. Results are shown on defect distribution in ion implanted metals and semiconductors.This paper is based on an invited talk at the International Symposium Production of Low-Energy Positrons with Accelerators and Applications Giessen, FRG, (25–27 September, 1986)     

μ+SR study of Ising spin-glass Fe0.5Mn0.5TiO3

A typical Ising spin-glass Fe_0.5Mn_0.5TiO₃ has been investigated by ⁺ spin relaxation measurements. It is found that the local magnetic fields at the ⁺ stopping sites appear at a temperature twice as high asT _SG. The directional distribution of the local magnetic fields is nearly isotropic, indicating the existence of the transverse spin components. It is clearly demonstrated that the spins fluctuate belowT _SG and even at 4 K. Taking into account the results obtained by other methods, the main part of the fluctuations is inferred to be due to the transverse spin components and the fluctuation limes at 4 K are driven into a range between 10^–5 and 10^–7 s.     

PCAC constraint on the weak axial exchange current

The weak axial exchange current operator is constructed for the pseudoscalarNN-coupling up to the order O(1/M ²).Presented at the symposium Mesons and Light Nuclei, Bechyn, Czechoslovakia, May 27–June 1, 1985.     

Effect of structural changes on dielectric properties of gallium arsenide

Temperature and frequency dependence of dielectric permittivity and tangent of the dielectric loss angle are studied in epitaxial gallium arsenide structures. It is shown that nonmonotonic change in with temperature is caused by change in the volume of conductive gallium microinclusions and a difference between the structural perfection of the layer and substrate. The space charge relaxation time on inhomogeneities is evaluated (10^–5–10^–6 sec) and its contribution to GaAs dielectric properties is evaluated. An oscillation in dielectric permittivity upon heating is observed and explained.Deceased.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 2, pp. 18–21, February, 1989.     

Energy relaxation in disordered charge and spin density waves

We investigate collective effects in the strong pinning model of disordered charge and spin density waves (CDWs and SDWs) in connection with heat relaxation experiments. We discuss the classical and quantum limits that contribute to two distinct contribution to the specific heat (a Cv T-2 contribution and a Cv T contribution respectively), with two different types of disorder (strong pinning versus substitutional impurities). From the calculation of the two level system energy splitting distribution in the classical limit we find no slow relaxation in the commensurate case and a broad spectrum of relaxation times in the incommensurate case. In the commensurate case quantum effects restore a non vanishing energy relaxation, and generate stronger disorder effects in incommensurate systems. For substitutional disorder we obtain Friedel oscillations of bound states close to the Fermi energy. With negligible interchain couplings this explains the power-law specific heat Cv T observed in experiments on CDWs and SDWs combined to the power-law susceptibility (T)T-1+ observed in the CDW o-TaS3.     

F2-laser patterning of GaPO4 resonators for humidity sensing

Piezoelectric gallium orthophosphate (GaPO₄) thickness – shear mode resonators were patterned by F₂-laser ablation and employed for gas sensing. The thickness of GaPO₄ crystals was reduced from 215 m to 115 m by laser ablation and the piezoelectric fundamental resonance frequency in the thinned region increased thereby from 6 MHz to 12 MHz. The Q values of laser-thinned and pristine resonators in air were Q7000 and Q95000, respectively. The GaPO₄ crystals were coated by thin polyimide layers that served as receptor for water vapour. The resonance frequency of coated crystals decreased linearly with increasing level of relative humidity (RH) and the sensitivity for laser-patterned 12 MHz GaPO₄ resonators, S_RH-98 Hz/%RH, was much larger than for the pristine 6 MHz GaPO₄ resonators. PACS 61.10.-i; 68.37.-d; 81.15.Fg     

The physical nature of the production of moving striations in a d-c discharge plasma

The physical nature of the stratification of the d-c discharge plasma is found and physically interpreted. The interpretation is based on the mathematical expression of the production of periodic structure in plasma after an aperiodic disturbance, derived from an extremely simplified system of equations. Only three basic phenomena occurring in the plasma of each d-c discharge are included: a) the dependence of the rate of ionization on the electron temperature and hence on the electric field, b) the production of space charges due to the different rates of diffusion of the electrons and ions, c) the creation of additional electric fields due to the creation of space charges. The interactions of these phenomena gives rise to a chain, expanded in time and space, which leads to the production of moving striations. In agreement with experiment this structure is developed only on the side towards the anode from the place where the equilibrium state is disturbed.

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. (9, 10) (4, ), . , , : ) , , ; ) , ; ) , . , , — — . , .

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In conclusion the authors thank J. Fousek, J. Kaczér and M. Novák for carefully reading this paper and for valuable remarks, and J. Holub for carrying out the numerical and graphical work.     

