Highly conductive oriented PEO-based polymer electrolytes

This contribution presents an overview of the study of the effect of stretching on semicrystalline and amorphous complexes of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with different salts, such as lithium iodide, lithium trifluoromethane-sulfonate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium bis(oxalato)borate and lithium trifluoromethanesulfonimide. In spite of the conventional belief that ion transport in polymer electrolytes (PE) is mediated primarily by polymer segmental motion, we suggest that ion transport occurs preferentially along the PEO helical axis, at least in the crystalline phase. It was found that the more amorphous the PE, the less its lengthwise conductivity is influenced by stretching. It is suggested that the rate-determining step of ion conduction in semicrystalline LiX:P(EO)₂₀, polymer electrolytes below the melting point (T_m) is “interchain” hopping.     

Safety-enhanced Polymer Electrolytes with High Ambient-temperature Lithium-ion Conductivity Based on ABA Triblock Copolymers

Liquid electrolytes used in lithium-ion batteries suffer from leakage,flammability,and lithium dendrites,making polymer electrolyte a potential alternative.Herein,a series of ABA triblock copolymers(ABA-x)containing a mesogen-jacketed liquid crystalline polymer(MJLCP)with a polynorbornene backbone as segment A and a second polynorbornene-based polymer having poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)side chains as segment B were synthesized through tandem ring-opening metathesis polymerizations.The block copolymers can self-assemble into ordered morphologies at 200℃.After doping of lithium salts and ionic liquid(IL),ABA-x self-assembles into cylindrical structures.The MJLCP segments with a high glass transition temperature and a stable liquid crystalline phase serve as physical crosslinking points,which significantly improve the mechanical performance of the polymer electrolytes.The ionic conductivity of ABA-x/lithium salt/IL is as high as 10-3 S·cm-1 at ambient temperature owing to the high IL uptake and the continuous phase of conducting PEO domains.The relationship between ionic conductivity and temperature fits the Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher(VTF)equation.In addition,the electrolyte films are flame retardant owing to the addition of IL.The polymer electrolytes with good safety and high ambient-temperature ionic conductivity developed in this work are potentially useful in solid lithium-ion batteries.     

Structural conformation in a poly(ethylene oxide) film determined by X-ray emission spectroscopy

The electronic structure of pol(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in a thin (<1 mu) film sample was experimentally probed by X-ray emission spectroscopy. Both nonresonant and resonant X-ray emission spectra were simulated by using density functional theory (DFT) applied to four different models representing different conformations in the polymer. Calculated spectra were compared with experimental results for the PEO film. It was found that the best fit was obtained with the polymer conformation in PEO electrolytes from which the salt (LiMF6, M = P, As, or Sb) had been removed. This conformation is different from the crystalline bulk polymer and implies that film casting, commonly used to form electrolytes for Li polymer batteries, induces the same conformation in the polymer not depending upon the presence of salt.     

Comparison of Li+‐ion conductivity in linear and crosslinked poly(ethylene oxide)

Polymer electrolytes are of tremendous importance for applications in modern lithium‐ion (Li⁺‐ion) batteries due to their satisfactory ion conductivity, low toxicity, reduced flammability, as well as good mechanical and thermal stability. In this study, the Li⁺‐ion conductivity of well‐defined poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) networks synthesized via copper(I)‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition is investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy after addition of different lithium salts. The ion conductivity of the network electrolytes increases with increasing molar mass of the PEO chains between the junction points which is completely opposite to the behavior of their respective uncrosslinked linear precursors. Obviously, this effect is directly related to the segmental mobility of the PEO chains. Furthermore, the ion conductivity of the network electrolytes under investigation increases also with increasing size of the anion of the added lithium salt due to a weaker anti‐plasticizing effect of the more bulky anions. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2019 , 57, 21–28     

相态结构对聚氧化乙烯/丁二腈/高氯酸锂复合电解质室温电导率的影响

采用聚氧化乙烯(PEO)、丁二腈和高氯酸锂(LiClO4)的复合电解质体系, 制备了一系列不同配比的PEO/SN/LiClO4复合电解质, 对其室温电性能和相态结构进行了表征, 并探讨了相态结构对室温电导率的影响.     

