非金属氢化物pKa定量结构性质关系(QSPR)研究

采用Tomasi的极化统一模型对非金属氢化物HmA在水相条件下进行从头算, 选取与A原子电子密度相关的7个量子化学参数对氢化物pKa进行多元回归和逐步回归, 建立的QSPR方程相关系数R分别为0.9984和0.9947, 标准偏差s分别为1.7349和2.3618, 留一法交叉验证的结果则为R=0.9689和0.9895, s=7.5985和3.3118, 表明由逐步回归建立的方程具有更高的预测可靠性, 同时也表明逐步回归分析引入的原子净电荷数NC、电荷布居数TP和最低未占分子轨道能级ELUMO 3个参数是影响HmA酸强度的关键参数. 对NC, TP和ELUMO的物理意义及其对HmA pKa影响的深入分析表明, 这3个参数是决定A原子电子密度大小的主要因素, ELUMO和TP则分别是同主族氢化物和同周期氢化物酸性强弱递变的决定因素.     

以Fe2O3为原料制备LiFePO4/C复合材料及其性能研究

以Fe2O3为铁源原料, 利用热还原法成功地制备了LiFePO4/C复合材料. 用XRD以及SEM对材料的晶体结构以及表面形貌进行了表征. 通过循环伏安和充放电测试研究了材料的电化学性能. 研究结果表明， 于700 ℃下制备的LiFePO4/C复合材料在0.1C的倍率下可以得到放电容量144.8 mA·h/g, 在循环160次后, 容量仍保持在141.4 mA·h/g. 这种以廉价的Fe2O3代替目前常用的二价铁盐原料方法, 具有减少LiFePO4合成成本的优点.     

掺杂Mn对CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3材料性质的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列Mn掺杂摩尔分数为0～5%的CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3(CZA)复合氧化物, 并采用BET, OSC, XRD, XPS, H2-TPR等方法对所制备的材料进行了表征. 结果表明, 所制备的材料均形成了稳定的CZA固溶体, 尤其是Mn掺杂0.5%的材料在600和1000 ℃焙烧后均表现出最好的织构性能. OSC和H2-TPR的结果表明, Mn掺杂量≤1%时, 氧在材料中的体相移动是材料储氧和被还原的速控步骤, 并且Mn的掺杂量为0.2%时, 储氧量最大, 材料的还原温度也最低; Mn掺杂量>1%时, Mn物种对材料储氧和被还原的作用显著. XPS结果表明, Mn在焙烧过程中会迁移向表面, 结合H2-TPR结果可知, 新鲜样品表面的MnOx物种主要为Mn2O3, 而老化样品主要为Mn3O4.     

δ-MnO2对TiO2光催化降解甲基橙的抑制作用

采用动力学方法研究了在水悬浮液中δ-MnO2颗粒物对P-25 TiO2光催化降解甲基橙活性的影响, 并利用紫外-可见漫反射光谱(DRS)和光致发光光谱(PL)对受δ-MnO2污染前后的TiO2样品进行了表征. 动力学研究结果表明, 在3种不同初始pH值条件下, δ-MnO2对TiO2光催化剂都具有明显的致毒效应, 共存δ-MnO2的浓度越大, 致毒效应越明显. 表征结果表明, 由于δ-MnO2 与TiO2之间的界面接触, 使得TiO2吸收带边蓝移, 紫外光区的吸收强度降低, 光致发光信号(PL)明显减弱. 因此, δ-MnO2导致TiO2的禁带宽度增大, 光利用率降低, 并且是光生电子与空穴的复合中心.     

复合物LiFePO4/CaB6的结构与性能研究

采用固相法合成了纯的LiFePO4, 并通过两种不同的方法合成了不同CaB6含量的复合物LiFePO4/CaB6. 对这些产物进行了粒度、形貌、电导率、振实密度、X射线衍射和充放电性能的研究. 实验结果表明, CaB6的掺入虽然没有明显地提高产物的比容量, 但却显著地增加了产物的振实密度和电导率. 第二种方法合成的产物性能更好, 其电导率提高了5个数量级, 振实密度提高了65%.     

