Features of synthesis of fatty acids in active lipid-forming yeasts

Features of the accumulation of fatty acids and the changes in their composition in seven strains of yeasts that are promising producing agents of lipids have been studied. It has been shown that in the process of accumulation of lipids in the biomass changes take place that lead to a fall in the degree of unsaturation of the pool of fatty acids. This nature of the change in the composition of the fatty acids is, as has been shown by measuring their absolute amounts in the biomass, connected with the intensive synthesis of oleic and palmitic acids as components of the reserve lipids. The results obtained form the basis for an evaluation of the promising nature of individual strains as active producers of fatty acids.     

Lipids of microalgae. I. Lipids and a protein hydrolysate fromMonochrysis lutheri

The class composition and the total fatty acid composition of the readily- and difficulty-extractable lipids and the amino acid composition of a protein hydrolysate of the dry biomass from the golden-yellow microalgaMonochrysis lutheri have been determined for the first time. It has been established that the difficulty-extractable lipids differ sharply from the readily extractable lipids in the composition of the neutral and glycolipid components and also in that of the fatty acids; 27% of the weight of the fatty acids of the latter is composed of the 20:4 and 20:5 species. The protein hydrolysate ofM. lutheri contains almost the whole set of essential fatty acids.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbekistan Republic, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 507–511, July–August, 1993.     

Lipids of microalgae V. Composition of the lipids of the biomass ofMonochrysis lutheri grown with periodic illumination

It has been shown that in the biomass ofMonochrysis lutheri grown under the conditions of an accumulation culture with periodic illumination the level of total lipids, including the majority of classes of glycolipids and some phospholipids, is lower than on continuous illumination. In the fatty acids of the triacylglycerols the amounts of the 20:4 and 20:5 species were somewhat lower while the amounts of polar lipids had increased.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, fax (3712) 89 14 75. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 601–604, September–October, 1994.     

Group composition of the neutral lipids in the oil of the fruit ofHippophaë rhamnoides

The composition of the neutral lipids of the fruit flesh and seeds of two forms of sea buckthorn have been determined. The presence of more than 20 groups of lipids has been shown. The two oils differed in the amounts and compositions of their carotenoids and acyl glycerols and the amounts of alcohols, free fatty acids, and esters.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 300–305, May–June, 1984.     

Epicuticular and intracellular lipids ofHippophae rhamnoides leaves

It has been established that the bulk of the epicuticular lipids of common sea buckthorn leaves is represented by the class of higher aliphatic esters, while higher fatty acids, other acids of the aliphatic series, and cyclic acids of triterpene nature have also been detected. The intracellular lipids consist mainly of esters of various alcohols with higher fatty acids, while the same alcohols are found in the form of acetates and in the free state. In addition, the composition of the intracellular lipids includes hydrocarbons, triacylglycerols, free fatty acids, carotenoids, aldehydes, and acids of triterpene nature.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, fax (3712) 89 14 75. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 790–798, November-December, 1995. Original article submitted January 2, 1995.     

Lipids ofZiziphora pedicellata

The amounts and compositions of the lipids, pigments, and fatty acids in the inflorescences, leaves, and stems and the total air-dry biomass ofZiziphora pedicellata Pazij. et Vved. have been established. The essential oil content of the biomass has been determined. A similarity of the qualitative composition of the lipids and pigments, an increase in the amount of unsaponifiable substances, and a substantial fall in the level of chlorophylls on the natural drying of the biomass have been found.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, fax (3712) 40 64 75. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 806–809, November–December, 1997.     

Composition of lipids of the grain of opaque-2 maize

It has been established that the change in the composition of the total lipids and the fall in the fatty acid content depend on the initial maize genotype. A decrease in the amount of unsaponifiable substances in the grain of mutants is accompanied by qualitative changes in the composition regardless of the nature of the genotype.Scientific-Research Institute of Biology Dnepropetrovsk State university. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii. No. 3. pp. 360–363. May–June, 1988.     

