1．053μm激光在腔靶中产生的非线性过程

波长１．０５３μｍ、脉宽约１ｎｓ、能量３００～６００Ｊ激光在亚毫米的腔靶中可以产生十分丰富的非线性过程。我们直接测量了受激Ｂｒｉｌｌｏｕｉｎ散射、受激Ｒａｍａｎ散射：通过谐波间接测量了共振吸收、离子声衰变和双等离子体衰变。其中受激Ｂｒｉｌｌｏｕｉｎ散射和受激Ｒａｍａｎ散射是腔靶中的主要非线性过程，它散射掉约４０％的入射光能量。激光激发的电子等离子体波是产生超热电子的根源，产生电子等离子体波的非线性过程是受激Ｒａｍａｎ散射、双等离子体衰变、共振吸收和离子声衰变。其中受激Ｒａｍａｎ散射是激发电子等离子体波的主要过程，它产生约占入射激光能量１０％的超热电子。各非线性过程发射的光谱与激光参数和等离子体状态有密切关系，仔细测量和研究这些谱的特性可以获得等离子体温度、密度的信息。     

黑腔靶中超热电子特性研究

近几年来,在“神光”装置上进行了1.053μm激光与平面靶及一系列柱形黑腔靶相互作用实验。用一台多道滤波—荧光X光能谱仪(FFS)测得各种靶发射的超热X射线谱,由谱推导超热电子温度T_h和超热电子总能量E_h当照射靶单束激光能量E_(tar)为400～670J、脉宽τ=650～1150ps时,发现黑腔内明显存在两群服从Maxwell分布高能电子(T_h=35～45keV;T_(hh)=150～350kev),而且E_(he)占E_(tar)的份额为10％～12％。实验还表明:腔内的E_(he)与非线性过程特征量(SRS)有较好的线性关系,因此推断出腔内超热电子产生的主要机制是受激Raman散射。在相同照射条件下,黑腔靶产生的超热电子比平面靶严重。     

激光超热电子与受激Raman散射特性的实验观测

介绍了在“神光Ⅰ”和“星光Ⅱ”上分别进行了二倍频、三倍频激光照射金盘靶、腔靶、碳氢有机膜平面靶的实验，研究了短波长激光产生的超热电子和受激Ｒａｍａｎ散射的特性，并探讨了抑制超热电子的有效途径。     

“神光Ⅱ”基频光黑腔靶实验超热电子诊断

介绍“神光Ⅱ”首次进行大能量基频光黑腔靶实验超热电子实验观测,采用十道滤波荧光谱仪(FFS)测量腔靶发射15—250keV硬x射线谱,由高能x射线谱通量推断超热电子占入射激光能量份额ηhe为13%—16%,由谱的斜率推断超热电子温度Th为35—45keV,由超热电子能量和受激拉曼散射光(SRS)能量的关联,推断超热电子产生的机理,并给出了不同腔靶在不同激光能量EL下超热电子产生的特征 关键词： 1.053μm激光 超热电子 黑腔靶 大能量激光     

短波长激光超热电子产生与抑制机理的研究

介绍了在“神光Ⅰ”和“星光Ⅱ”上分别进行的二倍频、三倍频激光照射金盘靶、腔靶、碳氢有机膜平面靶的实验.通过测量硬X射线谱推断超热电子特性,结合受激Raman散射光和双等离子体衰变产生的(3/2)ω0谐波的观测,分析各种靶超热电子产生和抑制的机理,并探讨了抑制超热电子的有效途径. 关键词：     

0．53μm激光产生的超热电子的实验观测

介绍了在“神光”Ｉ号装置上利用波长０．５３ｐμｍ、脉宽τ约７５０ｐｓ、能量６０～２３０Ｊ激光（靶面激光强度１×１０￣（１３）～５×１０￣（１５）Ｗ／ｃｍ￣２）照射Ａｕ盘靶和Ａｕ拄黑腔靶产生超热电子的实验观测结果与分析。实验测量１０ｋｅＶ以上硬Ｘ光谱和通量表明：采用倍频激光可以使超热电子能量明显比基频光小一个量级左右，超热电子温度Ｔ＿ｈ、热电子温度Ｔ＿ｅ均降低一半左右，受激Ｒａｍａｎ散射光能量Ｅ＿（ＳＲＳ）减少二个多量级。在我们的实验条件下，Ａｕ盘靶（等离子体定标尺度Ｌ≤１００μｍ）产生超热电子的主要机制可能是双等离子体衰变和共振吸收，此外还有受激Ｒａｍａｎ散射（ｎ≈ｎ＿ｃ／４），１００μｍ＜Ｌ≤２４０μｍ超热电子产生的主要机制是ＴＰＤ，此外还有ＳＲＳ（ｎ≈ｎ＿ｃ／４）；黑腔靶（Ｌ≥３００μｍ）超热电子产生的主要机制是ＳＲＳ（ｎ＜ｎ＿ｃ／４）。     

