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用有限拉莫尔半径(FLR)修正的相对论色散关系进行了数值模拟，研究了电子回旋波在高温、高密等离子体的功率沉积，并将计算结果与应用弱相对论Fokker-Planck方程得到的结果进行了比较。结果表明，在高温、高密等离子体中，波功率的吸收非常集中；平行折射率、极向发射位置和发射波频率的变化都会影响波功率沉积的大小和分布；平行折射率变大后，FLR效应会使波的阻尼减少。     

中国聚变工程实验堆等离子体螺旋波阻尼系数的研究

中国聚变工程实验堆(CFETR)是我国自主设计和研制的新一代磁约束聚变装置.基于快波的色散关系,通过理论分析和数值求解等离子体色散函数Z(ξ),获得了螺旋波(快磁声波)与等离子体相互作用波阻尼因子G与等离子体参数和波频率等的关系.研究结果表明:在CFETR等离子体放电参数下,螺旋波能够产生显著的离轴波功率沉积和波驱动电流,波与等离子体相互作用的主要物理机制是电子朗道阻尼.此外,螺旋波阻尼系数与发射波(谱)的平行折射率和等离子体参数密切相关,但总是随着波频率增加而变大.对CFETR装置混合运行模式的GENRAY/CQL3D模拟研究结果表明, 800 MHz的螺旋波能够在r≈0.5a处产生显著的波功率沉积和波驱动电流,驱动电流的效率约为50 kA/MW.     

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采用TORAY代码对HL-2A装置ECRH系统在单零点偏滤器位形下的波与等离子体相互作用的情况进行了模拟计算,研究了等离子体和波参数对ECRH波迹和功率沉积以及电流驱动的影响。根据数值计算结果,HL-2A装置ECRH系统在等离子体线平均密度为3.0×1013cm-3、中心电子温度为1.19keV的情况下,以O模作为入射波垂直入射时的单次吸收系数为99.3%,最大电流驱动效率为0.005×1020A.W-1.m-2。     

磁镜等离子体中电子回旋波加热实验的理论研究

本文利用平行平板模型,给出了在不同位置、以不同角度入射到平衡的磁镜等离子体中电子回旋波的传播轨迹;利用线性理论计算了O,X波能量分别被本底电子、热电子吸收的波能量沉积率。根据计算结果,文中对加热本底等离子体的特征进行了描述,对非封闭热电子环的形成作了初步解释。     

大面积表面波等离子体源微波功率吸收的数值模拟研究

建立了大面积矩形表面波等离子体(SWP)源全尺寸的三维模型,用数值模拟的方法研究了SWP源基于碰撞的功率吸收问题,给出了随等离子体参数变化的微波反射率曲线,分析了不同天线对微波功率沉积的影响,并讨论了微波功率吸收和表面波的定性关系. 结果发现,均匀放电的SWP源功率沉积本质是由表面波等离子体的性质决定的,等离子体密度太大或太小都不利于功率吸收. 在正常工作气压下,SWP源通过碰撞机理即可以实现微波功率的有效沉积,微波吸收率可达80%以上,与已有实验相符. 本研究同时发现,天线阵列激发的表面波模式越紧凑,强度越大,越有利于微波的吸收. 关键词： 时域有限差分法 等离子体表面波 功率吸收 狭缝天线     

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采用Nelder-Mead单纯形算法实现了等离子体隐身时多个等离子体参数的优化反演,初步解决了隐身应用研究中等离子体参数的局部最优取值问题.反演结果表明,对于非磁化均匀冷等离子体,在选定的参数取值范围内,吸收程度由等离子体的电子密度、碰撞频率及等离子体层厚度共同决定.等离子体层厚度决定了最佳吸收波长,且当入射雷达波频率大于某一频率时,等离子体碰撞频率趋于一个稳定值.     

外加磁场微波等离子体喷流对平面电磁波衰减的实验研究

采用空间透射波测量方法,实验研究透波密闭石英玻璃容器内等离子体喷流对垂直和水平极化电磁波的衰减,在有和无外加磁场条件下分析实验参数对等离子吸波效应的影响,分析等离子体的吸波机理.实验结果表明在非磁和本实验条件下,平面电磁波在等离子体中的衰减机理为碰撞吸收;在有磁和本实验条件下,平面电磁波在磁等离子体中的衰减机理同样为碰撞吸收,但是外加磁场的存在有限地改善了等离子体的吸波效应.为了使磁等离子体最有效地吸收电磁波,应该提高磁场感应强度,把高频混杂频率提高到测试微波频率范围内,或降低微波测试频率至本实验中的高混 关键词： 等离子体相互作用 电磁波 电磁波在等离子体中的传输     

EAST低混杂波功率沉积和电流驱动剖面控制的数值模拟

对原有的低混杂波电流驱动模拟程序进行改进,使之能够研究EAST上如何控制低混杂波功率沉积和电流驱动分布.在EAST非圆截面的平衡位形下,应用改进后的程序详细计算不同低混杂波功率谱、等离子体密度和温度分布对低混杂波功率沉积位置和电流驱动剖面分布的影响.通过计算发现,选取合适的低混杂波功率谱,等离子体温度分布和密度分布可以对功率沉积位置和电流驱动分布的剖面进行控制;调节等离子体温度分布可以很好的控制低混杂波近轴电流驱动分布和离轴电流驱动分布.     

