298.16K时Na~ ,Mg~(2 )//Cl~-,SO_4~(2-),NO_3~-,H_2O体系中NaCl饱和区域相平衡

采用等温溶解平衡法研究了五元体系Na ,Mg2 //Cl-,SO42-,NO3-,H2O在298.16K下氯化钠饱和平衡体系的溶解度,获得了相应的投影干盐图、氯图和水图.研究结果表明,在298·16K下氯化钠饱和时,该五元体系投影干盐图由8个二盐共饱和的双变面、13条三盐共饱的单变线和6个四盐共饱的零变点构成,存在两种复盐,8个二盐共饱双变面分别对应于NaCl NaNO3,NaCl Na2SO4,NaCl MgCl2·6H2O,NaCl MgSO4·Na2SO4·4H2O,NaCl Mg(NO3)2·6H2O,NaCl NaNO3·Na2SO4·2H2O,NaCl MgSO4·7H2O和NaCl MgSO4·(1~6)H2O.讨论了该相图在新疆硝酸盐矿开发利用过程中的应用.     

25 ℃下Na+, K+, Mg2+//Cl-, SO2-4, NO-3, H2O体系液固相平衡

本文应用等温溶解平衡法,研究了Na+, K+, Mg2+//Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, H2O六元体系在25℃、氯化钠饱和时的相平衡关系,测定了溶解度数据,并绘制出相应的相图. 研究表明： 25℃时,该体系在氯化钠饱和的区域里存在8种复盐,有15个两盐结晶区,25个零变量点;零变量点中只有一个共结点,为Mg(NO3)2?6H2O、NaCl、MgCl2?6H2O、MgSO4?(1～6)H2O、KCl?MgCl2?6H2O五盐共饱点,其余为反应点. 在此基础上,研究了新疆硝酸盐卤水矿蒸发析盐规律.     

273 K下Na2CO3-Na2SO4-Na2B4O7-H2O四元体系介稳相平衡的实验研究

采用等温蒸发法研究了四元体系Na2CO3-Na2SO4-Na2B4O7-H2O在273 K时的介稳相平衡及平衡液相的密度. 利用溶解度数据绘制了该四元体系273 K下的相图. 研究结果表明, 该四元体系有异成分复盐2Na2SO4·Na2CO3形成. 相图中有2个共饱点、5条单变量曲线和4个结晶相区. 4个结晶相区分别为盐Na2CO3·10H2O, Na2SO4·10H2O, Na2B4O7·10H2O和2Na2SO4·Na2CO3的结晶区. 复盐2Na2SO4·Na2CO3同时存在于包含Na2CO3-Na2SO4-H2O三元体系的其它四元体系或高元体系中. 在273 K介稳平衡相图中, 碳酸钠以Na2CO3·10H2O形式析出; 硫酸钠以Na2SO4·10H2O的形式析出; 硼酸钠的完整分子式为Na2B4O5(OH)4·8H2O. Na2CO3对Na2B4O7有盐析作用.     

Na~+,K~+,Mg~(2+)∥Cl~-,SO_4~(2-)-H_2O五元体系35℃介稳相图研究

研究得出 (Na+ ,K+ ,Mg2 +∥ Cl-,SO2 -4 -H2 O)五元体系 3 5℃时的介稳溶解度数据 ,绘制了该体系 3 5℃的介稳相图 ,共有 9个为氯化钠所饱和的结晶区域 :氯化钾、钾芒硝 (3 K2 SO4 · Na2 SO4 )、钾镁矾 (K2 SO4· Mg SO4 · 4 H2 O)、钾盐镁矾 (KCl· Mg SO4 · 2 .75H2 O)、光卤石 (KCl· Mg Cl2 · 6H2 O)、白钠镁矾 (Na2 SO4· Mg SO4 · 4 H2 O)、硫酸钠、六水硫酸镁 (Mg SO4 · 6H2 O)和水氯镁石 (Mg Cl2 · 6H2 O) .所得 3 5℃介稳相图与 Van t Hoff2 5℃稳定相图比较有较大区别 :软钾镁矾 (K2 SO4 · Mg SO4 · 6H2 O)、七水硫酸镁、五水硫酸镁及四水硫酸镁结晶区域消失 ,钾镁矾和钾盐镁矾结晶区域显著扩大 .所得 3 5℃介稳相图与 2 5℃介稳相图区别很大 :软钾镁矾和七水硫酸镁结晶区域消失 ,同时出现了钾镁矾和钾盐镁矾的结晶区域 .在该五元体系 3 5℃介稳相平衡研究中发现析出的是钾盐镁矾的低水化合物 (KCl·Mg SO4 · 2 .75H2 O)     

