TS-1分子筛的无机法合成及其催化苯酚羟基化性能

以无机固体硅胶和硫酸钛为原料,利用无机盐在多孔载体表面自发分散的基本原理,通过热处理先形成具有类似于钛硅分子筛Si-O-Ti键的无机SiO2-TiO2前驱体,然后以四丙基氢氧化铵为模板剂,通过水热晶化成功合成了TS-1分子筛.X射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱和紫外-可见光谱表征表明,SiO2-TiO2前驱体中钛主要呈高分散状态,其中高分散的钛在水热晶化过程中基本进入了TS-1分子筛骨架,而以锐钛矿相存在的钛则基本不变.当SiO2-TiO2前驱体处理温度为450℃,SiO2/TiO2摩尔比为40,晶化温度为160～170℃,晶化时间为48～72h时,合成的TS-1分子筛对苯酚羟基化反应的催化活性最好,与经典有机法合成的TS-1分子筛的催化活性相当.     

以氨水做碱源胶态晶种导向法合成小晶粒TS-1分子筛

TS-1分子筛具有MFI拓扑结构,因其独特的择形选择性和优异的催化氧化能力而广受关注.最早报道的TS-1合成方法采用大量四丙基氢氧化铵(TPAOH)作为有机结构导向剂, TPAOH价格昂贵,制约着TS-1分子筛大规模应用.开发廉价、环境友好的合成工艺是TS-1分子筛合成领域的重要课题.以价格相对较低的四丙基溴化铵(TPABr)代替TPAOH做有机结构导向剂,以氨水为碱源可合成TS-1分子筛,但产物晶粒尺寸远远大于以TPAOH做模板的合成结果,影响TS-1分子筛的传质和催化性能.因此,人们对该法进行了改进,选用有机胺作为碱源, TPABr为结构导向剂合成TS-1分子筛,但始终未能将其晶粒尺寸降至1μm以下.在合成体系中引入预先合成的TS-1分子筛或TS-1胶态前驱体作为晶种可以促进成核,缩短成核诱导期,有利于获得小晶粒尺寸的TS-1分子筛.此类方法往往需要辅助以大量有机胺等结构导向剂;胶态TS-1前驱体的制备需要特别小心以保证晶种中Ti的四配位状态,通常需要经历低温水解钛酸四丁酯(TBOT)和高温加热除醇等繁琐步骤.而胶态纯硅silicalite-1制备则相对简单,且已广泛用于导向合成同样具有MFI结构的ZSM-5沸石,但目前鲜有以silicalite-1做晶种合成TS-1分子筛的报道.基于此,本文以纯硅胶态silicalite-1为晶种,以氨水做碱源,辅助以少量TPABr做导向剂,合成了小晶粒TS-1分子筛,并以正己烯环氧化和环己酮氨肟化做探针反应考察了所得TS-1分子筛的催化氧化性能. X射线衍射结果表明,当晶种中SiO2占合成体系中SiO2的10 wt%(晶种引入TPAOH, TPAOH/SiO2=0.35),加入TPABr (TPABr/SiO2=0.03)做辅助结构导向剂,即合成体系中总(TPAOH+TPABr)/SiO2摩尔比低至0.07时,所得样品依然具有良好的结晶度.扫描电镜照片观察不到无定形物存在;晶种中SiO2占合成体系中SiO2的10 wt%时,所得TS-1晶粒尺寸约为250 nm ×150 nm ×50 nm;其他条件不变,胶态晶种用量增加到15 wt%时,初级晶粒尺寸基本保持不变,晶粒-晶粒之间交叉生长,形成孪生形貌;继续增加胶态晶种用量至20 wt%时,晶粒尺寸下降至仅100 nm左右;而用20 wt%胶态晶种所含相同量的TPAOH来代替胶态晶种,得到样品呈近10μm的大块状.与之对应的是,胶态silicalite-1晶种导向得到的小晶粒TS-1分子筛具有比直接用TPAOH得到的大块状样品更大的外比表面积和堆积孔体积.分析结果显示所得TS-1分子筛的体相TiO2/SiO2比在41–43.红外光谱和紫外可见光谱结果表明,胶态晶种导向法所得TS-1分子筛中的Ti主要以四配位状态存在,而直接用TPAOH合成的大块状样品则呈现显著骨架外Ti吸收峰,说明胶态晶种有助于Ti物种进入分子筛骨架.在催化正己烯环氧化反应时,用胶态silicalite-1晶种导向得到的小晶粒TS-1分子筛表现出与大块状TS-1相似的催化性能;而以环己酮氨肟化做探针反应时,小晶粒TS-1分子筛因具有外比表面积大和扩散路径短等优点而表现出远远高于大块状TS-1分子筛的催化活性.但与文献报道的相同SiO2/TiO2比的TS-1分子筛比较,本文所得小晶粒TS-1分子筛催化正己烯环氧化的活性略差.提高该小晶粒TS-1分子筛正己烯环氧化活性和建立构-效关系是下一步工作的重点.     