Plasticized polymer electrolyte membranes based on PEO/PVdF-HFP for use as an effective electrolyte in lithium-ion batteries

Plasticized polymer electrolytes were prepared using poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)/poly(vinylidene fluoridehexafluoro propylene)(PVd F-HFP) with lithium perchlorate(Li Cl O4) and different plasticizers. XRD and FTIR spectroscopic techniques were used to characterize the structure and the complexation of plasticizer with the host polymer matrix. The role of interaction between polymer hosts and plasticizer on conductivity is discussed using the results of alternating current(a.c.) impedance studies. TG-DTA and SEM were used for thermal and physical characterizations. Maximum ionic conductivity(3.26 × 10~(-4) S·cm~(-1)) has been observed for ethylene carbonate(EC)-based polymer electrolytes. Electrochemical performance of the plasticized polymer electrolyte is evaluated in LiFePO_4/plasticized polymer electrolytes(PPEs)/Li coin cell. Good performance with low capacity fading on charge discharge cycling is demonstrated.     

PEO基聚合物电解质及其锂硫电池性能研究

锂硫电池由于具有高的理论比能量引起了广泛关注,然而传统液态锂硫电池由于多硫化物的“穿梭效应”以及安全问题而限制了其应用,全固态锂硫电池可显著提高电池安全性能并有望解决多硫化物的穿梭问题. 本文采用传统的溶液浇铸法制备了具有不同的[EO]/[Li⁺]的PEO-LiTFSI聚合物电解质,并将其应用于锂硫电池. 研究发现,虽然[EO]/[Li⁺] = 8的聚合物电解质具有更高的离子电导率,但是[EO]/[Li⁺] = 20的电解质与金属锂负极间的界面阻抗更低,界面稳定性更好. Li|PEO-LiTFSI([EO]/[Li⁺]=20)|Li对称电池在60 °C,电流密度为0.1 mA·cm^-2时可稳定循环超过300 h,而Li|PEO-LiTFSI ([EO]/[Li⁺]=8)|Li对称电池循环75 h就出现了短路现象. 基于PEO-LiTFSI([EO]/[Li⁺]=20)电解质的锂硫电池首圈放电比容量为934 mAh·g^-1,循环16圈后放电比容量为917 mAh·g^-1以上. 而基于PEO-LiTFSI ([EO]/[Li⁺]=8)电解质的锂硫电池,由于与锂负极较低的界面稳定性不能够正常循环,首圈就出现了严重过充现象.     

Lithium ion conduction and ion-polymer interaction in poly（vinyl pyrrolidone） based electrolytes blended with different plasticizers

Poly（ethylene oxide）, poly（vinyl pyrrolidone）（PEO/PVP）, lithium perchlorate salt（Li Cl O4） and different plasticizer based, gel polymer electrolytes were prepared by the solvent casting technique. XRD results show that the crystallinity decreases with the addition of different plasticizers. Consequently, there is an enhancement in the amorphousity of the samples responsible for the process of ion transport. FTIR spectroscopy is used to characterize the structure of the polymer and confirms the complexation of plasticizer with host polymer matrix. The ionic conductivity has been calculated using the bulk impedance obtained through impedance spectroscopy. Among the various plasticizers, the ethylene carbonate（EC） based complex exhibits a maximum ionic conductivity value of the order of2.7279 10 4S cm 1. Thermal stability of the prepared electrolyte films shows that they can be used in batteries at elevated temperatures. PEO（72%）/PVP（8%）/Li Cl O4（8%）/EC（12%） has the maximum ionic conductivity value which is supported by the lowest optical band gap and lowest intensity in photoluminescence spectroscopy near 400–450 nm. Two and three dimensional topographic images of the sample having a maximum ionic conductivity show the presence of micropores.     

Thermal behavior of new polymer electrolytes

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) have been identified as a class of materials which could enable the fabrication of high energy density solid state lithium rechargeable batteries which could meet the performance requirements for advanced portable electronic and automotive applications. In order to achieve this goal, novel SPE systems having high ionic conductivity and good mechanical properties at or near ambient temperature must be developed. Novel lithium salts believed to be useful in realizing this objective have recently been proposed. The thermal behavior of SPE systems based on high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and on two novel salts, the lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) and the lithium tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-methanide (LiTSFM) is reported and compared with the thermal behavior of the high molecular weight PEO–lithium trifluoromethane sulfonate (LiTFLT) SPE system. Phase diagrams for the PEO–LiTFSI and PEO–LiTFSM SPE systems have been established and are discussed in terms of their impact on SPE-based rechargeable lithium battery technologies. The use of a novel plasticizer in conjunction with the PEO–LiTFSI-based SPE system is reported and it is shown how this modifies the thermal behavior of the PEO–LiTFSI SPE system.     