Na2B4O7-Na2SO4-NaCl-H2O四元体系288K相平衡研究

采用等温溶解平衡法研究了四元体系Na2B4O7-Na2SO4-NaCl-H2O在288 K的相平衡关系,测定了平衡液相的溶解度及其密度。由研究结果知该四元体系为简单共饱和型,无复盐及固溶体形成。根据实验数据绘制了相应的相图。相图中有一个共饱点,三条单变曲线,三个结晶区平衡固相分别为:Na2B4O7·10H2O,Na2SO4·10H2O和NaCl。实验结果表明NaCl对Na2B4O7和Na2SO4有盐析作用,并简要讨论了实验结果。     

低温下Na //Cl-,SO42-,NO3-,H2O体系相平衡研究

采用等温溶解平衡法研究了四元体系Na+//Cl-,SO42-,NO-3-H2O在5、0、-5与-15℃下的相平衡关系。结果表明,4个温度下体系无复盐形成,平衡相图的构型基本一致;平衡相图均由3个结晶区(Na2SO4·10H2O、Na Cl和Na NO3)、3条单变量曲线(Na Cl-Na2SO4·10H2O、Na Cl-Na NO3、Na NO3-Na2SO4·10H2O)及1个共饱点(Na Cl-Na NO3-Na2SO4·10H2O)组成;4个温度下的平衡相图相比,随着温度的下降Na2SO4·10H2O结晶区不断扩大,Na Cl和Na NO3结晶区相对缩小;与该体系常温下的平衡相图相比,由于无复盐形成,低温下的相图大为简化。     

五元交互体系Li+,Na+,K+//CO32-,Cl--H2O在298.15K的相平衡研究

针对西藏扎布耶盐湖卤水组成,采用等温溶解平衡法研究了五元交互体系Li+,Na+,K+//CO32-,Cl--H2O于298.15K时的相平衡,并绘制了相图(空间立体图和Li2CO3饱和的投影图).结果表明,该五元体系相图含有7个结晶区、13条单变量线和4个无变量点.7个结晶区由6个单盐结晶区和1个复盐结晶区组成,分别为LiCl·H2O,NaCl,KCl,Li2CO3,K2CO3·3/2H2O,Na2CO3·10H2O和NaKCO3·6H2O,没有形成固溶体和天然碱(Na2CO3·NaHCO3·2H2O).4个无变量点标记成K1,K2,K3和K4,所对应的平衡固相盐分别是:Li2CO3+NaKCO3·6H2O+Na2CO3·10H2O+KCl,Li2CO3+NaKCO3·6H2O+K2CO3·3/2H2O+KCl,Li2CO3+NaCl+KCl+LiCl·H2O和Li2CO3+NaCl+Na2CO3·10H2O+KCl.     

Na+, K+//Cl-, B4O2-7-H2O四元体系273 K介稳相平衡

采用等温蒸发法研究了四元体系Na+, K+//Cl-, B4O2-7-H2O 273 K时的介稳相平衡与相图. 测定了该体系273 K平衡液相中各组分的溶解度及平衡液相的密度; 绘制了该体系的介稳相图. 该四元体系273 K相图由5条溶解度单变量线、4个结晶区及2个共饱和点组成. 体系无复盐或固溶体形成. 四个结晶区分别对应单盐NaCl、KCl、K2B4O7·4H2O 和Na2B4O7·10H2O. 共饱点E1处KCl、NaCl及Na2B4O7·10H2O三盐共饱和,所对应的平衡液相组成为w(Cl-)=29.15%, w(B4O2-7)=0.64%, w(K+)=5.97%, w(Na+)=15.55%; 共饱和点E2处盐KCl、Na2B4O7·10H2O和K2B4O7·4H2O的三盐共饱和, 所对应的平衡液相组成为w(Cl-)=22.84%, w(B4O2-7)=10.98%, w(K+)=28.01%, w(Na+)=1.53%. 同体系298 K时的稳定相图相比, 273 K时硼酸钠的结晶区变大, 而硼酸钾、氯化钠结晶区变小.     

