共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Dattatray J. Late Vindhyesh R. Singh Sucharita Sinha Mahendra A. More K. Dasgupta Dilip S. Joag 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2009,97(4):905-909
Micro/nano structures have been obtained by laser surface treatment on sintered LaB6 pellets employing a picosecond pulsed Nd:YAG laser at a pressure of ∼1×10−3 mbar. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the laser treated pellet shows a set of well defined diffraction peaks, indexed to
the cubic phase of LaB6 only. The scanning electron microscope studies reveal formation of micro and nano structures upon laser treatment and the
resultant surface morphology is found to be strongly influenced by the laser fluence. Field electron emission studies made
on the LaB6 pellet, treated with optimized laser fluence, have been performed in a planar diode configuration under ultra high vacuum
conditions. The threshold field required to draw an emission current density of ∼10 μA/cm2 has been found to be ∼2.3 V/μm and a current density of ∼530 μA/cm2 has been drawn at an applied field of 5.2 V/μm. The Fowler-Nordheim plot is found to be linear in accordance with the quantum
mechanical tunneling phenomenon, confirming the metallic nature of the emitter. The emission current at the pre-set value
∼10 μA shows very good stability over a period of more than 3 hours. The present results emphasize the effectiveness of a
picosecond laser treatment towards fabrication of a nano metric LaB6 emitter for high current density applications. 相似文献
2.
Sk.F. Ahmed P.K. Ghosh S. Khan M.K. Mitra K.K. Chattopadhyay 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2007,86(1):139-143
We have observed low-macroscopic field electron emission from wide bandgap nanocrystalline Al doped SnO2 thin films deposited on glass substrates. The emission properties have been studied for different anode-sample spacings and for different Al concentrations in the films. The turn-on field and approximate work function were calculated and we have tried to explain the emission mechanism from this. The turn-on field was found to vary in the range 5.6–7.5 V/μm for a variation of anode sample spacing from 80–120 μm. The turn-on field was also found to vary from 4.6–5.68 V/μm for a fixed anode-sample separation of 80 μm with a variation of Al concentration in the films 8.16–2.31%. The Al concentrations in the films have been measured by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Optical transmittance measurement of the films showed a high transparency with a direct bandgap ∼3.98 eV. Due to the wide bandgap, the electron affinity of the film decreased. This, along with the nanocrystalline nature of the films, enhanced the field emission properties. PACS 81.20.Fw; 61.10.-i; 79.70.+q 相似文献
3.
Dattatray J. Late Ranjit V. Kashid Chandra Sekhar?Rout Mahendra A. More Dilip S. Joag 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2010,98(4):751-756
Field emission studies of WO2.72 nanowires synthesized by a solvothermal method have been performed in the planar diode configuration under ultra high vacuum
conditions. Fowler–Nordheim plots obtained from the current-voltage characteristics follow the quantum mechanical tunneling
process and a current density of ∼8.3×106 μA/cm2 can be drawn at an applied electric field of 2 V/μm. The field enhancement factor is 33025, while the turn-on field is only
1.4 V/μm. The emission current-time plot recorded at the pre-set value of emission current of 1 μA over a period of more than
3 h exhibits an initial increase and a subsequent stabilization of the emission current. The results reveal that the WO2.72 nanowire emitters synthesized by the solvothermal method are promising cathode materials for practical applications. 相似文献
4.
W. Bai K. Yu Q. Zhang Y. Huang Q. Wang Z. Zhu N. Dai Y. Sun 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2007,87(4):755-759
ZnO nanorods with 30 nm-diameter ultra-thin pinheads and ultra-thin nanobelts were successfully synthesized using a thiourea
solution to etch nanorods and nancombs, which were obtained by a conventional thermal evaporation method. The materials obtained
were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence. The data shows
that hydrogen ions play an important role in synthesizing ZnO nanorods with ultra-thin pinheads and ultra-thin nanobelts.
Field emission plots indicated that the turn-on field was reduced from 2.10 V/μm to 1.55 V/μm after thiourea solution treatment
at a current density of 0.1 μA/cm2. Room-temperature photoluminescence spectra from ZnO nanostructures showed the PL spectrum peaks shifted towards short wavelengths
with a large enhancement of UV bands compared with those of ZnO nanorods and nanocombs.
PACS 75.55.Gs; 61.46.-w; 81.40.Wx; 78.55.-m; 78.60.Fi 相似文献
5.
