Application of microwave-assisted micellar extraction combined with solid-phase microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in different mud samples

Abstract

A sequential injection analysis method for the simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of phosphate and silicate has been developed. The method is based on the different reaction rates of the heteropolymolybdate formation reactions. Concentrations within the range 0.026—0.485 mmol P l^?1 and 0.125—2.848 mmol Si l^?1 have been determined at a frequency of 30 samples per hour. An R.S.D. of 2.1% was obtained for 0.162 mmol P l^?1 and of 1.1% for 1.424 mmol Si l^?1. The method was found to be suitable for the determination of phosphate and silicate in wastewater.     

Polyphosphate-doped polypyrrole coated on steel fiber for the solid-phase microextraction of organochlorine pesticides in water

A solid-phase microextraction technique using steel fiber coated with 20 μm polypyrrole (Ppy) doped with polyphosphate was developed for the GC determination of a group of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in water. The coating was prepared using a three-electrode electrochemical system from a 10% aqueous sodium polyphosphate solution containing 0.05 M pyrrole by applying a constant potential of 1.2 V for 30 min. In order to obtain an adherent, smooth and stable film of polypyrrole, experimental parameters related to the coating process consisting of the type of dopant or counter-ion, deposition potential, concentration of the monomer, concentration of the counter-ion, and deposition time were optimized. The effects of various parameters on the efficiency of SPME process such as extraction time, extraction temperature, ionic strength, desorption time, and desorption temperature were also studied. The coating was highly stable and extremely adherent to the surface of the steel fiber. The method was linear for at least three orders of magnitude with correlation coefficients varying from 0.9818 to 0.9977. The accuracies found through spiking blank samples showed high recoveries between 82 and 110%. Intra- and inter-day precisions of the method were determined from mixed aqueous solutions containing 1.0 ng ml⁻¹ of each OCP. The intra-day precisions varied from 4.7% for heptachlor to 11.4% for methoxychlor, while the inter-day precisions varied from 6.8% for endosulfan I to 13.0% for p,p′-DDD and o,p-DDD. Limits of detection based on S/N = 3 were in the range 0.015-0.66 pg ml⁻¹. The proposed method was applied to monitor organochlorine pesticides in some well water samples.     

The determination of organochlorine pesticides based on dynamic microwave-assisted extraction coupled with on-line solid-phase extraction of high-performance liquid chromatography

A rapid technique based on dynamic microwave-assisted extraction coupled with on-line solid-phase extraction of high-performance liquid chromatography (DMAE-SPE-HPLC) has been developed. A TM₀₁₀ microwave resonance cavity built in the laboratory was applied to concentrate the microwave energy. The sample placed in the zone of microwave irradiation was extracted with 95% acetonitrile (ACN) aqueous solution which was driven by a peristaltic pump at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min⁻¹. The extraction can be completed in a recirculating system in 10 min. When a number of extraction cycles were completed, the extract (1 mL) was diluted on-line with water. Then the extract was loaded into an SPE column where the analytes were retained while the unretained matrix components were washed away. Subsequently, the analytes were automatically transferred from the SPE column to the analytical column and determined by UV detector at 238 nm. The technique was used for determination of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in grains, including wheat, rice, corn and bean. The limits of detection of OCPs are in the range of 19-37 ng g⁻¹. The recoveries obtained by analyzing the four spiked grain samples are in the range of 86-105%, whereas the relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) values are <8.7% ranging from 1.2 to 8.7%. Our method was demonstrated to be fast, accurate, and precise. In addition, only small quantities of solvent and sample were required.     

Fibers coated with a graphene-polyaniline nanocomposite for the headspace solid-phase microextraction of organochlorine pesticides from seawater samples

We have prepared a fiber for solid-phase microextraction of organochlorine pesticides. A graphene-polyaniline composite was electrochemically deposited on a platinum fiber by exploiting the unique properties of polyaniline and graphene. The modified fiber displays thermal stability up to 320 °C and can be used more than 70 times. It possesses high extraction efficiency due to the high specific surface of graphene. The Pt fiber was used for the extraction and subsequent GC determination of the pesticides heptachlor, aldrin, endrin and p,p’-DDT in aqueous samples. The effects of extraction time, extraction temperature, stirring rate, salinity and headspace volume were optimized. Calibration plots are linear (with an R² of 0.990) in the 0.2 to 250 μg L^–1 concentration range, and the limits of detection are below 11 ng L^–1 (at an S/N of 3). The relative standard deviations for three replicate measurements with a single fiber were <11.0 %. The recovery of the pesticides from spiked seawater samples ranged from 81 % to 112 %.