Effects of lithium salt and poly(4‐vinyl phenol) on crystalline and amorphous phases in poly(ethylene oxide)

Effects of a strong‐interacting amorphous polymer, poly(4‐vinyl phenol) (PVPh), and an alkali metal salt, lithium perchlorate (LiClO₄), on the amorphous and crystalline domains in poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) were probed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical microscopy (OM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Addition of lithium perchlorate (LiClO₄, up to 10% of the total mass) led to enhanced T_g's, but did not disturb the miscibility state in the amorphous phase of PEO/PVPh blends, where the salt in the form of lithium cation and ClO anion was well dispersed in the matrix. Competitive interactions between PEO, PVPh, and Li⁺ and ClO ions were evidenced by the elevation of glass transition temperatures and shifting of IR peaks observed for LiClO₄‐doped PEO/PVPh blend system. However, the doping distinctly influenced the crystalline domains of LiClO₄‐doped PEO or LiClO₄‐doped PEO/PVPh blend system. LiClO₄ doping in PEO exerted significant retardation on PEO crystal growth. The growth rates for LiClO₄‐doped PEO were order‐of‐magnitude slower than those for the salt‐free neat PEO. Dramatic changes in spherulitic patterns were also seen, in that feather‐like dendritic spherulites are resulted, indicating strong interactions. Introduction of both miscible amorphous PVPh polymer and LiClO₄ salt in PEO can potentially be a new approach of designing PEO as matrix materials for electrolytes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3357–3368, 2006     

PEO/LiClO4复合体系电解质膜的固体NMR研究

自1973年,Wright[1]等发现聚氧乙烯(PEO)/碱金属盐复合物具有离子导电性之后,人们对复合物的导电机理以及如何进一步提高复合物导电率等问题开展了大量研究.长期以来,人们普遍认为复合物中碱金属离子的传输是通过PEO非晶区的链段运动来实现的[2],因此探索新的物理或化学方法,通     

Enhanced ionic conductivity in PEO/PMMA glassy miscible blends: Role of nano‐confinement of minority component chains

AC impedance spectroscopy was used to investigate the ionic conductivity of solution cast poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blends doped with lithium perchlorate. At low PEO contents (below overlap weight fraction w^*), ionic conductivities are almost low. This could be due to nearly distant PEO chains in blend, which means ion transportation cannot be performed adequately. However, at weight fractions well above w^*, a significant increase in ionic conductivity was observed. This enhanced ionic conductivity mimics the PEO segmental relaxation in rigid PMMA matrix, which can be attributed to the accelerated motions of confined PEO chains in PMMA matrix. At PEO content higher than 20 wt % the conductivity measured at room temperature drops due to crystallization of PEO. However by increasing temperature to temperatures well above the melting point of PEO, a sudden increase of conductivity was observed which was attributed to phase transition from crystalline to amorphous state. The results indicate that some PEO/PMMA blends with well enough PEO content, which are structurally solid, can be considered as an interesting candidate for usage as solid‐state electrolytes in Lithium batteries. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 2065–2071, 2010     

PEO/LiClO_4纳米SiO_2复合聚合物电解质的电化学研究

将实验室制备的纳米二氧化硅和市售纳米二氧化硅粉末与PEO LiClO4复合 ,制得了复合PEO电解质 .它们的室温离子电导率可比未复合的PEO电解质提高 1～ 2个数量级 ,最高可以达到 1 2 4× 10 - 5S cm .离子电导率的提高有两方面的原因 :一是无机二氧化硅粉末的加入抑制了PEO的结晶 ,是二氧化硅粉末和聚合物电解质之间形成的界面对电导率的提高也有一定的作用 .在进一步加入PC EC(碳酸丙烯酯 碳酸乙烯酯 )混合增塑剂后制得的复合凝胶PEO电解质 ,可使室温离子电导率再提高 2个数量 ,达到 2× 10 - 3 S cm .用这种复合凝胶PEO电解质组装了Li|compositegelelectrolyte|Li半电池 ,并测量了该半电池的交流阻抗谱图随组装后保持时间的变化 ,实验观察到在保持时间为 144h以内钝化膜的交流阻抗迅速增大 ,但在随后的时间内逐渐趋于平稳 ,表明二氧化硅粉末的加入可以有效地抑制钝化膜的生长     

