Simultaneous PIV and PTV measurements of wind and sand particle velocities

Wind-blown sand is a typical example of two-phase particle-laden flows. Owing to lack of simultaneous measured data of the wind and wind-blown sand, interactions between them have not yet been fully understood. In this study, natural sand of 100–125 μm taken from Taklimakan Desert was tested at the freestream wind speed of 8.3 m/s in an atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel. The captured flow images containing both saltating sand and small wind tracer particles, were separated by using a digital phase mask technique. The 2-D PIV (particle imaging velocimetry) and PTV (particle tracking velocimetry) techniques were employed to extract simultaneously the wind velocity field and the velocity field of dispersed sand particles, respectively. Comparison of the mean streamwise wind velocity profile and the turbulence statistics with and without sand transportation reveal a significant influence of sand movement on the wind field, especially in the dense saltating sand layer (y/δ < 0.1). The ensemble-averaged streamwise velocity profile of sand particles was also evaluated to investigate the velocity lag between the sand and the wind. This study would be helpful in improving the understanding of interactions between the wind and the wind-blown sand.     

风沙运动的沙粒带电机理及其影响的研究进展

土壤风蚀以及沙尘暴是人类面临的重大自然环境灾害之一,它直接关系着人类的生存环境和生活质量.许多国家和政府以及科学家们对此一直十分关注并开展了大量研究.由于大气和地表条件的多样性以及地表沙粒的运动与风场作用的相互耦合,导致风沙运动问题研究的复杂性.除此之外,伴随着对风沙运动机理的研究和对沙尘暴的观测,人们发现在风沙跃移运动和沙尘暴中的沙粒带有电荷并形成风沙电场.沙粒的运动不仅导致沙粒带电和风沙电场形成,而且也直接受到沙粒带电和风沙电场的影响.为了弄清风沙电的起因以及揭示其影响规律,研究人员对此进行了野外观测、实验室测量和理论推测等.本文将就这一问题重点介绍有关风沙运动中沙粒带电的机理、风沙电场分布规律、沙粒带电对风沙运动的微宏观物理量以及沙尘暴中沙粒带电对电磁波散射的影响等方面的实验和理论研究的基本概况和进展以及作者等人在此方面的研究工作.主要包含内容有:沙粒带电及其电场的基本实验测量,粒带电对风沙运动的影响,沙尘暴对电磁波衰减的影响研究以及有关风沙起电的机理研究等.同时,对这一研究领域中目前关注与存在的主要问题给予评述.图6参81      

风沙影响下铁路道碴变形模量的离散元数值分析

针对风沙区有碴铁路道床的结构特性,对其在细沙贯入下的有效变形模量研究有助于理解风沙影响下的道床动力特性。采用离散单元模型对道碴碎石和细沙颗粒进行数值建模,并对不同含沙率γ下的有效变形模量进行了数值分析。结果表明,在低含沙率下(γ<30%)沙石混合体的变形模量基本保持不变,在高含沙率下(γ>30%),变形模量随含沙率的增加呈线性降低,以上变形模量随含沙量的变化规律与试验结果相一致。基于离散单元模型的数值模拟,在细观尺度上对沙石混合体的力链强度、空间分布及配位数进行了分析,揭示了沙石混合体有效变形模量随含沙量变化的内在机理。本文工作对风沙区有碴铁路道床力学行为的研究具有一定的借鉴意义,有助于促进风沙影响下有碴铁路道床的结构设计和沙害治理。     

Two-phase measurements of saltating turbulent boundary layer flow

Mean wind and particle speed measurements as functions of heigh were made for a saltating turbulent boundary layer flow. An exponential dependence of particle flux with height above the surface was found independent of windspeed and particle size. Particle-speed distributions as functions of height above the surface were measured for experiments conducted at two ambient pressures: atmospheric pressure and approximately 1% atmospheric pressure. The wind was shown to be a more efficient mover of particles at atmospheric pressure.High-speed motion pictures of saltating ground walnut shells (of diameter 500–1500 μm and density 1.1 g/cm³) were taken in an environmental wind tunnel to simulate the planetary boundary layer. These experiments verify the existence and magnitude of particle spin rates proposed by White & Schulz (1977). There was remarkable agreement between numerical trajectory solutions, including the spin effect, and the filmed trajectories. An observation was made that not all particles spin exclusively in the vertical longitudinal plane (in the direction of flow). At low pressures (0.6 kPa) the effect of spin forces on the particle's trajectory was shown to have little influence and was verified by a theoretical force ration balance of spin to drag force.     