均匀磁化等离子体与雷达波相互作用的数值分析

采用平板几何对不同磁场强度下等离子体对电磁波的吸收、反射和透射特性进行了数值分析.结果表明,不同磁场可以显著改变等离子体对不同频率的雷达波的吸收和反射特性.当雷达波频率接近等离子体高混杂频率时,磁化等离子体将对该波产生强的共振吸收,带宽在2GHz左右,吸收比可达90%以上.因此,通过适当调整磁场强度、等离子体密度和碰撞频率,可实现较宽雷达波段的等离子体隐身 关键词： 电磁波 磁化等离子体 共振吸收 等离子体隐身     

磁化碰撞等离子体对雷达波的共振吸收

使用平板几何对雷达工作频段的电磁波在磁化碰撞等离子体中的传播作了数值计算,计算结果表明,在均匀等离子体中,当等离子体碰撞频率f∞=0.1,0.5,1GHz及电磁波频率接近高混杂频率时,电磁波衰减和被吸收功率出现最大峰值,即出现共振吸收;当fen=1,10GHz时,电磁波衰减、被吸收功率和透射功率曲线变得很平坦;衰减和吸收功率随等离子体密度的增大而增大,在n=10^11cm^-3时,衰减可达100dB,吸收比可达80％。在非均匀等离子体中,电磁波的反射功率峰值比在均匀等离子体中大。因此,磁化均匀等郭了体更有利于等离子体隐身。     

Feasibility of a plasma-filled inverse free electron laseraccelerator

A high power millimeter (mm) wave, in the presence of a magnetic wiggler, produces a large longitudinal ponderomotive force that can accelerate electrons. When a plasma of density n~n_cr, where n _cr is critical density, is introduced in the interaction region, the ponderomotive force resonantly drives a plasma wave that accelerates electrons to higher energies. However, propagation of the mm wave requires a guide magnetic field; O-mode requiring less field than the X-mode. The plasma wave in this situation goes over to the upper hybrid (UH) mode. A parabolic plasma density profile with minimum on axis provides guiding for the mm wave as well as the UH wave, the latter being more strongly localized than the former. The UH wave, for typical parameters, can accelerate electrons to several tens of megaelectronvolts     

CFETR微波诊断预研与设计进展

针对最新的中国聚变工程实验堆(CFETR)零维物理设计参数，对微波诊断进行了研究以及设计工作。为了能够得到完整的密度分布，微波反射计需要同时在高场侧和低场侧进行测量，并采用寻常模以及左旋和右旋非寻常模结合的方式。电子回旋辐射一次谐频的寻常模用来测量芯部电子温度分布，而二次谐频的非寻常模测量能提供边缘温度分布。为了验证新技术在CFETR 上的可用性，EAST 装置上发展了基于频率选择表面的多波段耦合器，为CFETR 的多波段耦合的技术需求提供了可行的预研解决方案。     

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Based on parameters of the recent zero-dimensional design of CFETR the research and design for microwave diagnostics are conducted. The reflectometry system works with a combination of both O-mode and X-mode. Besides, the measurement is conducted on high field side and low field side simultaneously in order to obtain the entire density profile. O-mode of the first harmonic of electron cyclotron emission (ECE) is used to measure the core electron temperature profile while X-mode measurement of the second harmonic can provide the edge temperature profile. In order to verify the applicability of the new technique on CFETR, a multi-band coupler based on the frequency select surfaces has been developed on EAST to offer the feasible solution for the multi-band coupling technical requirement on CFETR.     

托卡马克等离子体中的电子回旋波电流驱动

通过将波迹方程与相对论情况下的完全Fokker-Planck方程联合进行求解,研究了寻常波基频电子回旋波从托卡马克等离子体中平面弱场侧发射时的电流驱动。数值结果表明:随着等离子体电子密度、温度的提高, 功率沉积和电流分布的位置将向等离子体的边缘方向偏移,并且产生的总的驱动电流随之减小;入射波极向发射角和环向发射角度的改变对功率沉积、电流分布及其大小产生明显的影响。     

Fokker-planck study of tokamak electron cyclotron resonance heating

A Fokker－Planck study is carried out for tokamak electron cyclotron resonance heating by writing the quasi-linear diffusion operator into a form adaptive to the collision operator and considering the wave absorption characteristics of both the O-mode and the X-mode in different magnetic surfaces. Though the Fokker－Planck code is non-relativistic in nature, however, if the relativistic resonance condition for the nearly perpendicularly propagating waves is treated suitably, we can obtain correct results. The energy loss mechanism through anomalous transport is also modelled using a suitable loss term. In the heating phase, the electron distribution deviates from the Maxwellian distribution substantially, which leads to non-linear absorption characteristics. The wave damping rate is non-linear and changes with time. The electron pressure is usually anisotropic under different conditions: p_{e⊥}/p_{e‖}>2 for different D_0 and τ_e.     