腔靶内爆区超热电子实验研究

利用１０道滤波荧光谱仪（ＦＦＳ）研究了强激光和薄壁腔靶相互作用时超热电子产生的特征，结合ＧａＡｓ硬Ｘ射线角分布探头，受激喇曼莠射光探头，针孔相机的测量结果，分析得出：在内爆腔靶中，超热电子产生的源区，大部分超热电子静电场和转换体约束在源区，只有小部分能量较高的超热电子进入到内爆区，内爆靶区超热电子总能量占超热电子总能量的约２０％，占入射激光能量的１％－３％。     

黑腔物理实验的定律规律

本文综述了黑腔靶的基本物理图象,给出了腔靶的能量吸收、X光转换、超热电子及非线性过程的实验定标律。     

受激散射过程理论模型的发展与应用

在激光间接驱动的惯性约束聚变（ICF）中,高强度激光与低密度等离子体发生相互作用,会激发两种受激散射过程:受激布里渊散射和受激拉曼散射。它们会损失激光能量、破坏辐射场对称性、产生超热电子,从而危害聚变点火过程。因此,理解受激散射的物理过程并找到抑制其发展的有效方法,是ICF研究中重点关注的问题。介绍了中国激光聚变研究团队为研究受激散射过程而发展的多个理论模型,以及这些模型在实验数据分析中的具体应用。这些理论模型与实验研究一起,为提升受激散射过程的物理理解发挥了重要作用。     

激光靶等离子体受激Raman散射

用我们研制的一维半电磁粒子模拟程序数值模拟了神光12^#激光器(λ_L=1.053μm,τ=850ps,I_L=3×10¹⁴—3×10¹⁵W/cm²打靶的受激Raman散射。得到了散射光波、静电(Langmuir)波线性增长和非线性饱和的细致图象、热电子和超热电子分布函数随时间的发展以及超热电子的温度和份额。通过对散射光谱的分析得到晕区电子温度约为1.4—2.5keV,还得到靶等离 关键词：     

金属泡沫材料研究

金属泡沫或金属多孔材料是８０年代后期国际上迅速发展起来的一种物理功能与结构一体化的新型工程材料，它所具备的多种优异物理性能特别是阻尼性能已引起广泛关注，并在消声，减震，分离工程，催化载体，屏蔽防护，吸能缓冲等一些高技术领域获得了广泛应用。文章着重介绍了铸造发泡法制造铝泡沫材料的技术难点。     

Quantum-Gravitational Diffusion and Stochastic Fluctuations in the Velocity of Light

We argue that quantum-gravitational fluctuations in the space-time background give the vacuum non-trivial optical properties that include diffusion and consequent uncertainties in the arrival times of photons, causing stochastic fluctuations in the velocity of light in vacuo. Our proposal is motivated within a Liouville string formulation of quantum gravity that also suggests a frequency-dependent refractive index of the particle vacuum. We construct an explicit realization by treating photon propagation through quantum excitations of D-brane fluctuations in the space-time foam. These are described by higher-genus string effects, that lead to stochastic fluctuations in couplings, and hence in the velocity of light. We discuss the possibilities of constraining or measuring photon diffusion in vacuo via -ray observations of distant astrophysical sources.     

Experimental investigation of supersonic radiation propagation in low-density plastic and copper-doped foams

1 Introduction The investigation of supersonic radiation wave transporting in low density foam pro-duced by thermal radiation is of crucial importance in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research[1]. When the intense radiation flux is incident in the media, first, a supersonic heat wave is formed which propagates into the undisturbed material. In time, due to the increasing mass of heated material, it slows down and is overtaken by a shock wave,thus becoming of the ablative type. Normally, …     

水下爆炸冲击波在含吸收层结构中的传播规律的数值模拟

 利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件,对水下爆炸冲击波在含有吸收层的多层结构中的传播规律进行了数值模拟。结果表明：冲击波在吸收层中的衰减是由泡沫材料自身的本构引起的;在含泡沫材料吸收层的结构中峰值压力仅为不含吸收层的14%,冲击波传播波形发生改变;在含有泡沫混凝土的多层结构中应力波峰值的下降幅度比含泡沫铝的大,但冲击波传播波形的变化不是很明显;泡沫混凝土中的总能量大于泡沫铝中的总能量,因此泡沫混凝土作为防护吸收层要优于泡沫铝。     