The loss of stability of laminar flow in open channel and the mechanism of sand ripple formation

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Experimental analysis of sand particles＇ lift-off and incident velocities in wind-blown sand flux

The probability distributions of sand particles' lift-off and incident velocities in a wind-blown sand flux play very important roles in the simulation of the wind-blown sand movement. In this paper, the vertical and the horizontal speeds of sand particles located at 1.0 mm above a sand-bed in a wind-blown sand flux are observed with the aid of Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) in a wind tunnel. Based on the experimental data, the probability distributions of not only the vertical lift-off speed but also the lift-off velocity as well as its horizontal component and the incident velocity as well as its vertical and horizontal components can be obtained by the equal distance histogram method. It is found, according to the results of the χ ²-test for these probability distributions, that the probability density functions (pdf's) of the sand particles' lift-off and incident velocities as well as their vertical components are described by the Gamma density function with different peak values and shapes and the downwind incident and lift-off horizontal speeds, respectively, can be described by the lognormal and the Gamma density functions. These pdf's depend on not only the sand particle diameter but also the wind speed.     

Experimental analysis of sand particles'' lift-off and incident velocities in wind-blown sand flux

The probability distributions of sand particles' lift-off and incident velocities in a wind-blown sand flux play very important roles in the simulation of the wind-blown sand movement. In this paper, the vertical and the horizontal speeds of sand particles located at 1.0 mm above a sand-bed in a wind-blown sand flux are observed with the aid of Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) in a wind tunnel. Based on the experimental data, the probability distributions of not only the vertical lift-off speed but also the lift-off velocity as well as its horizontal component and the incident velocity as well as its vertical and horizontal components can be obtained by the equal distance histogram method. It is found, according to the results of the χ²-test for these probability distributions, that the probability density functions (pdf's) of the sand particles' lift-off and incident velocities as well as their vertical components are described by the Gamma density function with different peak values and shapes and the downwind incident and lift-off horizontal speeds, respectively, can be described by the lognormal and the Gamma density functions. These pdf's depend on not only the sand particle diameter but also the wind speed. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10532040) and the Hundred Talents Project, the Knowledge Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX2-304). The English text was polished by Keren Wang.     

地表温度对颗粒跃移轨迹的影响

为了研究由地表温度变化引起的向上的垂向气流对沙粒跃移运动的影响,本文给出了考虑近地表温度变化和水平来流风场作用下的沙粒的跃移运动。在定量给出不同时刻的近地表温度和垂向风速的基础上,计算了由于太阳辐射所引起的近地表层垂向气流对沙粒跃移运动的影响,发现:垂向风速在午后可达到1.5m/s并使得沙粒跃移轨迹的最大高度和长度分别增加55.56%和73.68%;同时,与不考虑温度效应的情况不同的是,沙粒跃移轨道最大高度将随粒径变化。     

Unsteady free convection flow over an infinite vertical porous plate due to the combined effects of thermal and mass diffusion,magnetic field and Hall currents

The unsteady free convection flow over an infinite vertical porous plate, which moves with time-dependent velocity in an ambient fluid, has been studied. The effects of the magnetic field and Hall current are included in the analysis. The buoyancy forces arise due to both the thermal and mass diffusion. The partial differential equations governing the flow have been solved numerically using both the implicit finite difference scheme and the difference-differential method. For the steady case, analytical solutions have also been obtained. The effect of time variation on the skin friction, heat transfer and mass transfer is very significant. Suction increases the skin friction coefficient in the primary flow, and also the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers, but the skin friction coefficient in the secondary flow is reduced. The effect of injection is opposite to that of suction. The buoyancy force, injection and the Hall parameter induce an overshoot in the velocity profiles in the primary flow which changes the velocity gradient from a negative to a positive value, but the magnetic field and suction reduce this velocity overshoot.     