Micellar microwave-assisted extraction combined with solid-phase microextraction for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a certified marine sediment

A method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine sediments using microwave-assisted extraction with a micellar medium combined with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been developed. Two kinds of SPME fibers (100 μm polydimethylsiloxane and 85 μm polyacrylate) and different micellar media were compared for the extraction efficiency of the 16 EPA priority PAHs. The polyacrylate fiber with a micellar medium of polyoxyethylene-10-laurylether provides the highest extraction efficiency. The method is remarkable for presenting lower equilibrium times and considerably higher reproducibilities than the obtained in aqueous medium. The LODs obtained ranged between 0.28 ng/ml for fluorene and 7.66 ng/ml for indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene. The method has been applied to the determination of PAHs in a certified marine sediment (SRM 1941a), obtaining recoveries between 58.6 and 111.5% for three- to five-ring PAHs with precision close to or lower than the certified values.     

Electrodeposited polyaniline as a fiber coating for solid-phase microextraction of organochlorine pesticides from water

The study on the performance of polyaniline as a fiber coating for solid-phase microextraction (SPME) purposes has been reported. Polyaniline coatings were directly electrodeposited on the surface of a stainless steel wire and applied for the extraction of some organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from water samples. Analyses were performed using GC-electron capture detection (GC-ECD). The results obtained show that polyaniline fiber coating is suitable for the successful extraction of organochlorine compounds. This behavior is most probably due to the porous surface structure of polyaniline film, which provides large surface areas and allowed for high extraction efficiency. Experimental parameters such as adsorption and desorption conditions were studied and optimized. The optimized method has an acceptable linearity, with a concentration range of 1-5000 ng/L. Single fiber repeatability and fiber-to-fiber reproducibility were less than 12 and 17%, respectively. High environmental resistance and lower cost are among the advantages of polyaniline fibers over commercially available SPME fibers. The developed method was applied to the analysis of real water samples from Yangtse River and Tianmu Lake.     

Comparison of different coatings in solid-phase microextraction for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in ground water

A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) procedure using three commercialised fibers (Carbowax-divinylbenzene, Carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane and divinylbenzene-Carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane) is presented for the determination of a selected group of organochlorine compounds in water samples. The extraction performances of these compounds were compared using fibers with two and three coatings. The optimal experimental procedures for the adsorption and desorption of pesticides were determined. The limits of detection with the divinylbenzene-Carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane fiber at levels below ng l(-1) were similar or lower than values presented in the literature for several of these compounds using polydimethylsiloxane fiber. The advantages of using this fiber, such as no salt addition, are discussed. Finally, the optimised procedures were applied successfully for the determination of these compounds in polluted ground water samples.     

Microwave-assisted steam distillation for the determination of organochlorine pesticides and pyrethroids in Chinese teas

In this work, microwave-assisted steam distillation (MASD) extraction method followed by gas chromatography/electron capture detection (GC/ECD) was developed for the determination of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and pyrethroids in the Chinese teas. MASD is a combination of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and steam distillation techniques. Water vapor generated by microwave irradiation is used to accelerate desorption of the analytes from the sample, and the nonpolar organic solvent used for trapping the analytes is kept from direct contact with the sample by the water. Therefore, relatively clean extracts were obtained compared to the method directly using organic solvent as extraction solvent, such as ultrasonic extraction (USE). Microwave power of 200 W and irradiation time of 2 min was found to be the optimum conditions for the MASD process, and n-heptane was chosen as the analyte-trapping solvent in the study. Five OCPs (α-HCH, γ-HCH, dicofol, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDT) and two pyrethroids (bifenthrin, fenvalate) were determined using this extraction method in the tea samples. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) of the analytes varied from 2.2 to 8.4%, and the method detection limits (MDLs) found were lower than 0.23 μg/kg. The recoveries of the seven compounds in the Jasmine tea sample were between 84.04 and 110.1%. Comparative results obtained by MASD and USE were also discussed in the study.     

茶叶中三氯杀螨醇残留量的微波萃取-固相微萃取-气相色谱快速检测方法

建立了微波辅助萃取-固相微萃取-气相色谱/电子捕获检测法快速测定茶叶中三氯杀螨醇的方法。采用自制的PDMS萃取头,优化了萃取溶剂的种类,微波辐射时间和微波功率等微波辅助萃取条件;研究了SPME萃取时间、搅拌速度、离子强度、解吸温度和解吸时间对萃取效率的影响。方法对三氯杀螨醇的检出限为0.048 ng/mL,线性范围为0.2~200 ng/mL。在优化的实验条件下,对乌龙茶进行添加回收试验,平均回收率为61.3%~72.8%,相对标准偏差为8.0%~16.3%。本方法适合于茶叶中痕量三氯杀螨醇快速检测。     

Determination of organochlorine pesticides by gas chromatography with solid-phase microextraction

Summary A study of different extraction techniques for the determination of a selected group of organochlorine compounds in surface waters is presented. Comparison of liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with solid-phase extraction (SPE) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with fibers of different polarity shows that SPME with a recently commercialised fiber of polydimethylsiloxane divinylbenzene allows these compounds to be determined in surface waters with good extraction efficiencies. Extraction time, effect of temperature, ionic strength and pH were optimised, allowing quantification in agricultural effluents in the range 1.0–60 ng·L⁻¹.     