PMMA人工晶状体表面的CF4/O2等离子体修饰

为了改善聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)人工晶状体的生物相容性和透光性, 采用CF4/O2等离子体技术修饰其表面. 通过衰减全反射红外光谱(ATR-FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、静态接触角(CA)测定、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、紫外-可见近红外光谱(UV-Vis)等方法进行表征, 结果表明, 经CF4/O2等离子体处理后, PMMA表面的含氟和含氧基团增加, 其表面的亲水性增强, 生物相容性改善, 紫外光的隔离效率增大. 因此, 通过CF4/O2等离子体修饰能够有效地改善PMMA人工晶状体的性质.     

Y2O3和Nd2O3介孔薄膜的制备与表征

以聚乙烯合丁烯-嵌-聚氧乙烯嵌段共聚物(PHB-PEO)作模板, 采用蒸发诱导自组装方法, 分别制备了Y2O3和Nd2O3介孔薄膜. 用小角、广角X射线衍射和透射电子显微镜对薄膜样品在不同的热处理阶段进行了表征. 结果表明, 所制备的Y2O3和Nd2O3薄膜样品呈现一种大孔径(平均孔径分别约为11.5和12.5 nm)、有序的立方扭曲球形孔排列、稳定于450 ℃并具有部分晶态孔壁结构的介孔薄膜材料.     

具有辐射聚合能力的HfO2/SiO2溶胶-凝胶玻璃的制备及其X射线光刻性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶方法制备了一种新颖的具有辐射聚合能力的HfO2/SiO2凝胶薄膜. 并采用X射线作曝光光源对薄膜进行了曝光, 通过FTIR的测试, 分析了薄膜曝光前后的结构变化. 结果表明, 该材料具有良好的辐射聚合能力. 采用XPS分析了薄膜的成分, 并证实了Hf元素的存在. 用椭偏仪测试了薄膜的折射率, 结果证实, 加入HfO2提高了体系的折射率. 利用其辐射聚合能力, 采用X射线通过掩模板进行曝光, 利用曝光部分与未曝光部分在溶剂中的溶解度差, 在薄膜上制备了高为0.8 μm、周期为1 μm的衍射光栅, 进一步证实了材料具有良好的辐射聚合能力.     

用于在超临界流体CO2中直接溶解镧系和锕系元素氧化物的TRPO-HNO3络合物的性质

研究了TRPO-HNO₃络合物的一些性质. 实验结果表明, 当HNO₃/TRPO初始体积比从1/7增大到5/1时, TRPO-HNO₃络合物中HNO₃浓度从2.12增大到6.16 mol/L, [HNO₃]/[TRPO]比从0.93增大到3.38, 络合物中水含量的变化范围为0.97%~2.70%. TRPO-HNO₃络合物的比重、粘度和表面张力随络合物中HNO₃浓度的变化而变化. 采用氘锁定技术研究了TRPO-HNO₃络合物的NMR光谱, 结果表明, 在NMR谱图中, 络合物中HNO₃和H₂O的质子会快速交换, 出现一个单峰, 而当TRPO-HNO₃络合物溶入低介电常数的溶剂时, 通过NMR谱图可以发现有小的HNO₃液滴形成.     

硝基苯在离子液体EMimBF4中的选择性电还原

采用循环伏安法和恒电位电解法研究了离子液体EMimBF4中硝基苯在微铂电极上的选择性电还原特性. 研究结果表明, 硝基苯在铂电极上的电还原反应为双分子八电子三步骤电化学过程: 第一步反应为准可逆单电子转移步骤, 产生阴离子自由基; 第二步为二电子转移步骤, 并伴有随后的双分子不可逆自由基偶合反应和快速质子化及脱水反应, 主要产物为氧化偶氮苯; 第三步是二电子转移产生偶氮苯的过程. 通过控制电位, 可以选择性地合成氧化偶氮苯和偶氮苯; 在EMimBF4中, 硝基苯和水的浓度变化对电化学行为产生较大影响.     

The Influence of Ions on the Electrochemical Stability of Aqueous Electrolytes

The electrochemical stability window of water is known to vary with the type and concentration of dissolved salts. However, the underlying influence of ions on the thermodynamic stability of aqueous solutions has not been fully understood. Here, we investigated the electrolytic behaviors of aqueous electrolytes as a function of different ions. Our findings indicate that ions with high ionic potentials, i.e., charge density, promote the formation of their respective hydration structures, enhancing electrolytic reactions via an inductive effect, particularly for small cations. Conversely, ions with lower ionic potentials increase the proportion of free water molecules—those not engaged in hydration shells or hydrogen-bonding networks—leading to greater electrolytic stability. Furthermore, we observe that the chemical environment created by bulky ions with lower ionic potentials impedes electrolytic reactions by frustrating the solvation of protons and hydroxide ions, the products of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), respectively. We found that the solvation of protons plays a more substantial role than that of hydroxide, which explains a greater shift for OER than for HER, a puzzle that cannot be rationalized by the notion of varying O−H bond strengths of water. These insights will help the design of aqueous systems.     