改善平板风致静力的定常吸气方法

采用基于CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)的数值方法研究了定常吸气方法对平板风致静力的影响。研究对象选为一处于均匀来流风场中的平板模型,在该平板靠近来流端设置定常吸气入口,通过改变定常吸气系数和吸气模式计算该平板模型的风致静力三分力,进而获取定常吸气对平板风致静力作用的影响。风场数值模拟采用RSM(Reynolds Stress Equation Model)湍流模型。计算结果表明,在定常吸气作用下平板的阻力系数显著降低,扭矩系数增大;平板迎风端面的压力随着吸气能量的增强而减小,背风端面的压力基本不变。数值结果表明:定常吸气可以有效地改善平板绕流边界层结构,降低风致阻力。     

弹体侵彻干砂的数值模型

基于砂粒的不可压缩性假设,利用球形空腔动态收缩模型和广义Mises强度准则推导了干砂的孔隙压密演化方程;根据Hugoniot冲击突跃条件和Grüneisen系数,推导了干砂考虑孔隙演化影响的状态方程;根据关联流动法则,得到了大变形时砂的弹塑性应力应变关系;基于动力有限元计算平台,采用上述模型分析了弹体高速侵彻干砂的作用过程。结果表明,该模型能够表征高速侵彻时砂的孔隙演化对应力应变状态的反向影响,能够较准确地反映高速侵彻作用下干砂的动力响应过程。     

风沙两相流跃移层中沙粒相的速度分布

从单个跃移沙粒在气流中的运动方程出发导出了风沙两相流中沙粒相速度分布函数的Boltzmann方程，对风沙流研究中几种不同的分布函数及其相应的统计平均值等基本概念给出了严密的数学定义，指出了不同分布函数之间的区别和联系，在略去铅垂方向空气阻力的情况下，给出了沙粒相速度分布函数沿铅垂方向的边缘分布，作为风沙流中跃移理论的主要基础之一。利用结果对前人在风沙流研究中发现的某些重要规律和现象进行了解释。     

Non-linear analysis of creeping flow on the inclined permeable substrate plane subjected to an electric field

The effect of an externally applied electric field on the stability of a thin fluid film over an inclined porous plane is analyzed using linear and non-linear stability analysis in the long wave limit. The principle aim of this study is to illustrate the influence of electric field on the non-linear stability of a thin liquid layer flow down incline substrate when the plane is porous. The driving force for the instability under an electric field is an electrostatic force exerted on the free charges accumulated at the dividing interface. The coupled non-linear evolution equations for the local film thickness and the interfacial charge for two-dimensional disturbances are derived to analyze the effect of long-wave instabilities. The method of multiple scales is applied to obtain approximate solutions and analyze the stability criteria. Numerical simulations of this system of non-linear evolution equations are performed. It is found that the permeability parameter as well as the inclination of the plane plays a destabilizing role in the stability criteria, while the damping influence is observed for increasing of the electrical conductivity in both linear and non-linear behavior.     

基于相场模型的金属微波烧结演化机制分析及同步辐射断层扫描实验验证

为了探索不同种类金属材料的微波烧结机制,本文针对钛和铝两种具有不同电磁学特性的金属材料,分析了微波与金属微粒的相互作用。依据经典的麦克斯韦方程,金属表面产生电子涡流和趋肤效应。由P.Mishra和K.I.Rybakov等提出的金属在微波中的加热效率理论,推导出钛金属表面的热效应明显高于铝。因为电子涡流在磁场中产生指向颗粒内部的洛伦兹力这一微波非热效应,阻碍了内部物质向外的扩散,且铝的感应涡流大于钛,故其向心力更大。由于微波的热效应和非热效应导致物质扩散的驱动力不同,得出"钛的微波烧结速率明显大于铝"这一区别于常规烧结的结论。将获得的分析结果引入相场数值模拟,改变相场模型中控制演化过程中的表面和体扩散变量,获得不同的模拟结果,定量分析了烧结颈等微观结构参数随模拟时间的演化曲线。结合同步辐射断层扫描(SR-CT)技术获得的金属在微波烧结过程中的实验参数,与理论分析和模拟结果相吻合,从而验证了分析和模拟的正确性和可行性。上述结果可为研究金属在微波烧结过程中的演化机制提供支持。     

沙丘背风侧不同铁路结构形式对风沙环境的适应性分析

当铁路穿越大风沙漠地区时,风沙灾害会对铁路工程及其正常运营产生严重威胁,而设计一种合理的铁路结构形式能够减小风沙沉积对铁路工程的危害. 在本文中,以敦煌至格尔木铁路沙山沟段落为研究对象,采用多相流的方法对越过沙丘的风沙运动过程进行数值模拟,分别讨论了风沙运动对位于沙丘背风坡的铁路路基工程和桥梁工程的影响. 主要的模拟结果显示:路基工程明显降低了风速并且将沙丘后的回流区分成了两部分,而桥梁工程的导流效应则压缩了沙丘背风坡的回流区;轨道间的道碴增大了铁路表面的粗糙度,在轨道间有少量沙粒沉积,而路基工程两侧则有大量积沙;铁路表面的积沙量与摩阻风速呈现出非线性关系,随着摩阻风速的增大,路基工程沙粒沉积的增加速度大于风蚀能力的增加速度,而桥梁工程则正好相反. 在防止风沙危害铁路方面,设置桥梁工程明显优于路基工程. 本研究为风沙运动对铁路工程的影响提供了理论支持,也为今后的铁路工程设计提供了新的思路与研究工具.      