无机SiO2-TiO2前驱体体系合成高性能TS-1分子筛

 在热处理条件下,使Ti(SO4)2在多孔硅胶表面自发分散形成具有类似于钛硅分子筛催化活性中心结构单元的Si-O-Ti键的SiO2 -TiO2前驱体,将该前驱体在模板剂四丙基氢氧化铵的作用下水热晶化得到了钛硅分子筛TS-1. X射线衍射、红外光谱和扫描电镜表征表明, TS-1分子筛晶化完全,钛原子已进入TS-1分子筛骨架. 苯酚羟基化反应测试结果表明,前驱体的热处理温度对合成的TS-1分子筛的催化性能影响很大,处理温度以450 ℃为宜.     

TS—1分子筛晶化过程的研究

采用ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ,ＴＥＭ,ＸＲＤ,ＦＴ－ＩＲ和ＦＹＴ－Ｒａｍａｎ等技术研究了ＴＳ－１分子筛的晶化过程。结果表明,ＴＳ－１分子筛的晶化过程从无定形ＳｉＯ２颗粒开始生长,以ＳｉＯ２颗粒的外表面为晶核不断发展,晶化过程的第一小时内主要以无定形的ＳｉＯ２－ＴｉＯ２共凝胶颗粒存在,１ｈ后开始迅速形成ＴＳ－１的晶粒,ＴＳ－１晶粒的生成与无定形ＳｉＯ２的消失同时发生,８ｈ后基本上完成ＴＳ－１分子筛的成长,结晶     

铵盐对TS-1分子筛合成过程中钛物种分布的影响

以(NH)_4SO_4作为晶化调节剂,通过调节铵盐添加量,合成出了不同钛物种分布的TS-1-X系列分子筛(X为铵盐与SiO_2的物质的量比)。通过ICP-AES、FT-IR、UV-vis、UV-Raman等表征对TS-1-X系列分子筛中钛物种分布进行了系统的研究。以1-己烯环氧化为探针反应,考查了TS-1-X分子筛的催化性能。研究结果表明,适量铵盐不仅有利于钛从液相向固相富集,促进Ti元素进入MFI骨架结构,还有利于抑制晶粒过快生长,得到晶粒粒径小且分布均匀的TS-1分子筛;而过量的(NH)_4SO_4反而利于锐钛矿TiO2、无定型钛等非骨架钛物种的形成,同时促进晶粒过快生长得到大晶粒TS-1分子筛。最后,当n((NH_4)_2SO_4)/n(SiO2)=0.2时合成出反应性能最佳的骨架富钛TS-1,其对1-己烯转化率高达42%,同时H2O2的有效利用率为81.8%。此外,通过实验和表征考察了铵盐中各组分对TS-1性质的影响,发现铵盐通过自身的阴离子以及对pH值的改变,对TS-1晶化体系进行调节。     

钛硅分子筛TS-1合成晶化气氛的影响

考察了不同晶化气氛(N2、H2、A ir、O2)对合成钛硅分子筛TS-1的影响,用XRD、IR和N2吸附/脱附对所合成的钛硅分子筛进行结构表征,发现在H2气氛下合成的TS-1结晶度最高,锐钛矿的含量最少;O2气氛下合成的TS-1中锐钛矿含量最高.以氯丙烯氧化为模型反应,考察了不同晶化气氛下合成的钛硅分子筛的催化活性和双氧水的利用效率.结果表明,在H2气氛下所合成的钛硅分子筛的双氧水的利用效率最高.     