298.16 K Na＋, K＋, Mg2＋//Cl－, NO3－-H2O五元体系的相平衡研究

采用等温溶解平衡法研究了五元体系Na^＋, K^＋, Mg^2＋//Cl^－, NO₃^－-H₂O在298.16 K、氯化钠饱和时各盐的溶解度和饱和溶液的物化性质(密度, 电导率)以及四元体系Na^＋, Mg^2＋//Cl^－, NO₃^－-H₂O的相平衡关系. 研究表明: 在298.16 K, 氯化钠饱和时该五元体系溶解度相图由六个结晶区、九条单变量溶解度曲线和四个零变量点构成, 六个结晶区分别对应于NaNO₃＋NaCl, KNO₃＋NaCl, KCl＋NaCl, Mg(NO₃)₂•6H₂O＋NaCl, MgCl₂•6H₂O＋NaCl和复盐KCl•MgCl₂•6H₂O＋NaCl; 在298.16 K时, 该四元体系的相图由四个结晶区、五条单变量溶解度曲线和二个零变量点构成, 四个结晶区分别对应于NaNO₃, NaCl, Mg(NO₃)₂•6H₂O, MgCl₂•6H₂O.     

四元交互体系Cd2+, Na+//Cl-, SO42——H2O 298 K时的相平衡

采用等温溶解平衡法研究了四元交互体系Cd2+, Na+//Cl-, SO2-4-H2O在298 K的相平衡关系. 研究发现, 该平衡体系存在Na2CdCl4·3H2O复盐相区, 平衡相图中有七条单变度曲线, 三个共饱和点和五个结晶相区. 其平衡固相的结晶区分别为Na2SO4、CdSO4、CdCl2·2.5H2O、Na2CdCl4·3H2O和NaCl. 该四元交互体系平衡液相的物化性质随着Cd2+浓度的增加呈现有规律的变化. 研究结果表明, 镉盐在该体系中的溶解度大, 迁移性强, 增加了土壤环境污染风险.     

钾镁氯化物(硫酸盐)与脲、水体系的溶度研究

报导了KCl-MgCl2-CO(NH2)2-H2O和K2SO4-MgSO4-CO（NH2）2-H2O两个四元体系在25℃时的溶度及其饱和溶液的折光率、密度，相应的溶度图和组成-折光率、组成-密度图．前一体系中形成3个三元化合物：MgCl2·4CO（NH2）2·2H2O、MgCl2·CO（NH2）2·4H2O和KCl·MgCl2·6H2O溶度盐份图由9支共饱线、4个四元无变点组成．四元体系的水量图、性质-组成图有类似的变化．后一体系中有2个异成份溶解化合物MgSO4·CO（NH2）2·2H2O和K2SO4·MgSO4·6H2O形成，溶度等温图由7支双饱溶度线、3个四元无变点组成．对两个体系相图的相似性和差异点进行了讨论．     

Na+, K+, Mg2+∥Cl-, SO2-4-H2O五元体系35 ℃介稳相图研究

研究得出（Na+, K+, Mg2+∥Cl-, SO2-4-H2O）五元体系35 ℃时的介稳溶解度数据,绘制了该体系35 ℃的介稳相图,共有9个为氯化钠所饱和的结晶区域：氯化钾、钾芒硝（3K2SO4*Na2SO4）、钾镁矾（K2SO4*MgSO4*4H2O）、钾盐镁矾（KCl*MgSO4*2.75H2O）、光卤石（KCl*MgCl2*6H2O）、白钠镁矾（Na2SO4*MgSO4*4H2O）、硫酸钠、六水硫酸镁（MgSO4*6H2O）和水氯镁石（MgCl2*6H2O）. 所得35 ℃介稳相图与Vant Hoff 25 ℃稳定相图比较有较大区别：软钾镁矾（K2SO4*MgSO4*6H2O）、七水硫酸镁、五水硫酸镁及四水硫酸镁结晶区域消失,钾镁矾和钾盐镁矾结晶区域显著扩大. 所得35 ℃介稳相图与25 ℃介稳相图区别很大：软钾镁矾和七水硫酸镁结晶区域消失,同时出现了钾镁矾和钾盐镁矾的结晶区域. 在该五元体系35 ℃介稳相平衡研究中发现析出的是钾盐镁矾的低水化合物（KCl*MgSO4*2.75H2O）.     

Raman spectroscopic study of crystallization from solutions containing MgSO4 and Na2SO4: Raman spectra of double salts

Mg(2+), Na(+), and SO(4)(2-) are common ions in natural systems, and they are usually found in water bodies. Precipitation processes have great importance in environmental studies because they may be part of complex natural cycles; natural formation of atmospheric particulate matter is just one case. In this work, Na(2)Mg(SO(4))(2)·5H(2)O (konyaite), Na(6)Mg(SO(4))(4) (vanthoffite), and Na(12)Mg(7)(SO(4))(13)·15H(2)O (loeweite) were synthesized and their Raman spectra reported. By slow vaporization (at 20 °C and relative humidity of 60-70%), crystallization experiments were performed within small droplets (diameter ≤ 1-2 mm) of solutions containing MgSO(4) and Na(2)SO(4), and crystal formations were studied by Raman spectroscopy. Crystallization of Na(2)Mg(SO(4))(2)·4H(2)O (bloedite) was observed, and the formation of salt mixtures was confirmed by Raman spectra. Bloedite, konyaite, and loeweite, as well as Na(2)SO(4) and MgSO(4)·6H(2)O, were the components found to occur in different proportions. No crystallization of Na(6)Mg(SO(4))(4) (vanthoffite) was observed under the crystallization condition used in this study.     