Unsteady mixed convection over two-dimensional and axisymmetric bodies

The unsteady laminar incompressible mixed convection flow over a two-dimensional body (cylinder) and an axisymmetric body (sphere) has been studied when the buboyancy forces arise from both thermal and mass diffusion and the unsteadiness in the flow field is introduced by the time dependent free stream velocity. The nonlinear partial differential equations with three independent variables governing the flow have been solved numerically using an implicit finite-difference scheme in combination with the quasilinearization technique. The results indicate that for the thermally assisting flow the local skin friction, heat transfer and mass diffusion are enhanced when the buoyancy force from mass diffusion assists the thermal buoyancy force. But this trend is opposite for the thermally opposing flow. The point of zero skin friction moves upstream due to unsteadiness. No singularity is observed at the point of zero skin friction for unsteady flow unlike steady flow. The flow reversal is observed after a certain instant of time. The velocity overshoot occurs for assisting flows.     

Viscosity,first and second normal-stress coefficients,and molecular stretching in concentrated solutions and melts

A numerical method to solve the diffusion equation for the encapsulated FENE-dumbbell model is presented. Viscosity, first and second normal-stress coefficients, and molecular stretching for steady state shear flow are calculated. From the graphs of these quantities one can see the effect of anisotropy of Stokes' resistance and the Brownian force on rheological properties. The accuracy of the approximate method used by Bird and DeAguiar is assessed.     

Thermal Capacity Effect on Transient Free Convection Adjacent to a Vertical Surface in a Porous Medium

In this paper we analyse how the presence of the thermal capacity of a vertical flat plate of finite thickness, which is embedded in a porous medium affects the transient free convection boundary-layer flow. At the time t = 0, the plate is suddenly loaded internally with a constant heat flux rate q, so that a transient boundary-layer flow is initiated adjacent to the plate. Initially, the transient effects due to the imposition of the uniform heat flux rate at the plate are confined to a thin fluid region near to the surface and are described by a small time solution. These effects continue to penetrate outwards and eventually evolve into a new steady state flow. Analytical solutions have been derived for these transient (small time) and steady state (large time) flow regimes, which are then matched by a numerical solution of the full boundary-layer equations. It has been found that the non-dimensional fluid temperature (or fluid velocity) profiles are reduced when the thermal capacity effects, described by a parameter Q ^*, are reduced. For small values of Q ^*, the approach of these profiles to their steady state values is monotonic. However, for large values of Q ^*, the temperature profiles are observed to locally exceed (pass through a maximum value) the final steady state values at certain distances from the plate. In general, the maxima in the temperature profiles increase in size as Q ^* increases and the time taken to approach the steady state solutions increases significantly.     

竖置管流中液固两相脉动特性和颗粒浓度分布

利用激光多普勒分相测量技术,考察了液固两相自下而上通过竖置矩形管时,固、液两相的时均速度、流向及横向的脉动强度和颗粒相的相对浓度分布,证实了颗粒浓度的横向分布主要取决于颗粒的横向脉动强度分布（即npvp′2^-=常数）的分析结果。     

Analysis of sand particles’ lift-off and incident velocities in wind-blown sand flux

In the research of windblown sand movement,the lift-off and incident velocities of saltating sand particles play a significant role in bridging the spatial and temporal scales from single sand particle’s motion to windblown sand flux.In this paper,we achieved wind tunnel measurements of the movement of sand particles near sand bed through improving the wind tunnel experimental scheme of paticle image velocimetry(PIV) and data processing method.And then the influence of observation height on the probability distributions of lift-off and incident velocities of sand particles was analyzed.The results demonstrate that the observation height has no obvious influence on the distribution pattern of the lift-off and incident velocities of sand particles,i.e.,the probability distribution of horizontal and vertical velocities of lift-off and incident sand particles follow a Gaussian distribution and a negative exponential distribution,respectively.However,it influences the center of the Gaussian distribution,the decay constant and the amplitude of the negative exponential distribution.