表面活性剂Tween对TS-1合成及催化性能影响的研究

以添加吐温的少量四丙基氢氧化铵（TPAOH）为模板剂,水热下合成了钛硅分子筛（TS-1）。采用FTIR、XRD、SEM、BET、UV-Vis等手段对分子筛进行表征。XRD结果表明,所得样品完全晶化,具有典型的MFI拓扑学结构;FTIR结果表明,样品在960 cm－1处出现了强吸收峰,表明钛已进入骨架;UV-Vis谱图表明,所合成样品在330 nm附近没有电子跃迁信号,表明其中没有锐钛矿型TiO2;SEM结果表明所合成样品的晶粒大小均匀。在添加适量吐温所得的胶团溶液中,模板剂分子与吐温之间的协同作用有助于TPAOH与硅、钛源定向反应,避免非骨架TiO2的生成,减少了TPAOH的用量,丙烯环氧化反应结果表明,吐温20、吐温40、吐温60及吐温80等非离子表面活性剂的添加都有助于降低模板剂（TPAOH）的用量和提高TS-1的催化活性,其中吐温40的影响尤为显著,吐温40/TPAOH摩尔比为0.02时,过氧化氢转化率达98.1%,环氧丙烷选择性和收率分别可达96.1％和94.3％。     

Ti-HMS和TS-1分子筛结构和催化性能的对比研究

 采用长链十二烷基胺为模板剂,成功合成出含钛中孔分子筛Ti-HMS, 并针对其晶化过程、结构特征以及催化性能与修正经典法制备的微孔分子筛TS-1进行了对比. 结果表明,中孔分子筛Ti-HMS的晶化机理不同于微孔分子筛TS-1的晶化机理. 随着晶化温度的提高, Ti-HMS分子筛的相对结晶度降低,且晶化过程中母液的pH值变化不大. TEM照片显示, Ti-HMS分子筛的孔壁整体上呈无定形,在局部区域可能存在晶态或者类晶态物种. 与TS-1分子筛相比, Ti-HMS分子筛的活性中心(骨架钛)处在畸变的四面体环境中. 中孔分子筛Ti-HMS可以满足大分子硫化物(如苯并噻吩)氧化反应的要求; 对于小分子硫化物(如噻吩)的氧化反应,微孔分子筛TS-1催化剂效果更好.     

氨基酸辅助合成高活性六配位钛物种的TS-1分子筛

TS-1分子筛是以TO4(T=Si,Ti)四面体为基本单元,通过氧桥连接而形成的具有MFI拓扑结构的微孔晶体材料,其在催化烯烃环氧化、酮类氨肟化、氧化脱硫及芳香烃羟基化等氧化反应中表现出较好的催化活性.目前,提高TS-1分子筛催化性能的方法主要包括:(1)制备纳米和多级孔TS-1分子筛,以提高其扩散传质性能;(2)提高TS-1分子筛的钛含量并抑制锐钛矿相的产生,以增加其催化活性位点.最新研究表明,相比于传统四配位钛物种(TiO4)作为催化活性中心,六配位(TiO6)钛物种在烯烃环氧化反应中具有更高的催化活性,可进一步降低反应活化能,最终实现高效催化转化.然而,TiO6物种结构中的Ti-OH组分,易导致开环反应发生,从而降低环氧化产物的选择性.因此,构筑高活性TiO6物种及调变TiO4/TiO6比例,对提高烯烃转化率及环氧产物选择性具有重要意义.当前,高活性钛物种的结构表征及其构筑已成为研究热点且仍面临挑战.本文协同采用氨基酸辅助合成策略和两步晶化方法,成功地制备出具有TiO4和TiO6物种且无锐钛矿相的多级孔TS-1分子筛.在该协同策略中,两步晶化过程有利于抑制锐钛矿相的形成,而氨基酸的引入对高活性TiO6物种的构筑具有重要作用.氨基酸分子可与钛原料形成螯合物,为TS-1分子筛晶化提供"养料",并有效平衡晶体成核与生长速率及稳定TiO6物种,最终实现制备富含TiO6物种的多级孔TS-1分子筛.相比于传统TiO4物种作为催化活性中心(1-己烯的转化率<25％,环氧化产物选择性>95％),本文所制备的TS-1分子筛(Si/Ti=36.9)因其兼具TiO4和TiO6物种,在1-己烯环氧化反应中表现出更好的催化性能(1-己烯的转化率33％,环氧化产物选择性95％).这是由于TiO4物种不会导致开环反应的发生,因此可以保证较高的环氧产物选择性,而TiO6物种经H2O2活化后,可形成具有更高活性及更小位阻效应的催化中心,极大提高了1-己烯转化率.综上,本文合成策略为构筑具有高活性钛物种及多级孔结构的钛硅分子筛提供了指导作用,为调控硅铝酸盐及硅取代磷酸铝分子筛材料活性位点的含量和分布提供了新思路.     