Measurement of two-photon absorption cross-section in organic molecular salt with linear and circular polarized radiation

We report on the investigation of two-photon absorption (TPA) in 4-Diethylamino-N-Methyl-4-Stilbazolium Tosylate (DEST) with 40 picosecond, 1064 nm linear and circular polarization laser radiation. The TPA cross-section ₂ measured is larger for linear polarized radiation (948 GM) than that for the circular polarized radiation (840 GM). The large TPA cross-section of DEST facilitates highly directional and efficient TPA induced upconverted emission in the range of 590–640 nm even though the fluorescence efficiency of DEST is very low (0.5%). The net single pass efficiency of upconversion is 7%. PACS 42.65.-k; 42.70.Jk     

Changes in EPR spectrum of free radical species inγ-irradiated polyformaldehyde

We have found that gamma-irradiated polyformaldehyde does not exhibit the effect of the disappearance of the hyperfine structure of EPR spectrum as a function of the dose or the time passed since the end of irradiation, as was found earlier for a group of polymers having only C-C-C-C-atoms in the polymer chain. This difference in the change in the EPR of the polyformaldehyde (PFA) spectrum compared with the polymers with a -C-C-C-C- chain is explained by the impossibility of forming a conjugate double bond in the -C-O-C-O- chain in PFA.

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, , -, , , atom C-C-C-C-. ( ) C-C-C-C- , C-O-C-O- qu .

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The author thanks K. Vacek for many valuable discussions which helped this work.     

Локалъная чувствите лъностъ фотокатодов фотоумножителей

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The local sensitivity of photo-multiplier photo-cathodes

The influence of the non-uniform distribution of the sensitivity of a photo-multiplier photo-cathode on the spectrum shape of the output pulses from a scintillation detector is studied. Methods of scanning the local sensitivity and determining its distribution function are described. The theory was compared qualitatively with measurement on a slow-neutron detector from a mixture of zinc sulphate and boric acid.

     

The effect of oxygen on the electric conductivity of a cuprous oxide single crystal

The effect of an excess of oxygen on the electric conductivity of a pre-illuminated and heated single crystal of Cu₂O is investigated. It is found that the influence of illumination on the electric conductivity, together with the concentration of impurities, increases with increasing oxygen pressure during annealing.

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, Cu₂O. , .

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In conclusion the author thanks E. Klier and J. Pastrak for valuable remarks and discussion.     

Spectroscopic factors of9Be,10B and13C from (d,t) reactions

The differential cross sections of tritons from the (d, t) reaction on⁹Be,¹⁰B and¹³C targets have been measured in the angular range of 5° _LAB110° with relatively small errors, 5%. The experimental data were analysed in terms of the standard DWBA using both zero-range and exact finite-range approaches.     

Equilibrium state of toroidal electron beam

The paper deals with the collective behaviour of electrons which rotate in a magnetic field used in a betatron. It is shown experimentally that there exists strong interaction between the electrons, which leads to the rapid formation of the equilibrium state with characteristic distribution of the charge density in the cross-section of the toroidal beam. The corresponding relaxation time is of the order of 1 sec. A statistical theory of the equilibrium beam is elaborated. Its main result is that the effective radius of the beam is a function of two parameters, one of which is proportional to the thermal energy of the electrons and the other to the perveance of the beam. The charge contained in a toroidal beam of given effective cross-section is equal to the product of the charge the beam would contain at zero temperature and a coefficient, which is a function of the temperature of the beam. Its value is unity at zero temperature and rapidly decreases with increasing temperature. The cause of cooling of the beam is shown.

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, . , , . 1S. . , , — I/(E₀/q)^3/2 (I — , ₀ — q ). , , , , , . . .

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Now Institute of Vacuum Electronics, Czechosl. Acad. Sci., Prague.

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In conclusion the author thanks J. Luká and L. Hyttych for invaluable help in the experiments, A. Rajský for constructing the electronic apparatus and J. Sokol for preparing the miniature probe.     

Change in primary extinction during decomposition of supersaturated solid solution II. Al-Cu 4% alloy-formation of G.P. zones

The change in integrated intensity of the (200) reflections of a solid solution during the formation of G.P. zones was measured and compared with the change in the character of the diffuse streaks corresponding to them. It was found that the. formation of G.P. zones does not lead to a decrease in primary extinction despite the great changes in the distribution of the copper atoms. It was shown that the formation of a precipitate accompanied by the formation of crystallographically incoherent boundaries greatly decreases the primary extinction.

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. II. 1-u 4%: [. . ]

(200) . . , . , . . , . , , , .