Tunable diode-laser absorption of CO2 near 2.7 μm incorporating wavelength modulation spectroscopy with second-harmonic detection (WMS-2f) is used to provide a
new sensor for sensitive and accurate measurement of the temperature behind reflected shock waves in a shock-tube. The temperature
is inferred from the ratio of 2f signals for two selected absorption transitions, at 3633.08 and 3645.56 cm−1, belonging to the ν
1+ν
3 combination vibrational band of CO2 near 2.7 μm. The modulation depths of 0.078 and 0.063 cm−1 are optimized for the target conditions of the shock-heated gases (P∼1–2 atm, T∼800–1600 K). The sensor is designed to achieve a high sensitivity to the temperature and a low sensitivity to cold boundary-layer
effects and any changes in gas pressure or composition. The fixed-wavelength WMS-2f sensor is tested for temperature and CO2 concentration measurements in a heated static cell (600–1200 K) and in non-reactive shock-tube experiments (900–1700 K) using
CO2–Ar mixtures. The relatively large CO2 absorption strength near 2.7 μm and the use of a WMS-2f strategy minimizes noise and enables measurements with lower concentration,
higher accuracy, better sensitivity and improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) relative to earlier work, using transitions in
the 1.5 and 2.0 μm CO2 combination bands. The standard deviation of the measured temperature histories behind reflected shock waves is less than 0.5%.
The temperature sensor is also demonstrated in reactive shock-tube experiments of n-heptane oxidation. Seeding of relatively
inert CO2 in the initial fuel-oxidizer mixture is utilized to enable measurements of the pre-ignition temperature profiles. To our
knowledge, this work represents the first application of wavelength modulation spectroscopy to this new class of diode lasers
near 2.7 μm. 相似文献
6.
A sodium ion conducting composite polymer electrolyte (CPE) prepared by solution-caste technique by dispersion of an electrochemically
inert ceramic filler (SnO2) in the PEO–salt complex matrix is reported. The effect of filler concentration on morphological, electrical, electrochemical,
and mechanical stability of the CPE films has been investigated and analyzed. Composite nature of the films has been confirmed
from X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy patterns. Room temperature d.c. conductivity observed as a function
of filler concentration indicates an enhancement (maximum) at 1–2 wt% filler concentration followed by another maximum at
∼10 wt% SnO2. This two-maxima feature of electrical conductivity as a function of filler concentration remains unaltered in the CPE films
even at 100 °C (i.e., after crystalline melting), suggesting an active role of the filler particles in governing electrical
transport. Substantial enhancement in the voltage stability and mechanical properties of the CPE films has been noticed on
filler dispersion. The composite polymer films have been observed to be predominantly ionic in nature with t
ion ∼ 0.99 for 1–2 wt% SnO2. However, this value gets lowered on increasing addition of SnO2 with t
ion ∼ 0.90 for 25 wt% SnO2. A calculation of ionic and electronic conductivity for 25 wt% of SnO2 film works out to be ∼2.34 × 10−6 and 2.6 × 10−7 S/cm, respectively. 相似文献
7.
D. Golberg P.S. Dorozhkin Y. Bando Z.-C. Dong C.C. Tang Y. Uemura N. Grobert M. Reyes-Reyes H. Terrones M. Terrones 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2003,76(4):499-507
Transport and field-emission properties of as-synthesized CNx and BNCx (x<0.1) multi-walled nanotubes were compared in detail. Individual ropes made of these nanotubes and macrofilms of those
were tested. Before measurements, the nanotubes were thoroughly characterized using high-resolution and energy-filtered electron
microscopy, electron diffraction and electron-energy-loss spectroscopy. Individual ropes composed of dozens of CNx nanotubes displayed well-defined metallic behavior and low resistivities of ∼10–100 kΩ or less at room temperature, whereas
those made of BNCx nanotubes exhibited semiconducting properties and high resistivities of ∼50–300 MΩ. Both types of ropes revealed good field-emission
properties with emitting currents per rope reaching ∼4 μA(CNx) and ∼2 μA (BNCx), albeit the latter ropes se- verely deteriorated during the field emission. Macrofilms made of randomly oriented CNx or BNCx nanotubes displayed low and similar turn-on fields of ∼2–3 V/μm. 3 mA/cm2 (BNCx) and 5.5 mA/cm2 (CNx) current densities were reached at 5.5 V/μm macroscopic fields. At a current density of 0.2–0.4 mA/cm2 both types of compound nanotubes exhibited equally good emission stability over tens of minutes; by contrast, on increasing
the current density to 0.2–0.4 A/cm2, only CNx films continued to emit steadily, while the field emission from BNCx nanotube films was prone to fast degradation within several tens of seconds, likely due to arcing and/or resistive heating.
Received: 29 October 2002 / Accepted: 1 November 2002 / Published online: 10 March 2003
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +81-298/51-6280, E-mail: golberg.dmitri@nims.go.jp 相似文献
8.
