Mössbauer insight to metallurgy, materials science and engineering

A brief overview of the contributions which Mössbauer effect spectroscopy has made to areas of materials science is presented. A survey of the literature reveals the decreasing trends of established areas, with emergence in the past decade or so of new areas such as nanostructured materials and materials produced by mechanochemical treatment and the continuing importance of rare-earth magnetic materials. Examples of applications of ⁵⁷Fe and ¹¹⁹Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy, both transmission and backscattering, are discussed. The complementary nature of Mössbauer spectroscopy and neutron diffraction in delineation of the magnetic behaviour and structures of materials is demonstrated by the La_1?x Y _x Mn₂Si₂ series of rare-earth intermetallic compounds.     

The course of science and technology,and acoustics:past,present and future——turning to information acoustics

In this paper,the historical development of acoustics has been brieflyreviewed.It can be concluded that acoustics study has been developed alongwith the same atream of the historical developments of science and technology,the category of acoustics has changed from the naturc-oriented and passivephysical acoustics to the human-oriented and active information acoustics.Ithas been extended over a variety of wide fields.     

Sauna,sweat and science II – do we sweat what we drink?

ABSTRACT

Inspired by a previous ‘Sauna, sweat and science’ study [Zech et al. Isot Environ Health Stud. 2015;51(3):439–447] and out of curiosity and enthusiasm for stable isotope and sauna research we aimed at answering the question ‘do we sweat (isotopically) what we drink’? We, therefore, pulse-labelled five test persons in a sauna experiment with beverages that were ²H-enriched at about +25,600?‰. Sweat samples were collected during six sauna rounds and the hydrogen isotope composition δ²H_sweat was determined using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Before pulse labelling, δ²H_sweat – reflecting by approximation body water – ranged from –32 to –22?‰. This is ～35?‰ enriched compared to usual mid-European drinking water and can be explained with hydrogen-bearing food as well as with the respiratory loss of ²H-depleted vapour. The absence of a clearly detectable ²H pulse in sweat after pulse labelling and δ²H_sweat results of ≤+250?‰ due to a fast ²H equilibration with body water are moreover a clearly negative answer to our research question also in a short-term consideration. Given that the recovery of the tracer based on an isotope mass balance calculation is clearly below 100?%, we finally answer the question ‘where did the rest of the tracer go?’     

Churchill’s Bomb: a hidden history of science,war and politics

Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. (Royal Society.) [Pp. 363.] 30s.

Fundamental Problems in Statistical Mechanics. Compiled by E. G. D. Cohen. (Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Co., 1961.) [Pp. xii+249.] 40s.

Atomic Spectra. By H. G. Kuhn. (Longmans, Green &; Co. Ltd., 1962.) [Pp. 430.] 60s.

Science Study Series No. 10. The Restless Atom. By Alfred Romer. [Pp. 98.] 5s. No. 12, By H. Bondi; The Universe at Large. [Pp. 154.] 5s. No. 13, By R. Dubos; Pasteur and Modern Science. [Pp. 159.] 5s. No. 14, By A. Koestler; The Watershed. [Pp. 280.] 6s.

Science Study Series No. 11. Michelson and the Speed of Light. By Bernard Jaffe. (Heinemann, 1961.) [Pp. 197.] 5s.

Ionosphere Série V, Fascicule I. (C.N.R.S., 1961.) [Pp. 79.] 9.50 N.F.

The Physical Basis of Polarized Emission. By P. P. Feofilov. (London: Heywood &; Co. Ltd., 1962.) [Pp. xii+274.] £5. 5s.

Beta Decay for Pedestrians. By Harry J. Lipkin. (Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Co., 1962.) [Pp. viii+117.] 24s.

The Measurement of Frequency. By L. Essen, E. G. Hope and K. Morris. (N.P.L. Notes on Applied Science, No. 28.) [Pp. 16.] (H.M.S.O. for DSIR, 1961.) 1s. 9d.

