Palladium-catalyzed heteroannulation of cyclic alkenes by functionally substituted aryl iodides

Indolines and 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans are produced in good yields by the Pd(0)-catalyzed heteroannulation of cyclic and bicyclic alkenes by o-amino- and o-hydroxyaryl iodides. These processes are only successful with cyclic olefins in which the key alkylpalladium intermediate cannot undergo facile palladium β-hydride elimination. These reactions appear to involve: (1) oxidative addition of the aryl iodide to the palladium catalyst, (2) arylpalladation of the olefin, (3) possible coordination of the internal nucleophile to the palladium, (4) formation of a six-membered palladacycle, and (5) reductive elimination of the organopalladium intermediate to give the heteroannulation product and regenerate Pd(0).     

Palladium-catalyzed intermolecular coupling of aryl halides and amides

[formula: see text] The first general intermolecular C-N bond-forming reactions between aryl halides and amides were realized using a palladium catalyst with Xantphos as the ligand. Aryl triflates, carbamates, and sulfonamides are also viable substrates for the amidations, which proceed at 45-110 degrees C with 1-4 mol% of Pd catalyst in 66-99% yields and exhibit good functional group compatibility.     

Copper-catalyzed three-component coupling of arynes, terminal alkynes and activated alkenes

The three-component coupling of benzynes with terminal alkynes and activated alkenes in the presence of CuI, PCy(3) and CsF in a 1:1 mixture of CH(3)CN and THF at 50 degrees C for 5 h gave 1-alkyl-2-alkynylbenzenes in good to moderate yields.     

Palladium-catalyzed oxidative coupling of trialkylamines with aryl iodides leading to alkyl aryl ketones

A new, simple method for selectively synthesizing alkyl aryl ketones has been developed by palladium-catalyzed oxidative coupling of trialkylamines with aryl iodides. In the presence of PdCl(2)(MeCN)(2), TBAB, and ZnO, a variety of aryl iodides underwent an oxidative coupling reaction with tertiary amines and water to afford the corresponding alkyl aryl ketones in moderate to excellent yields. It is noteworthy that this method is the first example of using trialkylamines as the carbonyl sources for constructing alkyl aryl ketone skeletons.     

Palladium-catalyzed three-component coupling reaction of organic halides, norbornadiene and terminal alkynes

A three-component coupling reaction of organic halides, including aryl halides, methyl iodine, alkenyl iodine and bromoalkynes, with norbornadiene and terminal alkynes catalyzed by a palladium complex and a phase transfer agent in the presence of aqueous NaOH gave 5,6-disubstituted norbornene derivatives in good yields.     

水相中钯催化碘代芳烃Ullmann偶联反应研究

研究了吸电子基团的贫电碘代芳烃的Ullmann偶联反应,该反应使用Pd(OAc)2为催化剂,K2CO3为添加剂,以丙酮-水混合液为溶剂,不需要添加额外的还原剂,收率为55-87%。在通过了一系列的试验后,可以认为该反应中的溶剂及碱没有起还原作用,而是碘代芳烃自身作为还原剂,完成整个催化反应的,并首次提出了一种不需要外加还原剂的Pd(II)/Pd(IV)/Pd(II)的催化循环机理。     

Regio- and stereoselective route to tetrasubstituted olefins by the palladium-catalyzed three-component coupling of aryl iodides, internal alkynes, and arylboronic acids

[reaction: see text] The Pd-catalyzed three-component coupling of readily available aryl iodides, internal alkynes, and arylboronic acids provides a convenient, one-step, regio- and stereoselective route to tetrasubstituted olefins in good to excellent yields, although electron-poor aryl iodides and dialkylalkynes normally afford only low yields under our standard reaction conditions. The proper combination of substrates and reaction conditions is important for high yields. The presence of water generally substantially increases the yields of the desired tetrasubstituted olefins. The reaction involves cis-addition of the aryl group from the aryl iodide to the less hindered or more electron-rich end of the alkyne, while the aryl group from the arylboronic acid adds to the other end. A modified, room-temperature procedure has also been successfully developed, which works very well for some substrates. Tamoxifen and its derivatives are synthesized in a concise, regio- and stereoselective manner by applying our synthetic protocol.     