托卡马克等离子体不同平衡位形下的电子回旋波电流驱动

在给定的等离子体总电流和中心电流密度条件下,数值求解平衡方程,求出不同拉长比和三角形变因子的托卡马克等离子体温度、密度、磁场分布,然后通过求解波迹方程和Fokker-Planck方程,分别计算这些位形下的电子回旋波波迹和电流驱动.结果表明：电子回旋波X模从顶部发射时,随着拉长比的增大,波迹会向弱场侧偏移.电子回旋波X模从弱场侧发射时,电子回旋波在等离子体中传播沉积的功率份额随着拉长比的增大而增加,驱动电流位置随着三角形变因子的增大向等离子体中心移动.驱动电流位置随环向和极向发射角的减小向中心移动,对应的电流密度峰值也变大.     

Microwave Correlation Reflectometry for Tokamak CASTOR

A correlation reflectometer in 8-mm wavelength range has been constructed and installed on CASTOR tokamak. The reflectometer can operate on three fixed frequencies (29, 33, and 35 GHz). This is universal correlation sine-cosine reflectometer, which can work in poloidal or toroidal correlation regime and in ordinary mode (O-mode) and/or extraordinary mode (X-mode). A computational method of a direct evaluation of the phase fluctuations as well as absolute value of the phase from sine-cosine data has been developed. Using this method the relative plasma density fluctuations in the CASTOR core plasma has been determined in the range of few percent under assumption of parabolic density distribution.     

Hybrid Transmission Line for ECRH in the Helically Symmetric Experiment

The HSX oversized, mode-converting ECRH transmission line has been upgraded to a hybrid system to increase launched microwave power and reduce electrical arcing. Filtering of high-order, spurious modes ensures efficient coupling to a Gaussian beam for optimal electron heating. A Vlasov mode converter and two phase-correcting ellipsoidal mirrors convert the TE₀₂ gyrotron output mode to a symmetric, linearly polarized, microwave beam. A swappable twist reflector plate rotates beam polarization for 2nd-harmonic X-mode or fundamental O-mode ECRH. Long distances are traversed by coupling the beam to a dual-mode (TE₁₁ + TM₁₁), smooth, circular cross-section waveguide. This system has been successfully tested without arcing for 50 ms pulses and over 100 kW of launched power. Analysis of the microwave beam for 50 kW, 2 ms microwave pulses reveals agreement with predicted beam shapes at two beam locations. The new system has also demonstrated increased plasma stored energy for ECRH plasmas with equal launched power.     

Effect of Temperature Anisotropy on Various Modes and Instabilities for a Magnetized Non-relativistic Bi-Maxwellian Plasma

Using kinetic theory for homogeneous collisionless magnetized plasmas, we present an extended review of the plasma waves and instabilities and discuss the anisotropic response of generalized relativistic dielectric tensor and Onsager symmetry properties for arbitrary distribution functions. In general, we observe that for such plasmas only those modes whose magnetic-field perturbations are perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field, i.e., B ₁ $\bot $ B ₀, are effected by the anisotropy. However, in oblique propagation all modes do show such anisotropic effects. Considering the non-relativistic bi-Maxwellian distribution and studying the relevant components of the general dielectric tensor under appropriate conditions, we derive the dispersion relations for various modes and instabilities. We show that only the electromagnetic R- and L- waves, those derived from them (i.e., the whistler mode, pure Alfvén mode, firehose instability, and whistler instability), and the O-mode are affected by thermal anisotropies, since they satisfy the required condition $\mathbf{B}_{1}\bot \mathbf{B}_{0}$ . By contrast, the perpendicularly propagating X-mode and the modes derived from it (the pure transverse X-mode and Bernstein mode) show no such effect. In general, we note that the thermal anisotropy modifies the parallel propagating modes via the parallel acoustic effect, while it modifies the perpendicular propagating modes via the Larmor-radius effect. In oblique propagation for kinetic Alfvén waves, the thermal anisotropy affects the kinetic regime more than it affects the inertial regime. The generalized fast mode exhibits two distinct acoustic effects, one in the direction parallel to the ambient magnetic field and the other in the direction perpendicular to it. In the fast-mode instability, the magneto-sonic wave causes suppression of the firehose instability. We discuss all these propagation characteristics and present graphic illustrations. The threshold conditions for different instabilities are also obtained.     

Simulation on effect of poloidal power spectrum on lower hybrid wave propagation

The coupling of lower hybrid wave to the plasma is a crucial issue for efficient current drive in tokamaks. This paper establishes a new coupling model which assumes the antenna to be a curved face and the plasma to be a cylinder. Power spectrum considering the coupling between wave-guides in both poloidal and toroidal direction is simply estimated and discussed. The effect of the poloidal wave vector on wave propagation, power deposition and driven current is also investigated with the help of lower hybrid current drive code. Results show that the poloidal wave vector affects the ray tracing, and also has effect on power deposition and driven current. The effect of the poloidal wave vector on power deposition and driven current profile depends on plasma parameters. Preliminary studies suggest that it seems possible to control the current profile by adjusting the poloidal phase difference between the waveguide in poloidal direction.