Nano-structured polyaniline-ionic liquid composite film coated steel wire for headspace solid-phase microextraction of organochlorine pesticides in water

A novel nano-structured polyaniline-ionic liquid (i.e. 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, BMIPF(6)) composite (BPAN) film coated steel wire was prepared by electrochemical deposition. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the obtained porous BPAN coating consisted of nanofibers, whose diameter ranged from 50 to 80 nm. Furthermore, the novel nano-structured composite coating was very stable at relatively high temperatures (up to 350 °C) and it could be used for more 250 times without obvious decrease of the extraction efficiency. The novel BPAN coating was used for the headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) of organochlorine pesticides (i.e. hexachlorocyolohexane, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), coupled with gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD). The BPAN coating showed better analytical capability on the whole compared with common polyaniline (PANI) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coatings. The key parameters influencing extraction efficiency were investigated and optimized, including desorption time, stirring speed, extraction temperature, extraction time and ionic strength. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for single fiber repeatability ranged from 2.3 to 8.7% (n=6) and the RSDs for fiber-to-fiber reproducibility (n=6) were 4.2-12.1%, respectively. The linear ranges exceeded three magnitudes with correlation coefficients above 0.99. The detection limits were 0.12-0.31 ng L(-1). The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in lake water, waste water and sewage treatment plant effluent with good recoveries from 88.9 to 112.9%.     

Pressurized liquid extraction and microwave-assisted extraction in the determination of organochlorine pesticides in fish muscle samples

This paper describes a comparative study of 2 extraction methods, pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), for the determination of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in fish muscle samples. In both cases, samples were extracted with hexane-acetone (50 + 50), and the extracts were purified by solid-phase extraction using a carbon cartridge as the adsorbent. Pesticides were eluted with hexane-ethyl acetate (80 + 20) and determined by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. Both methods demonstrated good linearity over the range studied (0.005-0.100 microg/mL). Detection limits ranged from 0.029 to 0.295 mg/kg for PLE and from 0.003 to 0.054 mg/kg for MAE. For most of the pesticides, analytical recoveries with both methods were between 80 and 120%, and the relative standard deviations were < 10%. The proposed methods were shown to be powerful techniques for the extraction of OCPs from fish muscle samples. Although good recovery rates were obtained with both extraction methods, MAE provided advantages with regard to sample handling, cost, analysis time, and solvent consumption. Acceptable validation parameters were obtained although MAE was shown to be more sensitive than PLE.     

Preparation of C18 composite solid-phase microextraction fiber and its application to the determination of organochlorine pesticides in water samples

In this work, a C18 composite solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber was prepared with a new method and applied to the analysis of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in water sample. A stainless steel wire (o.d. 127 μm) was used as the substrate, and a mixture of the C18 particle (3.5 μm) and the 184 silicone was used as the coating material. During the process of fiber preparation, a section of capillary column was used to fix the mixture onto the stainless steel wire and to ensure the constant of coating thickness. The prepared fiber showed excellent thermal stability and solvent resistance. By coupling with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), the fiber exhibited wide linearity (2–500 ng L⁻¹) and good sensitivity for the determination of six OCPs in water samples, the OCPs tested included hexachlorobezene, trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, o,p-DDT, p,p-DDT and mirex. Not only the extraction performance of the newly prepared fiber was more than seven times higher than those of commercial fibers, the limits of detections (LODs) (0.059–0.151 ng L⁻¹) for OCPs achieved under optimized conditions were also lower than those of reported SPME methods. The fiber was successfully applied to the determination of OCPs in real water samples by using developed SPME–GC–MS method.     

Screening, optimization and validation of microwave-assisted extraction for the determination of persistent organochlorine pesticides

In the present study, a microwave-assisted extraction method has been investigated for the extraction of persistent organochlorine pesticides from sediment in comparison to the classical Soxhlet extraction. The extraction procedure has been screened by a complete factorial design for statistically significant parameters. Thereafter, the identified parameters, composition of extraction solvent (mixtures of n-hexane-acetone), extraction temperature and time were optimized by a Box-Behnken design. Finally, the optimized microwave-assisted procedure has been validated by extraction of two different matrix reference materials, a sediment and a mallow powder. The data obtained for both materials were in good agreement with those obtained by Soxhlet extraction and published values. Special emphasis has been given to an accurate determination of p,p′-DDT, since DDT is known as instable during GC-injection. In order to evaluate the DDT-degradation, ¹³C₁₂-p,p′-DDT-solutions were analyzed and the degradation rates during GC-injection were calculated. Furthermore, ¹³C₁₂-p,p′-DDT was added to the sediment samples prior to extraction and the degradation rates during the optimization experiment have been investigated.     