Palladium-catalyzed hydrophosphinylation of alkenes and alkynes

Various palladium catalysts promote the addition of hypophosphorous derivatives ROP(O)H(2) to alkenes and alkynes in good yields and under mild conditions. Particularly, Cl(2)Pd(PPh(3))(2)/2 MeLi, and Pd(2)dba(3)/xantphos allow for phosphorus-carbon bond formation instead of transfer hydrogenation. Commercial aqueous solutions of hypophosphorous acid can be employed successfully at ambient temperature. With styrene and terminal alkynes, the regioselectivity (linear versus branched products) can be controlled to some extent with the catalytic system employed. The methodology considerably extends upon previous routes for the preparation of H-phosphinic acids and other organophosphorus compounds.     

Palladium-catalyzed intermolecular coupling of aryl chlorides and sulfonamides under microwave irradiation

[reaction: see text] An efficient intermolecular N-arylation of sulfonamides with aryl chlorides is realized using palladium catalysis. The reaction proceeds under microwave irradiation at 180-200 degrees C for 10 min with 2-10 mol % of Pd catalyst in 32-85% isolated yields.     

Cobalt-catalyzed highly regio- and stereoselective intermolecular reductive coupling of alkynes with conjugated alkenes

In the presence of Co(PPh3)2I2, PPh3, water, and zinc powder, the reaction of alkynes (R1CCR2: R1 = Ph, R2 = Me (1a); R1 = Ph, R2 = Ph (1b); R1 = Et, R2 = Et (1c); R1 = Ph, R2 = (CH2)3OH (1d); R1 = CO2Et, R2 = Ph (1e); R1 = CO2Me, R2 = (CH2)4CH3 (1f); R1 = CO2Et, R2 = SiMe3 (1g)) with alkenes having an electron-withdrawing substituent (CH2=CHR: R = CO2Bu (2a), CN (2b), SO2Ph (2c) and CO2Me (2d)) proceeded smoothly in acetonitrile to give the corresponding reductive coupling products (R1HC=CR2CH2CH2R, 3a-j) in fair to excellent yields. This reductive coupling is highly regio- and stereoselective; only one isomer was observed for each reaction. The results of an isotope-labeling experiment using D2O (99%) to replace normal water for the reductive coupling of vinyl phenyl sulfone 2c with alkyne 1a revealed that the product is E-Ph(D)C=CMeCH2CH(D)SO2Ph deuterated at the olefinic proton and one of the protons of the alpha-methylene group in 84 and 96%, respectively. Possible mechanisms for this highly regio- and stereoselective ene-yne catalytic reaction are proposed.     

Palladium-catalyzed N-arylation of sulfoximines with aryl bromides and aryl iodides

Various N-arylated sulfoximines have been synthesized in high yield by a direct approach which is based on a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling strategy. Aryl bromides of variable substitution pattern were found to be the most effective coupling partners, whereas aryl iodides showed a nonpredictable behavior requiring lithium or silver salts as additives to ensure product formation in acceptable yields. Coupling of (S)-2-(2'-bromophenyl)-4-tert-butyloxazoline with enantiomerically pure (-)-(RS)-S-methyl-S-phenylsulfoximine afforded the corresponding product in good yield as a single diastereomer, showing that the palladium-catalyzed arylation proceeds in a stereospecific manner. The reaction with dibromobenzenes yielded the monosulfonimidoyl arenes in all cases, suggesting that the introduction of the sulfonimidoyl moiety deactivates the arene, thus preventing a second coupling step.     

Palladium-catalyzed carbonylative coupling reactions of aryl iodides with hexamethyldisilane (HMDS) to benzoyl silanes

A novel procedure for the palladium-catalyzed carbonylative synthesis of acyl silanes has been developed. Starting from aryl iodides and hexamethyldisilane (HMDS) various benzoyl silanes are produced in moderate to good yields.     