MnCl2/DMSO溶液的拉曼光谱和理论计算

利用拉曼光谱研究了不同温度和浓度MnCl₂/DMSO溶液体系离子的溶剂化作用, 结果表明, 在0~0.8 mol/L浓度范围内, 随着浓度增加, Mn²⁺与DMSO的相互作用逐渐增强, S=O伸缩振动峰向低波数移动, S=O双键减弱; C—S伸缩振动峰向高波数移动, C—S键增强. 温度升高, S=O双键和C—S键伸缩振动峰均向相反的方向移动, 溶剂化作用减弱. 56 ℃以上, 单体DMSO迅速增加, 与Mn²⁺溶剂化作用的DMSO迅速减少, 二聚体DMSO减少缓慢, 温度对溶剂化作用的影响大于溶剂自身的缔合. 利用密度泛函理论对可能存在的溶剂化构型[Mn(DMSO)_n]²⁺进行了优化、 热力学性质及理论拉曼光谱计算, 从理论上证实了Mn²⁺与DMSO存在相互作用, 导致DMSO的S=O键拉伸和C—S键收缩, 与实验光谱结果一致.     

Electrophilicity versus Electrofugality of Tritylium Ions in Aqueous Acetonitrile

First‐order rate constants k_w for the reactions of a series of donor‐substituted triphenylmethylium (tritylium) ions with water in aqueous acetonitrile have been determined photometrically at 20 °C using stopped‐flow and laser‐flash techniques. The rate constants follow the linear free energy relationship log k(20 °C)=s(N+E). The reactivities k_w of the methyl‐ and methoxy‐substituted tritylium ions towards water correlate linearly with the corresponding pK values with a Leffler–Hammond coefficient α=δΔG^≠/δΔG⁰ of 0.62. The amino‐substituted compounds react more slowly than expected from the correlation of the less stabilized systems. Quantum chemical calculations of tritylium ions and the corresponding triarylmethanols and 1,1,1‐triarylethanes have been performed at the MP2(FC)/6‐31+G(2d,p)//B3LYP/6‐31G(d,p) level. The calculated gas‐phase hydroxide and methyl anion affinities of the tritylium ions correlate linearly with a slope of unity, indicating that the relative anion affinities do not depend on the nature of the anion. The pK values of the methyl‐ and methoxy‐substituted tritylium ions correlate linearly with the calculated gas‐phase hydroxide affinities, and the slope of this correlation shows that the differences in carbocation stabilities in the gas phase are attenuated to 66 % in solution. Mono‐ and bis(dimethylamino)‐substituted derivatives deviate from this correlation; their pK values are higher than expected from their calculated gas‐phase hydroxide affinities, which is explained by the extraordinary solvation of unsymmetrically amino‐substituted tritylium ions. Complete free‐energy profiles for the solvolyses of substituted trityl benzoates in 90:10 (v/v) acetonitrile/water have been constructed.     

Theoretical Calculations of the pKa Values of 1-Aryl-4-0rooylpiperazine Drugs in Aqueous Solution

Theoretical calculations were carried out to predict the aqueous-phase acidities of a series of drug 1-phenyl-4-propylpiperazine and its derivatives. The performances of the density functional theory（DFT） methods B3LYP and B3P86, solvation models[the polarized continuum model（PCM） and the conductor-like polarized conti- nuum model（CPCM）], and the basis set effect were tested. A comparison between the theoretical and experimental pKa values for para-substituted 1-phenyl-4-propylpiperazines reveals that the accuracy of B3LYP is better than that of B3P86, and the basis set 6-31＋＋G（d,p） and the CPCM model are suitable for calculating pKa values of the substituted 1-phenyl-4-propylpiperazine. For the investigated compounds, a reasonable agreement between the experimental and calculated oKo values was also observed.     