氟离子对钛硅分子筛合成的影响

将氟离子引入钛硅分子筛合成体系，系统研究了氟离子对钛硅分子筛合成的影响。结果表明，四丙基溴化铵－NH4F体系与四丙基溴化铵－有机铵体系有着类似的合成规律：加入晶种可以降低分子筛晶粒粒度；随着NH4F／SiO2降低，晶粒增居；四丙基溴化铵最低用量在TPABr/SiO2=0.025-0.05之间；随着SiO2/TiO2增大，分子筛相对结晶度增加。将氟离子引入钛硅分子筛合成体系能促进钛硅分子筛晶化，但氯离子不具有同样的效应。     

A crystalline paradise – three substances exhibiting the following crystallization modes: (1) conglomerate,kryptoracemic and unbalanced (2) conglomerate and kryptoracemic

The compound bis(ethylenediamine-N,N′)-(oxalato-O,O′)-cobalt biphenyl-4,4′-disulfonate hydrate, refcode TIQHOR, crystallizes with four Co(III) cations in the asymmetric unit. Another pair of compounds, rac-bis(ethylenediamine-N,N′)-(oxalato-O,O′)-cobalt(III) l-hydrogenaspartate, refcode VAGBOU, and tetra-ammine-(N-benzylethanediamine)-cobalt(III) trinitrate sesquihydrate, refcode ZIFHEB crystallize both as conglomerates and kryptoracemates. Their stereochemical characteristics are described, and the fact that they display more than one mode of crystallization in a single lattice, is illustrated numerically and visually.     

Transient and athermal effects in the crystallization of polymers. II. Nonisothermal crystallization

Nonisothermal crystallization of several polymers was investigated with differential scanning calorimetry and optical microscopy. The results indicated that as in the case of isothermal processes, crystallization starts with nucleation on noncompletely melted crystalline residues. It is assumed that if the crystalline residues are subcritical at melting temperatures, they can become stable by an athermal mechanism during cooling. There is also some contribution of nucleation on heterogeneities. The next mechanism of nucleation is a classical homogeneous process occurring by thermal fluctuations. The results showed the non‐steady‐state character of the nonisothermal crystallization of polymers. In the investigated range of cooling rates, the non‐steady‐state character of nonisothermal crystallization of polymers is dominated by the transient thermal effects. In the range of high temperatures, the transient homogeneous nucleation can be interpreted with the Ziabicki model, and the steady‐state rate determined from nonisothermal experiments coincides with the rate determined in isothermal crystallization. The athermal nucleation occurring at the beginning of crystallization from noncompletely melted aggregates seems to be independent of the applied cooling rate. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 68–79, 2003     

Kinetics of Nonisothermal and Isothermal Crystallization of Metallocene Polyethylene

Thedevelopmentofmetallocenecatalystsundoubtedlyrepresentsarevolutioninthepolyolefinbusiness.MetallocenePE(MPE)coverspolyethyleneswhichareproducedbymetallocenecatalysttechnology.EXXONChemicalCo.developedanewmeta-llocenepolyethylene-EXCEED'"PEin1991.Nowmoreandmoreeffortsarespentonthisinterestingproject.Uniformmolecularstructureandnarrowmoleculardistribution,makeMPEbetterphysicalpropertiesthanthoseofconventionalPE,andalsomakeitlowmeltstrengthandbadprocessability.Sotherelationshipbetween…     

高聚物结晶后期动力学过程的研究进展

回顾了描述高聚物结晶后期动力学过程的各种模型、方程以及数据处理方法，并就影响高聚物结晶后期动力学过程的某些因素进行了讨论。     

Kinetics analysis of the isothermal crystallization of Cu55Zr45 metallic glass by differential scanning calorimetry

The crystallization kinetics of Cu₅₅Zr₄₅ (at%) glassy alloy is studied under isothermal condition using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The plot of correlation between the crystallized volume fraction α and annealing time t shows a sigmoid-type curve, which is steeper with higher annealing temperature. Furthermore, in isothermal crystallization condition, local activation energy E_α values, determined using the Arrhenius equation, range from 181.1 to 187.8 kJ/mol, which is nearly a constant. The local Avrami exponent n(α) values, obtained by the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami equation, which range from 2.2 to 4.0 at different annealing temeperatures, which indicates that the crystallization mechanism is diffusion-controlled transformation. Moreover, n(α) becomes greater with increasing annealing temperature, which indicates that annealing temperature can affect nucleation rate and growth type.     