Investigation of efflorescence of inorganic aerosols using fluorescence spectroscopy

The phase transition is one of the most fundamental phenomena affecting the physical and chemical properties of atmospheric aerosols. Efflorescence, in particular, is not well understood, partly because the molecular interactions between the solute and water molecules of saturated or supersaturated solution droplets have not been well characterized. Recently, we developed a technique that combines the use of an electrodynamic balance and a fluorescence dye, 8-hydroxyl-1,3,6-pyrenetrisulfonate (pyranine), to study the distributions of solvated and free water in aqueous droplets (Choi, M. Y.; Chan, C. K.; Zhang, Y. H. J. Phys. Chem. A 2004, 108, 1133). We found that the equality of the amounts of solvated and free water is a necessary but not sufficient condition for efflorescence. For efflorescing compounds such as Na2SO4, (NH4)2SO4, and a mixture of NaCl and Na2SO4, the amount of free water decreases, while that of solvated water is roughly constant in bulk measurements and decreases less dramatically than that of free water in single-particle measurements as the relative humidity (RH) decreases. Efflorescence of the supersaturated droplets of these solutions occurs when the amounts of free and solvated water are equal, which is consistent with our previous observation for NaCl. For nonefflorescing compounds in single-particle levitation experiments such as MgSO4 and Mg(NO3)2, the amounts of free and solvated water are equal at a water-to-solute molar ratio of about 6, at which spectral changes due to the formation of contact ion pairs between magnesium and the anions occur as shown by Raman spectroscopy. Fluorescence imaging shows that the droplets of diluted Mg(NO3)2 (at 80% RH) and MgSO4 are homogeneous but those of NaCl, Na2SO4, (NH4)2SO4, and supersaturated Mg(NO3)2 (at 10% RH) are heterogeneous in terms of the solvated-to-free water distribution. The solvated-to-free water ratios in NaCl, Na2SO4, and (NH4)2SO4 droplets are higher in the outer regions by about half a radius deep than at the center of the droplets.     

Surface tensions of inorganic multicomponent aqueous electrolyte solutions and melts

A semiempirical model is presented that predicts surface tensions (σ) of aqueous electrolyte solutions and their mixtures, for concentrations ranging from infinitely dilute solution to molten salt. The model requires, at most, only two temperature-dependent terms to represent surface tensions of either pure aqueous solutions, or aqueous or molten mixtures, over the entire composition range. A relationship was found for the coefficients of the equation σ = c(1) + c(2)T (where T (K) is temperature) for molten salts in terms of ion valency and radius, melting temperature, and salt molar volume. Hypothetical liquid surface tensions can thus be estimated for electrolytes for which there are no data, or which do not exist in molten form. Surface tensions of molten (single) salts, when extrapolated to normal temperatures, were found to be consistent with data for aqueous solutions. This allowed surface tensions of very concentrated, supersaturated, aqueous solutions to be estimated. The model has been applied to the following single electrolytes over the entire concentration range, using data for aqueous solutions over the temperature range 233-523 K, and extrapolated surface tensions of molten salts and pure liquid electrolytes: HCl, HNO(3), H(2)SO(4), NaCl, NaNO(3), Na(2)SO(4), NaHSO(4), Na(2)CO(3), NaHCO(3), NaOH, NH(4)Cl, NH(4)NO(3), (NH(4))(2)SO(4), NH(4)HCO(3), NH(4)OH, KCl, KNO(3), K(2)SO(4), K(2)CO(3), KHCO(3), KOH, CaCl(2), Ca(NO(3))(2), MgCl(2), Mg(NO(3))(2), and MgSO(4). The average absolute percentage error between calculated and experimental surface tensions is 0.80% (for 2389 data points). The model extrapolates smoothly to temperatures as low as 150 K. Also, the model successfully predicts surface tensions of ternary aqueous mixtures; the effect of salt-salt interactions in these calculations was explored.     