Physical Photometry. By B. H. Crawford, (N.P.L. Notes on Applied Science No. 29.) (H.M.S.O. for DSIR 1962.) [Pp. 16.] 1s. 9d.

Année Géophysique Internationale: Meteorologie—Série II—Fasc. 4. Sondages Acoustiques de la Haute Atmosphere. (C.N.R.S., 1962.) [Pp. 100.] 12 NF.

Advanced Level Practical Physics. By M. Nelkon and J. M. Ogborn. (Heinemann Educational Books Ltd., 1962.) [Pp. x + 230.] 17s. 6d.

The Method of Functionals in the Quantum Theory of Fields. By Yu. V. Novoshilov and A. V. Tulub. (New York: Gordon &; Breach, 1962.) [Pp. viii+79.] $4.50.

Errors of Observation and their Treatment (The Institute of Physics and The Physical Society: Monographs for Students). By J. Topping. (London: Chapman &; Hall, Ltd.; 3rd edition, 1962.) [Pp. 119.] 7s. 6d.

Automatic Control. By A. E. de Barr. (Chapman &; Hall, 1962.) [Pp. 118.] 7s. 6d.

The Influence of Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Metals and Alloys. By F. M. Savitsky. Tr. D. Sherby. (London: O.U.P.; Stanford U.P., 1962.) [Pp. 303+xii.] 50s.

Perturbation Theory and the Nuclear Many-Body Problem. By K. Kumar. (North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1962.) [Pp. 235+viii.] 50s.

The Islington Public Libraries Catalogue of Physics Books, 1958–1961.

Group Theory and its Application to Physical Problems. By M. Hamermesh. (Pergamon Press, 1962.) [Pp. xv+509.] 105s.

Handbook of Scientific Instruments and Apparatus; at the 47th Annual Exhibition of the Institute of Physics and the Physical Society, 1963.

Elements of Infra-red Technology. By P. W. Kruse, L. D. McGlaudlin &; R. B. McQuistan. (John Wiley &; Sons, 1962.) [Pp. xxi+448.] 81s.

Inertial Guidance. Edited by George R. Pitman, Jr. (John Wiley &; Sons, 1962.) [Pp. xiii+481.] 139s.

Radio Research 1961 (D.S.I.R.). (H.M.S.O., 1962.) [Pp. ix+27.] 3s.

High Magnetic Fields. By Koln and others. (John Wiley &; Sons, 1962.) [Pp. xv+751.] 113s.     

Beethoven's Fifth ‘Sine’-phony: the science of harmony and discord

Nuclei, like more familiar mechanical systems, undergo simple vibrational motion. Among these vibrations, sound modes are of particular interest since they reveal important information on the effective interactions among the constituents and, through extrapolation, on the bulk behaviour of nuclear and neutron matter. Sound wave propagation in nuclei shows strong quantum effects familiar from other quantum systems. Microscopic theory suggests that the restoring forces are caused by the complex structure of the many-Fermion wavefunction and, in some cases, have no classical analogue. The damping of the vibrational amplitude is strongly influenced by phase coherence among the particles participating in the motion.     

The art and science of flow control – case studies using flow visualization methods

Active flow control (AFC) has been the focus of significant research in the last decade. This is mainly due to the potentially substantial benefits it affords. AFC applications range from the subsonic to the supersonic (and beyond) regime for both internal and external flows. These applications are wide and varied, such as controlling flow transition and separation over various external components of the aircraft to active management of separation and flow distortion in engine components and over turbine and compressor blades. High-speed AFC applications include control of flow oscillations in cavity flows, supersonic jet screech, impinging jets, and jet-noise control. In this paper we review some of our recent applications of AFC through a number of case studies that illustrate the typical benefits as well as limitations of present AFC methods. The case studies include subsonic and supersonic canonical flowfields such as separation control over airfoils, control of supersonic cavity flows and impinging jets. In addition, properties of zero-net mass-flux (ZNMF) actuators are also discussed as they represent one of the most widely studied actuators used for AFC. In keeping with the theme of this special issue, the flowfield properties and their response to actuation are examined through the use of various qualitative and quantitative flow visualization methods, such as smoke, shadowgraph, schlieren, planar-laser scattering, and Particle image velocimetry (PIV). The results presented here clearly illustrate the merits of using flow visualization to gain significant insight into the flow and its response to AFC.     