Kinetic study of the crystallization processes of some decorative ceramic glazes

A kinetic study of the crystallization processes was performed for some decorative ceramic glazes in the PbO-SiO₂-Na₂O-K₂O-CaO(BaO)-Al₂O₃-B₂O₃ system with addition of 10% TiO₂ and ZnO. The crystallization kinetics has been studied in non-isothermal conditions using DTA technique. The apparent activation energies of the crystallization processes were calculated using the Kissinger method. The main crystalline phase, which provides the decorative effect, is rutile. This has been identified by X-ray diffraction and it is clearly visible in the optical microscopy images taken in transmitted light, as needle-like or even prismatic crystals arranged in radial-fibrous aggregates.     

Enthalpies of crystallization of NaCl,KCl, LiCl·H2O,MgCl2 6H2O,CaCl2 6H2O and BaCl2·2H2O from aqueous solution at 298.15 K

The enthalpies of crystallization of NaCl, KCl, LiCl·H₂O, MgCl₂·6H₂O, CaCl₂·6H₂O and BaCl₂·2H₂O from aqueous solution were determined by means of different calculation methods on the basis of the earlier-measured differential and integral enthalpies of solution of the above salts. The obtained crystallization enthalpies are discussed and compared with the appropriate literature data.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurden die Kristallisationenthalpien des NaCl, KCl, LiCl·H₂O, MgCl₂·6H₂O, CaCl₂·6H₂O und BaCl₂·2H₂O aus wässerigen Lösungen bestirnt. Es wurden vorher gemessene differenzierte und integrale Enthalpien von oben genannten gelösten Salze ausgenutzt, bei denen verschiedene Berechnungsmethoden angewandt wurden. Die gewonenen Kristallisationenthalpien wurden mit entsprechenden Literaturangaben erörtert und vergliechen.

     

Impact of Nanoscale Confinement on Crystal Orientation of Poly(ethylene oxide)

Using a layer‐multiplying coextrusion process to fabricate films with thousands of alternating polymer nanolayers, we report here a new crystalline morphology in confined polymer nanolayers and an abrupt transition in the crystallization habit. At higher temperatures, poly(ethylene oxide) crystallizes as large, in‐plane lamellae. A 5 °C change in the crystallization temperature produces an on‐edge lamellar orientation. The results point to a transition from heterogeneous nucleation to substrate‐assisted nucleation. This may be a general phenomenon that accounts for previously unexplained differences in the preferred chain alignment of confined polymer crystals.

     

异戊橡胶微观序列结构与结晶性能研究

天然橡胶特有的应变诱导结晶能力赋予其优异的力学性能.异戊橡胶作为唯一能够替代天然橡胶的合成橡胶品种,其应变诱导结晶能力受到关注.本文对3种异戊橡胶的微观序列结构进行了分析,并研究了其结晶性能.核磁分析结果表明:3种异戊橡胶的顺-1,4-结构含量差别不大;从1,4-结构单元的键接方式(序列结构)看,SKI-5和YS-IR分子链中顺-1,4-结构单元均以头-尾相接的方式沿分子链排列,不存在头-头键和尾-尾键接方式;SKI-3中约有0.4%~0.5%的1,4-单元采取头-头键接方式,约有0.3%~0.6%的1,4-单元采取尾-尾键接方式;根据定量计算结果,从分子链上1,4-结构单元的序列分布来看,SKI-3的规整性与SKI-5、YS-IR相近或略高.XRD研究结果表明:炭黑填充的天然橡胶硫化胶拉伸至400%以上时发生取向结晶;而炭黑填充的异戊橡胶硫化胶需拉伸至500%以上时才发生取向结晶.基本物理机械性能研究表明:3种异戊橡胶的性能相当,拉伸强度和撕裂强度明显低于天然橡胶;由于结构和组成上的差异,异戊橡胶的结晶能力较天然橡胶差.     

New Developments in Crystallization Processing

The intention of this work presented is to introduce new processing principles for the crystallization of watery or fatty phases in food systems, and in particular to quantify the process — microstructure — product quality relationships for such food systems. The crystallization processes demonstrated in detail are high shear crystallization (i), spray crystallization (ii) and spray powder based seed crystallization (iii). Crystalline, semi-crystalline and/or amorphous structures were analysed by calorimetric, mechanical/rheological and microscopical methods. Quality aspects of the final food products, which are related to the structure of the crystalline and/or amorphous components, were investigated additionally.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.