Lipids of two species of brown algae of the genusLaminaria

The compositions of the neutral lipids, glycolipids, phospholipids and fatty acids of the brown algaeLaminaria japonica andLaminaria cichoriodes have been studied. It has been found that the glycolipids are the main lipid classes in these algae. Palmitic, oleic, and polyunsaturated acids with 18 and 20 carbon atoms form the group of main acids. The lipids of both species of theLaminaria genus have a complex composition but they differ by the ratios of their fatty acids.Institute of Marine Biology, Far-eastern Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, fax (4232) 310900, e-mail: lipid@biom.marine.su. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 22–26, January–February, 1999.     

Metabolites of the pathogenic fungusVerticillium dahliae. X. Induction of phytoalexins in the cotton plant by metabolites in the pathogen

The capacity of ten metabolites isolated from the culture liquid and mycelium of the phytopathogenic fungusVerticillium dahliae Kleb. and identified by chemical and spectral methods or of known chemical nature for inducing the synthesis and accumulation of phytoalexins in the cotton plant has been investigated for the first time. It has been established that the maximum inducing capacity among the metabolites investigated in the concentrations tried is possessed by elaidic acid and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate. A considerable amount of phytoalexins is also induced under the action on the cotton plant of PCL-1 and a substance of carbohydrate nature. In view of the inducing capacity of the lipid component the protein-lipoid-polysaccharide complex we have studied its total lipid and fatty acid compositions. It has been shown that the compositions of the classes of neutral lipids of the protein-lipoid-polysaccharide complex of the mycelium and the culture liquid do not differ fundamentally, while there are certain differences in the qualitative composition and quantitative amounts of fatty acids of the protein-lipoid-poly-saccharide complex and of the culture liquid, with the exception of the C_16:0 and C_18:0 acids, the amounts of which are approximately the same.V. I. Lenin Tashkent State University. Institute of Experimental Plant Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 397–406, May–June, 1980.     

Change in the lipid composition of lichens in the spring period

The dynamics of the amount of total lipids, the ratio of the main classes of lipids, the amount of fatty acids, and the ratio of individual phospholipids in three epiphytic species of lichens from the Zhigulevsk reserve have been followed. It has been shown that all the classes of lipids of the lichens change to some degree or other in this period. The dynamics of the fatty acids has also confirmed a known rule: an increase in the amount of saturated and a decrease in the number of unsaturated fatty acids of the membranes with a rise in the temperature of the environment. This is the first time that the dynamics of the hydroxy acids have been followed.Institute of the Ecology of the Volga Basin, Tol'yatti. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 660–664, September–October, 1993.     

Epoxy and hydroxy acids of the seed oil ofGaleopsis bifida

The lipids of the seeds of the hemp nettle, which is toxic for ruminants have been studied. The composition of the fatty acids of five classes of lipids and the position-species composition of the triacylglycerols have been determined. The presence of epoxyacyl- and hydroxyacylglycerols in the oil and the structures of the acids of these lipids have been established. Squalene has been isolated from the oil.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 288–295, May–June, 1981.     

Composition of the neutral lipids of Chlorella vulgaris

Summary The qualitative and quantitative compositions of the neutral lipids and the fatty-acid composition of the individual classes of neutral lipids isolated from fresh, freeze-dried, and air-dry cells of the algaChlorella vulgaris have been investigated.The presence of natural fatty acid methyl esters in the lipid extract of the fresh and air-dry chlorella cells has been established.It has been shown that the fatty acid methyl ester fraction is enriched with palmitic acid as compared with the triglyceride and free fatty acid fractions.The main unsaturated acids of the chlorella lipids contain the first double bond in the ⁹ position.Division of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, Tashkent. Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of the Uzbek SSR, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 49–53, January–February, 1978.     

Influence of infection by Verticillium dahliae on the cuticular lipids of the leaves of cotton plants of variety 175

The composition of the cuticular lipids of young leaves of cotton plants of the wilt-resistant variety 175-F has been determined and it has been established that on artificial infection of the plant with cotton wilt(Verticilliuim dahliae) the component composition of these lipids did not change but the level of the 18:0, 18:1, and 18:2 acids in esters of fatty acids with alkanol, sterols, and triterpenols fell.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Uzbek. Academy of Sciences, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 765–768, November–December, 1991.     