Oxides,Oxides, and More Oxides: High-κ Oxides,Ferroelectrics, Ferromagnetics,and Multiferroics

We review and critique the recent developments on multifunctional oxide materials, which are gaining a good deal of interest. Recongnizing that this is a vast area, the focus of this treatment is mainly on high-κ dielectric, ferroelectric, magnetic, and multiferroic materials. Also, we consider ferrimagnetic oxides in the context of the new, rapidly developing field of negative-index metamaterials. This review is motivated by the recent resurgence of interest in complex oxides owing to their coupling of electrical, magnetic, thermal, mechanical, and optical properties, which make them suitable for a wide variety of applications, including heat, motion, electric, and magnetic sensors; tunable and compact microwave passive components; surface acoustic wave devices; nonlinear optics; and nonvolatile memory, and pave the way for designing multifunctional devices and unique applications in spintronics and negative refraction-index media. For most of the materials treated here, structural and physical properties, preparation methods accompanied by particulars of synthesis of thin films, devices based on them, and some projections into their future applications are discussed.     

The effect of activity-based nanoscience and nanotechnology education on pre-service science teachers’ conceptual understanding

The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of activity-based nanoscience and nanotechnology education (ABNNE) on pre-service science teachers’ (PST’) conceptual understanding of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Within this context, the study was conducted according to mixed methods research with the use of both quantitative and qualitative methods. The participants were 32 PST who were determined by using criterion sampling that is one of the purposive sampling methods. ABNNE was carried out during 7 weeks as 2 h per week in special issues at physics course. Design and implementation of ABNNE were based on “Big Ideas” which was found in literature and provided guidance for teaching nanoscience and nanotechnology. All activities implemented during ABNNE were selected from literature. “Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Concept Test (NN-CT)” and “Activity-Based Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Education Assessment Form (ABNNE-AF)” were used as data collection tools in research. Findings obtained with data collection tools were discussed with coverage of literature. The findings revealed that PST conceptual understanding developed following ABNNE. Various suggestions for increasing PST conceptual understanding of nanoscience and nanotechnology were presented according to the results of the study.     

How old is surface science?

Philosophical and literary testimonies from the Classical World (5th century b.c. to 3rd century a.d.) involving solid surfaces are reviewed. Plato thought the surface to be a real entity, whereas Aristotle considered it to possess an unqualified existence, i.e. not to be a substance, but just an accidental entity. The Old Stoics asserted that surfaces do not possess any physical existence, although the Stoic philosopher Posidonius—apparently the only exception in his school—held them to exist both in thought and reality. While both the Atomists and the Epicureans were very little interested in them, the Sceptic philosopher Sextus Empiricus considered surfaces to be the limits of a body, although he maintained that both the view that they are corporeal or the view that they are incorporeal present unsurmountable difficulties.Among Roman authors, the testimony from Pliny the Elder is mostly concerned with metallic surfaces, chemical change occurring there, and surface treatments used in antiquity.Besides the philosophical motivations, the implications of the testimonies are discussed in the light of surface science. The purely geometrical surface of Plato is found to compare favorably to single-crystal surface, Posidonius’ “corporeal” surface is best likened to an air-oxidized, or otherwise ambient-modified surface, and ancient accounts on mixture are compared to XPS results obtained in adhesion studies of enameled steels. I argue that the long-standing dominance of Aristotle’s view from antiquity onwards may have had a part in delaying theoretical speculation into solid surfaces.     