水及有机溶剂中离子溶剂化焓的理论计算

In the light of the interactions between particles, this paper is a calculation of the standard solvation enthalpies for ions Li~+, Na~+, K~+, Rb~+, Cs~+, Ag~+, Cl~-, Br~- and I~- in solvents as H_2O, MeOH, FA, DMF, DMSO, MeCN, PC and SL. The contributions from the cavity formation process, electrostatic attraction, electrostatic repulsion and those from nonelectrostatic interactions are considered. The accordance between the calculated values and those from literature is good except Li~+.     

Calculation of acidic dissociation constants in water: solvation free energy terms. Their accuracy and impact

Three polarizable continuum models, DPCM, CPCM, and IEFPCM, have been applied to calculate free energy differences for nine neutral compounds and their anions. On the basis of solvation free energies, the pK_a values were obtained for the compounds in question by using three thermodynamic cycles: one, involving the combined experimental and calculated data, as well as two other cycles solely with calculated data. This paper deals with the influence of factors such as the SCRF model applied, choice of a particular thermodynamic cycle, atomic radii used to build a cavity in the solvent (water), optimization of geometry in water, inclusion of electron correlation, and the dimension of the basis set on the solvation free energies and on the calculated pK_a values. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: ) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Linear Free‐Energy Relationships between a Single Gas‐Phase Ab Initio Equilibrium Bond Length and Experimental pKa Values in Aqueous Solution

Remarkably simple yet effective linear free energy relationships were discovered between a single ab initio computed bond length in the gas phase and experimental pK_a values in aqueous solution. The formation of these relationships is driven by chemical features such as functional groups, meta/para substitution and tautomerism. The high structural content of the ab initio bond length makes a given data set essentially divide itself into high correlation subsets (HCSs). Surprisingly, all molecules in a given high correlation subset share the same conformation in the gas phase. Here we show that accurate pK_a values can be predicted from such HCSs. This is achieved within an accuracy of 0.2 pK_a units for 5 drug molecules.     

基于原子表面的蛋白质水合自由能预测模型

提出了一种计算蛋白质水合自由能的简化模型（SAWSA 2）.模型把蛋白质分子中的原子分为20种不同的原子类型,通过每类原子的溶剂可及化表面以及相应的溶剂化参数,就可以得到分子的水合自由能.不同原子类型的溶剂化参数通过110个蛋白质分子水合自由能拟合得到,水合自由能的标准值采用了基于求解Possion-Boltzmann方程（PB）以及分子表面计算（SA） 相结合的方法.采用得到的模型,预测了20个蛋白质分子的水合自由能,预测值的相对值和绝对值都能和PB/SA的计算值很好地吻合,大大优于两种已报导的水合自由能模型.     

Thermodynamic Estimate of pKa Values of the Carboxylic Acids in Aqueous Solution with the Density Functional Theory

The 96 pK_a values of 85 carboxylic acids in aqueous solution were calculated with the density functional theory method at the level of B3LYP/6‐31+G(d,p) and the polarizable continuum model (PCM) was used to describe the solvent. In the calculations of pK_a values, the dissociation Gibbs free energies were directly calculated using carboxylic acid dissociation reactions in aqueous solution, i. e., no thermodynamic cycle was employed, which is different from the previous literatures. A highly significant correlation of R²=0.95 with a standard deviation (SD) of 0.36 between the experimental pK_a values and the calculated dissociation Gibbs free energies [ΔG(calc.)] was found. The slope of pK_a vs. (G(calc.)/(20303RT) is only 47.6% of the theoretically expected value, which implies that the ΔG(calc.) value from the theoretical calculation is larger than the actual one for all 85 carboxylic acids studied. Thus, by adding the 0.476 scaling‐factor into the slope, we can derive a reliably procedure that can reproduce the experimental pK_a values of carboxylic acids. The pK_a values furnished by this procedure are in good agreement with the experimental results for carboxylic acids in aqueous solution.     

A Novel Charge Distribution Method for the Numerical Solution of the Poisson-Boltzmann Equation

A charge distribution method to solve the linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation numerically through use of the finite difference method is proposed, The molecules are mapped by 1 and 0.25 Å grid systems. Each atom is modeled as a point charge and a weighted sum of point charge of every atom that is within its van der Waals radius with a grid point is assigned to the grid point. Depending on a charge distribution factor determined, the charge/grid (q/g) ratio calculated for every grid point inside a molecule can be fixed to a certain value. A grid size of the I Å grid is often fixed for mapping a small or large molecular system. Solvation energies for a group of small molecules calculated by the method arc comparable with those calculated by other methods and the grid energy calculated by the method is also reduced.