M. L. Hamilton R. Peverall G. A. D. Ritchie L. J. Thornton J. H. van Helden 《Applied physics. B, Lasers and optics》2009,97(3):715-722
We have demonstrated the production of ∼1.9 μm near-infrared radiation by using difference frequency generation within a 5%
MgO doped PPLN crystal by coupling ∼735 nm radiation from a tunable external cavity diode laser with relatively high powered
532 nm radiation from both Nd:YVO3 and Nd:YAG lasers. The radiation produced is of low power, ∼15 μW, and was used in conjunction with the sensitivity enhancing
techniques of wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) and cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy (CEAS). Experiments were
carried out on rotationally resolved transitions in the combination bands of NH3 and CO2 in the 1.9 μm region. An α
min value of 3.6×10−6 cm−1 Hz−1/2 was achieved for WMS measurements on CO2. A comparable α
min value of 2.2×10−6 cm−1 Hz−1/2 was achieved for NH3 using CEAS. The low NIR power indicates that despite the level of MgO doping quoted for the crystal, under prolonged exposure
photorefractive damage has occurred. 相似文献
9.
A. Hocini T. Boumaza M. Bouchemat F. Choueikani F. Royer J. J. Rousseau 《Applied physics. B, Lasers and optics》2010,100(3):553-558
We report the device characteristics of the metal–dielectric high-reflectivity (HR) coated 1.55 μm laterally coupled distributed
feedback (DFB) laser with metal surface gratings by using holographic lithography. The HR coating films are composed of Au/Ti/SiO2. It provides a variety of advantages compared to the uncoated DFB laser on the same processed wafer while there is no degradation
on current–voltage characteristics. For 3 μm wide and 300 μm long HR coated DFB laser, it exhibits a maximum output power
of ∼17 mW and a threshold current of 14.2 mA at 20°C under continuous-wave mode. It is clear that the threshold current and
slope efficiency are improved by 36% and 96%, respectively, due to the reduction of mirror loss. The metal–dielectric HR coating
on one facet of DFB laser is found to have significantly increased characteristic temperature (i.e., T
0∼88 K). Furthermore, the stable single-mode operation with an increased single-mode suppression ratio was achieved. 相似文献
10.
S.H. Sun G.W. Meng Y.W. Wang T. Gao M.G. Zhang Y.T. Tian X.S. Peng L.D. Zhang 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2003,76(2):287-289
Tin dioxide (SnO2) nanobelts have been successfully synthesized in bulk quantity by a simple and low-cost process based on the thermal evaporation
of tin powders at 800 °C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations reveal
that the nanobelts are uniform, with lengths from several-hundred micrometers to a few millimeters, widths of 60 to 250 nm
and thicknesses of 10 to 30 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and selected-area electron
diffraction analysis (SAED) indicate that the nanobelts are tetragonal rutile structure of SnO2. The SnO2 nanobelts grow via a vapor–solid (VS) process.
Received: 3 June 2002 / Accepted: 10 June 2002 / Published online: 10 September 2002
RID="*"
ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +86-551/559-1434, E-mail: gwmeng@mail.issp.ac.cn 相似文献
11.
Li Fen Guo Tao Zhang Kai-cheng Chen Chin-ping Feng Qing-rong 《Frontiers of Physics in China》2006,1(4):446-448
Thick MgB2 (magnesium diborate) films, ∼10 μm, with T
c (onset) = 39.4 K and T
c (zero) = 39.2 K have been successfully grown on a stainless steel substrate using a technique called hybrid physical-chemical
deposition (HPCVD). The deposition rate is high, ∼6.7 nm/s. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicates that it is highly (101)
and c-axis oriented. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images demonstrate that the film grown is in “island-mode”. The uniform
superconducting phase in the film is shown by the M-T measurement. 相似文献
12.
R. B. Rakhi X. Lim X. Gao Y. Wang A. T. S. Wee K. Sethupathi S. Ramaprabhu C. H. Sow 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2010,98(1):195-202
The present work describes the field emission characteristics of nanoscale magnetic nanomaterial encapsulated multi-walled
carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) fabricated over flexible graphitized carbon cloth. Ni/MWNTs, NiFe/MWNTs and NiFeCo/MWNTs have been
synthesized by catalytic chemical vapor decomposition of methane over Mischmetal (Mm)-based AB3 (MmNi3, MmFe1.5Ni1.5 and MmFeCoNi) alloy hydride catalysts. Metal-encapsulated MWNTs exhibited superior field emission performance than pure MWNT-based
field emitters over the same substrate. The results indicate that a Ni-filled MWNT field emitter is a promising material for
practical field emission application with a lowest turn-on field of 0.6 V/μm and a high emission current density of 0.3 mA/cm2 at 0.9 V/μm. 相似文献
13.