红外光谱研究PEO基离子液体聚合物电解质

以聚氧化乙烯(PEO)为聚合物基体, 双三氟甲基磺酸亚酰胺锂(LiTFSI)为锂盐, 加入不同量的离子液体(BMIMPF₆)为增塑剂, 制备离子液体聚合物电解质. 运用发射FTIR光谱技术实时监测所制备聚合物电解质的结构随温度的变化. 结合FTIR透射光谱\, SEM和XRD的研究结果分析了离子液体对离子电导率的影响, 并初步提出离子导电增强机制.     

FT‐IR Studies of Plasticization of Propylene Carbonate and Ethylene Carbonate in PEO‐NaSCN Polymer Electrolytes

The FT‐IR spectra of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)‐based gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs), PEO‐NaSCN‐propylene carbonate (PC) and PEO‐NaSCN‐ethylene carbonate (EC), were measured at room temperature. Along with the FT‐IR spectra of NaSCN‐PC, PEO‐PC, and PEO‐EC, the interactions in the GPEs and the plasticizations of PC and EC are revealed. It is shown that the coordination of ether oxygen in PEO with NaSCN is the preferential solvation, whereas the interactions of PC and EC with NaSCN are relatively weak in the GPEs. However, both PC and EC play an important role in inhibiting the formation of crystalline complexes and high ionic aggregations, in addition to the ability of transformation of PEO from crystal to amorphism. It is further observed that EC exhibits the stronger ability to transform PEO crystalline into amorphism than PC when the plasticizer content in PEO is more than 25%, and also the far stronger ability to decompose the crystalline complexes, in particular, in polymer electrolytes with high salt content.     

Controlling domain orientation of liquid crystalline block copolymer in thin films through tuning mesogenic chemical structures

Controlling the macroscopic orientation of nanoscale periodic structures of amphiphilic liquid crystalline block copolymers (LC BCPs) is important to a variety of technical applications (e.g., lithium conducting polymer electrolytes). To study LC BCP domain orientation, a series of LC BCPs containing a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) block as a conventional hydrophilic coil block and LC blocks containing azobenzene mesogens is designed and synthesized. LC ordering in thin films of the BCP leads to the formation of highly ordered, microphase‐separated nanostructures, with hexagonally arranged PEO cylinders. Substitution on the tail of the azobenzene mesogen is shown to control the orientation of the PEO cylinders. When the substitution on the mesogenic tails is an alkyl chain, the PEO cylinders have a perpendicular orientation to the substrate surface, provided the thin film is above a critical thickness value. In contrast, when the substitution on the mesogenic tails has an ether group the PEO cylinders assemble parallel to the substrate surface regardless of the film thickness value. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017 , 55, 532–541     