Lipids of microalgae. I. Lipids and a protein hydrolysate fromMonochrysis lutheri

The class composition and the total fatty acid composition of the readily- and difficulty-extractable lipids and the amino acid composition of a protein hydrolysate of the dry biomass from the golden-yellow microalgaMonochrysis lutheri have been determined for the first time. It has been established that the difficulty-extractable lipids differ sharply from the readily extractable lipids in the composition of the neutral and glycolipid components and also in that of the fatty acids; 27% of the weight of the fatty acids of the latter is composed of the 20:4 and 20:5 species. The protein hydrolysate ofM. lutheri contains almost the whole set of essential fatty acids.     

Effect of infection byVerticillium dahliae on the lipid complex of cotton seeds from varieties with contrasting resistance

The yields and fatty acid compositions of the free lipids and lipids weakly and strongly bound to proteins from seeds of cottonplant varieties resistant and susceptible to verticillium wilt have been determined and the changes in these indices in the seeds of the infected plants have been measured. It has been established that the seeds of healthy plants of the two varieties are similar in the qualitative compositions of the lipids and fatty acids but differ with respect the amounts of lipids in them bound with protein in different ways and with respect to the amounts of the individual fatty acids. The observed changes in the lipid and fatty-acid compositions depend on the degree of resistance of the variety to wilt.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, fax (3712) 89 14 75. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 605–608, September–October, 1994.     

Lipids and lipopolysaccharides of the genusFlavobacterium

The fatty acid compositions of the free lipids of three strains and the monosaccharide compositions of the lipopolysaccharides of four strains of new species of microorganisms of the genusFlavobacterium have been studied. The acidic nature of the polysaccharides of the LPSs of the microorganisms studied has been shown.Pacific Ocean Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Far Eastern Scientific Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, and Institute of Microbiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 564–567, September–October, 1986.     

Lipids of the oils of the fruit and leaves ofHoppopha? rhamnoides

The analysis of some lipids of four forms of the common sea buckthorn has shown that they all differ with respect to the composition of the fatty acids of the triacylglycerols of the leaves. One of the forms is characterized by an infringement of the specificity of the composition of the fatty acids in positions 2 of the triacylglycerols of the oils of the seeds and the leaves.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, Tashkent. V. L. Komarov Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaidzhan SSR, Baku. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 710–715, November–December, 1981.     

Lipids of microalgae V. Composition of the lipids of the biomass ofMonochrysis lutheri grown with periodic illumination

It has been shown that in the biomass ofMonochrysis lutheri grown under the conditions of an accumulation culture with periodic illumination the level of total lipids, including the majority of classes of glycolipids and some phospholipids, is lower than on continuous illumination. In the fatty acids of the triacylglycerols the amounts of the 20:4 and 20:5 species were somewhat lower while the amounts of polar lipids had increased.     

Composition of the phospholipids of seeds of Cercis siliquastrum

The phospholipids of the polar lipids of the seeds of the Judas tree and the fatty-acid composition of the N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines, the phosphatidylcholines, and the phosphatidylethanolamines, and also the molecular-species types of the fatty acids of the phosphatidylcholines and the phosphatidylethanolamines have been studied. It has been established that the seeds of the Judas tree contain ten phospholipids. The main fatty acids are palmitic and oleic.I. V. Kutateladze Institute of Pharmacochemistry, Georgian Academy of Sciences. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, Nos. 3,4, pp. 320–323, May–August, 1992.     

Phospholipid and fatty acid composition of Echinodermata. I. ClassOphiuroidea

The phospholipid compositions of five species of marine ophiuroids belonging to the classOphiuroidea have been investigated. It has been shown that the phosphatidylethanolamines contain almost solely ether bonds in the first position of the glycerophospholipids. The amount of the plasmalogen form in the phosphatidylethanolamines averages 89.8% (82.3–96.2%) and the amount of the alkyl form 9.8% (3.8–17.7%). The compositions of the fatty acids, fatty aldehydes, and alkyl ethers in the two main classes of phospholipids — phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine — have been studied. The main acids found were eicosatetraenoic and eicosapentaenoic, the total amount of which was 53%. It has been shown that the ophiuroids can be used as promising objects for the investigation of the metabolism of alkoxylipids and for their preparative isolation.Volga Basin Ecological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Tol'yatti. Translated from Khimya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 547–551, September–October, 1986.