Palladium-catalyzed intramolecular coupling between aryl iodides and allyl moieties via thermal and microwave-assisted conditions

Palladium-catalyzed intramolecular cross-coupling reactions between aryl iodides and allyl moieties were successfully demonstrated in the presence of palladium catalyst, tri-o-tolylphosphine, a tertiary amine, and water. Several kinds of trans-2,4-disubstituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines were synthesized in 73-88% yields with excellent diastereoselectivities. This method was further applied to a large variety of substrates to form five-, six-, and seven-membered carbo- and heterocycles in good yields, regardless of the ring-containing atom, via microwave-assisted conditions.     

Cobalt-catalyzed annulation of aryl iodides with alkynes

A cobalt-catalyzed approach for the concise synthesis of naphthalenes by the annulation of aryl iodides with alkynes is disclosed. In the reaction, manganese reductant and MeCN solvent are necessary to proceed efficiently, which tolerates various functional groups, for example, boronate ester. Mechanistic investigation indicates that the transformation employs electrophilic aromatic substitution (S_EAr) in the aromatic C–H bond replacement step.     

Palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction of terminal alkynes with aryl iodides in the presence of indium tribromide and its application to a one-pot synthesis of 2-phenylindole

The use of a novel PdCl(2)(PPh(3))(2)-InBr(3) reagent system to catalyze cross-coupling reactions of a variety of aryl iodides with several terminal alkynes is described. The corresponding functional alkyne derivatives were produced in good to excellent yields. Moreover, a catalytic amount of InBr(3) effectively catalyzes the intramolecular cycloaddition of 2-phenylethynylaniline to form an indole skeleton in high yield.     

Palladium-catalyzed reaction of phenyl fluoroalkanesulfonates with alkynes and alkenes

Palladium-catalyzed reaction of phenyl fluoroalkanesulfonates with alkynes and alkens under mild conditions gives the corresponding alkynyl and alkenyl substituted benzenes in good yields.     

Palladium-catalyzed aminocarbonylation of aryl iodides using aqueous ammonia

Aminocarbonylation of aromatic iodides using aqueous ammonia in toluene has been developed. Various primary aromatic amides have been efficiently synthesized in good to excellent yields in the presence of catalytic quantities of Pd(OAc)₂/CYTOP®292. The usage of aqueous ammonia avoids the handling of two gases in the reaction.     

Palladium-catalyzed three-component arylcyanation of internal alkynes with aryl bromides and K4[Fe(CN)6

The one-pot, palladium-catalyzed, three-component coupling of aryl bromides, internal alkynes, and environmentally friendly K4[Fe(CN)6] provides an efficient and direct method for the preparation of beta-arylalkenylnitriles.     

Palladium-catalyzed carbonylative cyclization of unsaturated aryl iodides and dienyl triflates,iodides, and bromides to indanones and 2-cyclopentenones

Indanones and 2-cyclopentenones have been successfully prepared in good to excellent yields by the palladium-catalyzed carbonylative cyclization of unsaturated aryl iodides and dienyl triflates, iodides, and bromides, respectively. The best results are obtained by employing 10 mol % of Pd(OAc)(2), 2 equiv of pyridine, 1 equiv of n-Bu(4)NCl, 1 atm of CO, a reaction temperature of 100 degrees C, and DMF as the solvent. This carbonylative cyclization is particularly effective on substrates that contain a terminal olefin. The proposed mechanism for this annulation includes (1) Pd(OAc)(2) reduction to the active palladium(0) catalyst, (2) oxidative addition of the organic halide or triflate to Pd(0), (3) coordination and insertion of carbon monoxide to produce an acylpalladium intermediate, (4) acylpalladation of the neighboring carbon-carbon double bond, (5) reversible palladium beta-hydride elimination and re-addition to form a palladium enolate, and (6) protonation by H(2)O to produce the indanone or 2-cyclopentenone.