聚碳酸酯基固态聚合物电解质的研究进展

液态锂离子电池由于采用易泄露、易挥发、易燃烧的碳酸酯有机溶剂,在高温或极端条件下使用时,存在极大的安全隐患.使用固态电解质替代液态电解液,可以从根本上避免此类安全问题的发生,与此同时还可以大幅度提升固态锂电池的能量密度.固态电解质又分为无机固态电解质和聚合物固态电解质2大类.无机固态电解质能够在宽的温度范围内保持化学稳定性,并且电化学窗口较宽,机械强度更高,室温离子电导率较高,但脆性较大,柔韧性差,制备工艺复杂,成本较高.聚合物固态电解质,室温离子电导率偏低,难以满足室温锂离子电池的应用,但其加工成型容易,形状可变.比较而言,固态聚合物电解质,更适宜大规模生产,离产业化相对更近.固态聚合物电解质中研究较多的是聚醚基固态聚合物电解质(如聚环氧乙烷和聚环氧丙烷),但其缺点是室温离子电导率低,需要对其改性或进一步开发综合性能更加优异的其他固态聚合物电解质.聚碳酸酯基固态聚合物电解质由于其特殊的分子结构(含有强极性碳酸酯基团)以及高介电常数,可以有效减弱阴阳离子间的相互作用,提高载流子数量,从而提高离子电导率,因此被认为是一类非常有前途的固态聚合物电解质体系.基于此,本文重点综述了最近研究热点的聚碳酸酯基固态聚合物电解质,包括聚(三亚甲基碳酸酯)体系、聚(碳酸丙烯酯)体系、聚(碳酸乙烯酯)体系和聚(碳酸亚乙烯酯)体系等,并详细阐述了上述每种聚碳酸酯基固态聚合物电解质的制备、电化学性能、优缺点及改性手段,归纳出其离子配位-解配位过程和离子扩散机制,还对聚碳酸酯基固态聚合物电解质的未来发展方向和研究趋势望进行了预测和展望.     

Ionic‐Liquid‐Based Polymer Electrolytes for Battery Applications

The advent of solid‐state polymer electrolytes for application in lithium batteries took place more than four decades ago when the ability of polyethylene oxide (PEO) to dissolve suitable lithium salts was demonstrated. Since then, many modifications of this basic system have been proposed and tested, involving the addition of conventional, carbonate‐based electrolytes, low molecular weight polymers, ceramic fillers, and others. This Review focuses on ternary polymer electrolytes, that is, ion‐conducting systems consisting of a polymer incorporating two salts, one bearing the lithium cation and the other introducing additional anions capable of plasticizing the polymer chains. Assessing the state of the research field of solid‐state, ternary polymer electrolytes, while giving background on the whole field of polymer electrolytes, this Review is expected to stimulate new thoughts and ideas on the challenges and opportunities of lithium‐metal batteries.     

Influence of Humidity on the Complex Structure of PEO-Lithium Salt Polymer Electrolyte

Solid polymer electrolytes of PEO/LiClO₄ and PEO/LiTFSI solution casting films were prepared with the EO/Li molar ratio of 3: 1, and the effect of relative humidity (RH) on their complex structures were characterized. It is shown that the complex structures were barely changed at RH ≤ 10% while severe differences were shown at RH ≥ 20%. The reason was attributed to the interactions of water with lithium salt, and the formation of PEO–Li⁺–H₂O decreased the interactions between PEO and lithium ions. Furthermore, it was shown that the hydrated samples after heat treatment were still strikingly different in characters from their anhydrous precursors, and the type of lithium salt affected the final structures. It was found that the structure of (PEO)₃LiClO₄ (30% RH) was hardly changed after heating; however, an irreversible compositional transition was discovered in (PEO)₃LiTFSI (30% RH) in which case (PEO)₂LiTFSI was formed.     

High ionic conductivity P(VDF-TrFE)/PEO blended polymer electrolytes for solid electrochromic devices

Solid polymer electrolytes with excellent ionic conductivity (above 10(-4) S cm(-1)), which result in high optical modulation for solid electrochromic (EC) devices are presented. The combination of a polar host matrix poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) P(VDF-TrFE) and a solid plasticized of a low molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) (M(w)≤ 20,000) blended polymer electrolyte serves to enhance both the dissolution of lithium salt and the ionic transport. Calorimetric measurement shows a reduced crystallization due to a better intermixing of the polymers with small molecular weight PEO. Vibrational spectroscopy identifies the presence of free ions and ion pairs in the electrolytes with PEO of M(w)≤ 8000. The ionic dissolution is improved using PEO as a plasticizer when compared to liquid propylene carbonate, evidently shown in the transference number analysis. Ionic transport follows the Arrhenius equation with a low activation energy (0.16-0.2 eV), leading to high ionic conductivities. Solid electrochromic devices fabricated with the blended P(VDF-TrFE)/PEO electrolytes and polyaniline show good spectroelectrochemical performance in the visible (300-800 nm) and near-infrared (0.9-2.4 μm) regions with a modulation up to 60% and fast switching speed of below 20 seconds. The successful introduction of the solid polymer electrolytes with its best harnessed qualities helps to expedite the application of various electrochemical devices.