A novel headspace solid-phase microextraction method for the exact determination of organochlorine pesticides in environmental soil samples

A novel method of determining organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) is described. It is based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography–electron capture detection. During the development of the method, soil samples were prepared, spiked with standard solution, and then aged for some time. Extraction conditions such as the extraction time, the NaCl content, the volume of water, the extraction temperature and the desorption time were investigated and optimized. The limits of detection obtained using the method ranged from 0.10 to 0.51 ng g⁻¹, and relative standard deviations were lower than 10% for most organochlorine pesticides. Real soil samples were successfully analyzed using the proposed method. The results from the method developed here were in good agreement with those obtained using ultrasonic extraction. The result demonstrates that aging soils spiked with standard solution is an important method development step, because the soil samples obtained using this approach are more like real soils than those obtained when aging is not used.      

On-line determination of organochlorine pesticides in water by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography with electron capture detection

This paper describes the extraction of 20 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from water samples using solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Three fused-silica fibers coated or bonded with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) of different film thicknesses (20-, 30-, and 100-μm) were evaluated. The extraction time, the effects of stirring and addition of NaCl to the aqueous sample, the linear range and the precision of this technique, and the effect of carryover were examined for 20 analytes and are presented here. A comparison with results using conventional liquid-liquid extraction demonstrate that the SPME technique is well suited as a fast screening technique for OCPs in water samples.     

Microwave assisted micellar extraction coupled with solid phase microextraction for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in soil samples

Microwave assisted micellar extraction (MAME) coupled with solid phase microextraction (SPME) and HPLC-UV determination have been used for the determination of five organochlorine pesticides from agricultural soil samples. A non-ionic surfactant, Polyoxyethlylene 10 Lauryl Ether was used, and the different variables for the optimization of MAME and SPME procedures were studied. This method was applied successfully to the determination of these pesticides in several kinds of agricultural soil samples with different characteristics. Most of the compounds studied can be recovered in good yields with R.S.D. lower than 9% and detection limit ranged between 56-96 ng g⁻¹ for the pesticides studied.     

微波辅助萃取法测定烟草中有机氯类农药残留量

建立了一种微波辅助萃取-固相萃取净化测定烟草中17种有机氯类农药残留量的新方法. 样品用V(正己烷):V(乙酸乙酯)＝1:1提取, 提取液经Florisil固相萃取柱净化后, 采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-μECD)进行检测. 17种有机氯农药的0.01、 0.05 mg/kg和0.5 mg/kg加标回收率均在82%以上, RSD在0.11%～8.2%之间, 能满足当前烟草中有机氯农药残留的检测要求.     

Preparation of single-walled carbon nanotube fiber coating for solid-phase microextraction of organochlorine pesticides in lake water and wastewater

The feasibility of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as adsorbents for solid-phase microextraction was investigated by using organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) as model compounds. SWCNTs were attached onto a stainless steel wire through organic binder. Potential factors affecting the extraction efficiency were optimized, including extraction time, extraction temperature, desorption time, desorption temperature, and salinity. The developed method has a linear range of 2-800 ng/L for most analytes, with coefficients of correlation ranging from 0.9911 to 0.9996, LODs ranged from 0.19 to 3.77 ng/L (S/N = 3), and RSDs in the range of 3.5-13.9% (n = 5). Compared with the commercial PDMS fiber, the SWCNT fiber has better thermal stability (over 350 degrees C) and longer life span (over 150 times). The developed method was applied to determine trace OCPs in lake water and wastewater samples with external standard calibration. Results showed that OCP contamination was very low in these samples, and HCHs were detected in almost all water samples while DDT concentrations were almost under detection limits in these samples. Recoveries obtained at 20 ng/L spiking level were in the range of 88.4-111% for OCPs in lake water. For wastewater samples, however, the recoveries were satisfactory for HCHs (63.6-97.1%) but relatively low for DDTs (44.7-116%) due to the high content of organic matter in wastewater.     

Evaluation of a microwave-assisted extraction technique for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in sediments.

A microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in marine sediment samples has been investigated. The analytes were extracted under different treatment conditions, such as temperature, time and extraction solvent. They were quantified by an isotope-dilution method, and the observed concentrations and recovery yields obtained under different conditions were compared. The results of a comparison between this MAE and other extraction techniques, such as pressurized fluid extraction, saponification, sonication, and Soxhlet extraction, are also given in this report. The techniques gave comparable results with the values obtained by other extraction techniques and the certified values in the samples. However, the observed concentration values of mono- and dichlorinated biphenyls varied depending on the extraction temperature.