Effects of pressure on structural,electronic, and mechanical properties of α,β,and γ uranium

The first-principles methods have been employed to calculate the structural, electronic, and mechanical properties of the α, β, and γ phases of uranium under pressure up to 100 GPa. The electronic structure has been viewed in forms of density of states and band structure. The mechanical stability of metal U in the α, β, and γ phases have been examined.The independent elastic constants, polycrystalline elastic moduli, as well as Poisson's ratio have been obtained. Upon compression, the elastic constants, elastic moduli, elastic wave velocities, and Debye temperature of α phase are enhanced pronouncedly. The value of B/G illustrates that α and γ phases are brittle in ground state.     

Preparation,characterization, and conductivity of YLnTiZrO7 (Ln = La,Nd, Sm,and Eu)

The pyrochlore oxide of composition YLnTiZrO₇ (Ln?=?La, Nd, Sm, and Eu) was prepared by sol–gel method. All the samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), diffused reflectance spectroscopy, and impedance spectroscopy. The powder XRD and Raman studies reveal that these samples were crystallized in cubic lattice with pyrochlore structure. The Rietveld analysis of the samples was carried out to obtain the unit cell parameters and reliability factors. The broad Raman bands observed for all the samples are due to cation/anion disorder in the lattice and nanosize. The XPS analysis of the samples shows the characteristic peaks belonging to Y³⁺, Ln³⁺ (Ln?=?La, Nd, Sm, and Eu), Ti⁴⁺, and Zr⁴⁺. Electrical conductivity of YLaTiZrO₇ (YLTZ) and YEuTiZrO₇ (YETZ) samples was calculated from the impedance as a function of frequency and temperature. These samples have shown conductivity of the order of 10^?5 scm^?1 at 500 °C.     

Helmholtz, Riemann, and the Sirens: Sound, Color, and the “Problem of Space”

Emerging from music and the visual arts, questions about hearing and seeing deeply affected Hermann Helmholtz’s and Bernhard Riemann’s contributions to what became called the “problem of space [Raumproblem],” which in turn influenced Albert Einstein’s approach to general relativity. Helmholtz’s physiological investigations measured the time dependence of nerve conduction and mapped the three-dimensional manifold of color sensation. His concurrent studies on hearing illuminated musical evidence through experiments with mechanical sirens that connect audible with visible phenomena, especially how the concept of frequency unifies motion, velocity, and pitch. Riemann’s critique of Helmholtz’s work on hearing led Helmholtz to respond and study Riemann’s then-unpublished lecture on the foundations of geometry. During 1862–1870, Helmholtz applied his findings on the manifolds of hearing and seeing to the Raumproblem by supporting the quadratic distance relation Riemann had assumed as his fundamental hypothesis about geometrical space. Helmholtz also drew a “close analogy … in all essential relations between the musical scale and space.” These intersecting studies of hearing and seeing thus led to reconsideration and generalization of the very concept of “space,” which Einstein shaped into the general manifold of relativistic space-time.     

Densities and mixing volumes of mixtures of fluorobenzene, α,α,α-trifluorotoluene, tert-butylmethyl ether, and ethanol at temperature 298.15 K and pressure 0.1 MPa

The volumetric properties were evaluated from density data for the binary mixtures of (fluorobenzene + tert-butylmethyl ether), (α,α,α-trifluorotoluene + tert-butylmethyl ether), (tert-butylmethyl ether + ethanol), and the ternary mixtures of (fluorobenzene + tert-butylmethyl ether + ethanol) and (α,α,α-trifluorotoluene + tert-butylmethyl ether + ethanol). The observed densities were obtained by means of a vibrating-tube densimeter at the temperature 298.15 K and the pressure 101 kPa.The excess molar volumes of the ternary mixtures were estimated from binary solution data using several empirical equations with mean standard deviation less than 0.03 cm³·mol^-1. Stable chemical cross-associations among the molecules forming the mixtures were revealed.