Absorption characteristics of masjid carpets

This work investigated the absorption characteristics of eight types of carpets that are especially designed and manufactured for masjids and two types of carpets pads. Measurements were carried out in the reverberation room according to ISO 354. Each type was tested three times: first when it was installed directly on the floor, second when it was installed above 5.7 mm of polyurethane foam, and last when it was installed above 10 mm of polyethylene foam. The results showed that the absorption coefficient is directly proportional to frequency and knot density. The results also demonstrated that adding pads of polyurethane or polyethylene foam increased the absorption, principally in the mid-frequency range. The effect of polyurethane foam on absorption was higher than that of polyethylene foam. Finally, the absorption coefficients of the examined carpets were found to be close to those of Muslim worshippers when they are in the position known as “standing in rows”.     

LETTER: Neutrino Oscillations Induced by Gravitational Recoil Effects

Quantum gravitational fluctuations of the space-time background, described by virtual D branes, may induce the neutrino oscillations if a tiny violation of the Lorentz invariance (or a violation of the equivalence principle) is required. In this approach, the oscillation length of massless neutrinos turns out to be proportional to E ^–2 M, where E is the neutrino energy and M is the mass scale characterizing the topological fluctuations in the vacuum. Such a functional dependence on the energy is the same obtained in the framework of loop quantum gravity.     

Final bubble lengths for aqueous foam coarsened in a horizontal cylinder

We report on length statistics measured for bubbles in the equilibrium bamboo state, achieved by the coarsening of aqueous foam in long cylindrical tubes, such that the soap films are all flat and perpendicular to the axis of the tube. The average bubble length is found to be 0.88 times the tube diameter, independent of variation of the liquid filling fraction by a factor of nearly three. The actual distribution is well-approximated by a shifted Rayleigh form, with a minimum bubble size of 0.28 tube diameters. And, perhaps surprisingly, no correlations are found in the lengths of neighboring bubbles. The observed length distribution agrees with that of Fortes et al. for short bubbles, but not for long bubbles.     

Comments on ultra-high-energy photons and D-foam models

We revisit the constraints that the non-observation of ultra-high-energy photons due to the GZK cutoff can impose on models of Lorentz violation in photon propagation, following recent work by Maccione, Liberati and Sigl (2010) [arXiv:1003.5468] that carries further an earlier analysis by the present authors [J. Ellis et al., Phys. Rev. D 63 (2001) 12402, hep-th/0012216]. We argue that the GZK cutoff constraint is naturally evaded in the D-brane model of space–time foam presented recently by the present authors [J. Ellis et al., Phys. Lett. B 665 (2008) 412, arXiv:0804.3566], in which Lorentz-violating effects on photon propagation are independent of possible effects during interactions. We also note a novel absorption mechanism that could provide a GZK-like cutoff for photons in low-scale string models.     

Properties of Absorbent Acrylic Foam Prepared Based on the Method of High Internal Phase Emulsion

Acrylate and methacrylate monomers absorbent acrylate foams were prepared based on the method of high internal phase emulsion (HIPE). The influence of reaction conditions on liquid absorption by acrylate foams was studied. The reaction conditions included monomer ratio, cross-linker amount, initiator amount, emulsifier amount, emulsion concentration, emulsification temperature, and the curing time. The reaction conditions were determined to achieve the best liquid absorption by acrylate foams. Acrylate foams were analyzed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that when the monomer ratio was 9:1, cross-linking agent was 30% of monomer amount, initiator amount was 4% of the reactants amount, emulsifier amount was 8% of the reactants amount, the ratio of aqueous phase to oil phase was 32:1, emulsification temperature was 75°C, and curing time was 1.5 h, we could prepare the acrylate foam material with the best liquid absorption. Reaction of monomer and cross-linking agent was confirmed by FTIR analysis. The pore sizes of acrylate foam were between 1 μm and 8 μm according to SEM analysis. This material was very suitable to absorb aqueous fluids.     

JSOG中水蒸汽含量的模拟计算

氧碘化学激光（简称 COIL）系统中，水是影响激光功率输出的最重要的原因之一。气流中的水不仅对激发态碘原子有严重的猝灭作用，另外对碘分子解离、超音速流动特性也有很坏的负面作用。单重态氧发生器的BHP（Basic Hydrogen Peroxide ）溶液是最主要的水蒸汽源。利用传质模型对射流式单重态氧发生器（简称JSOG）中产生的水蒸汽进行了计算，所得的数值结果与实验测量结果基本相符。根据模拟结果，对发生器的设计及实验条件进行了优化。