Crystal structures of sodium magnesium selenate decahydrate,Na2Mg(SeO4)2·10H2O,a new selenate salt,and sodium magnesium selenate dihydrate,Na2Mg(SeO4)2·2H2O

Metal selenates crystallize in many instances in isomorphic structures of the corresponding sulfates. Sodium magnesium selenate decahydrate, Na₂Mg(SeO₄)₂·10H₂O, and sodium magnesium selenate dihydrate, Na₂Mg(SeO₄)₂·2H₂O, were synthesized by preparing solutions of Na₂SeO₄ and MgSeO₄·6H₂O with different molar ratios. The structures contain different Mg octahedra, i.e. [Mg(H₂O)₆] octahedra in the decahydrate and [MgO₄(H₂O)₂] octahedra in the dihydrate. The sodium polyhedra are also different, i.e. [NaO₂(H₂O)₄] in the decahydrate and [NaO₆(H₂O)] in the dihydrate. The selenate tetrahedra are connected with the chains of Na polyhedra in the two structures. O—H…O hydrogen bonding is observed in both structures between the coordinating water molecules and selenate O atoms.     

过渡金属二取代三元杂多酸盐的制备和表征

在水中由Na2 WO4 ·2H2 O ,Na2 MoO4 ·2H2 O和KH2 PO4 ·2H2 O反应生成具有半Dawson结构的钨钼混配杂多阴离子Na9PW6Mo3O34 ·1 0H2 O。以阴离子和过渡金属硝酸盐为原料在水溶液中合成了一系列过渡金属二取代的具有Keggin结构的杂多酸四丁基铵盐 [TBA]4 Hn[PW7Mo3M2 O38(H2 O) 2 ]·C3H6O(n =1 ,M =Fe3+;n =3,M =Mn2 +,Co2 +,Ni2 +,Cu2 +) ,用元素分析和波谱进行了表征。     

Temperature dependent thermodynamic model of the system H(+)-NH₄(+)-Na(+)-SO₄²⁻-NO₃⁻-Cl⁻-H₂O

A thermodynamic model of the system H(+)-NH?(+)-Na(+)-SO?2?-NO??-Cl?-H?O is parametrized and used to represent activity coefficients, equilibrium partial pressures of H?O, HNO?, HCl, H?SO?, and NH?, and saturation with respect to 26 solid phases (NaCl(s), NaCl·2H?O(s), Na?SO?(s), Na?SO?·10H?O(s), NaNO?·Na?SO?·H?O(s), Na?H(SO?)?(s), NaHSO?(s), NaHSO?·H?O(s), NaNH?SO?·2H?O(s), NaNO?(s), NH?Cl(s), NH?NO?(s), (NH?)?SO?(s), (NH?)?H(SO?)?(s), NH?HSO?(s), (NH?)?SO?·2NH?NO?(s), (NH?)?SO?·3NH?NO?(s), H?SO?·H?O(s), H?SO?·2H?O(s), H?SO?·3H?O(s), H?SO?·4H?O(s), H?SO?·6.5H?O(s), HNO?·H?O(s), HNO?·2H?O(s), HNO?·3H?O(s), and HCl·3H?O(s)). The enthalpy of formation of the complex salts NaNH?SO?·2H?O(s) and Na?SO?·NaNO?·H?O(s) is calculated. The model is valid for temperatures < or approximately 263.15 up to 330 K and concentrations from infinite dilution to saturation with respect to the solid phases. For H?SO?-H?O solutions the degree of dissociation of the HSO?? ion is represented near the experimental uncertainty over wide temperature and concentration ranges. The parametrization of the model for the subsystems H(+)-NH?(+)-NO??-SO?2?-H?O and H(+)-NO??-SO?2?-Cl?-H?O relies on previous studies (Clegg, S. L. et al. J. Phys. Chem. A 1998, 102, 2137-2154; Carslaw, K. S. et al. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 11557-11574), which are only partly adjusted to new data. For these systems the model is applicable to temperatures below 200 K, dependent upon liquid-phase composition, and for the former system also to supersaturated solutions. Values for the model parameters are determined from literature data for the vapor pressure, osmotic coefficient, emf, degree of dissociation of HSO??, and the dissociation constant of NH? as well as measurements of calorimetric properties of aqueous solutions like enthalpy of dilution, enthalpy of solution, enthalpy of mixing, and heat capacity. The high accuracy of the model is demonstrated by comparisons with experimentally determined mean activity coefficients of HCl in HCl-Na?SO?-H?O solutions, solubility measurements for the quaternary systems H(+)-Na(+)-Cl?-SO?2?-H?O, Na(+)-NH?(+)-Cl?-SO?2?-H?O, and Na(+)-NH?(+)-NO??-SO?2?-H?O as well as vapor pressure measurements of HNO?, HCl, H?SO?, and NH?.