SnO2-core/In2O3-shell nanobelts were fabricated by a two-step process comprising thermal evaporation of Sn powders and sputter-deposition of In2O3. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that the core of a typical core–shell nanobelt comprised a simple tetragonal-structured single crystal SnO2 and that the shell comprised an amorphous In2O3. Multiple networked SnO2-core/In2O3-shell nanobelt sensors showed the response of 5.35% at a NO2 concentration of 10 ppm at 300 °C. This response value is more than three times larger than that of bare-SnO2 nanobelt sensors at the same NO2 concentration. The enhancement in the sensitivity of SnO2 nanobelts to NO2 gas by sheathing the nanobelts with In2O3 can be accounted for by the modulation of electron transport by the In2O3–In2O3 homojunction. 相似文献
14.
Takashi Harumoto Javed Iqbal Xiaofang Liu Ji Shi Yoshio Nakamura Ronghai Yu 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2009,97(1):211-215
Co doped SnO2 nanoparticles have been prepared via a wet chemical method with different precipitation processes. The structure and morphology
of Co doped SnO2 nanoparticles demonstrate that the nanoparticles are in a rutile single phase and uniform, respectively. X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy shows that the Co dopants are in 2+ oxidation valence state and doped ∼2 atm% in SnO2 nanoparticles. Moreover, Raman spectroscopy further confirms that Co doped SnO2 nanoparticles have single phase crystallinity without forming any extra modes related to secondary phases. The magnetic measurements
reveal that all nanoparticles exhibit room temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) due to the presence of disorders and defects
introduced by hydroxyls in the crystal structure. In addition, it has been clearly observed that the saturated magnetic moments
are strongly affected by the precipitation processes which control the incorporation of hydroxyls into the lattice. 相似文献
15.
S. K. Jain A. Das Bipin K. Srivastava Anjali Krishnamurthy S. K. Paranjpe 《Pramana》2004,63(2):207-212
Magnetization and neutron diffraction measurements have been made on the title pseudo-binary of tetragonal anti-ferromagnets
Fe2 As and Cr2 As. In this system antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordering appears below 310 K. The moments are confined in theab plane but unlike in the end members they are tilted off thea-axis. In addition to the AFM structure a weak ferromagnetic behaviour shows up below∼80 K with a rather low moment of ∼0.07
μB per formula unit at 5 K and under a field of 3 T. 相似文献
16.
H. T. Chen X. L. Wu Y. Y. Zhang W. N. Su 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2009,97(3):725-728
Highly-pure iron powder was covered on porous silicon for fabricating semiconducting β-FeSi2 structures. X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering results confirm the formation of pure-phase β-FeSi2 after high-temperature annealing at 1100°C and then long-time persistence at 900°C. Scanning electron microscope observations
reveal that large-size (>μm) β-FeSi2 grains mainly form in the pores of porous silicon and some nanocrystals grow on local surfaces. The temperature-dependent
photoluminescence spectra disclose that the observed ∼1.54 μm emission arises from free exciton recombination, which is confirmed
via the activation energy (0.25 eV) measurement. Our method provides a way to synthesize single-phase β-FeSi2 materials. 相似文献
17.
18.
S.K. Rout T. Badapanda E. Sinha S. Panigrahi P.K. Barhai T.P. Sinha 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2008,91(1):101-106
BaTi0.6Zr0.4O3 (BTZ) ceramic was synthesized by a soft chemical route. X-ray diffraction at room temperature shows that the sample has cubic
perovskite structure with space group Pm-3m. Temperature dependent dielectric study of the sample has been investigated in
the frequency range from 50 Hz to 1 MHz. The density of the sample was determined using Archimedes’ principle and found to
be ∼ 97% of the X-ray density. The average grain size in the pallet was found to be ∼ 1 μm. The dielectric constant peaks
at temperature Tm which is dependent on the frequency. The dielectric relaxation rate follows the Vogel–Fulcher relation with activation energy = 0.0185 eV,
and freezing temperature = 186 K. All these measurements confirm that BTZ is a relaxor ferroelectric.
PACS 77.22.Jp; 77.84.-s; 77.80.Bh; 77.22.Gm 相似文献
19.
Room temperature operating n-MOSFETs (n-type metal-oxide silicon field effect transistors) used for registration of sub-THz
(sub-terahertz) radiation in the frequency range ν = 53−145 GHz are considered. n-MOSFETs were manufactured by 1-μm Si CMOS
technology applied to epitaxial Si-layers (d ≈15 μm) deposited on thick Si substrates (d = 640 μm). It was shown that for
transistors with the channel width to length ratio W/L = 20/3 μm without any special antennas used for radiation input, the
noise equivalent power (NEP) for radiation frequency ν ≈76 GHz can reach NEP ∼6×10−10 W/Hz1/2. With estimated frequency dependent antenna effective area Sest for contact wires considered as antennas, the estimated possible noise equivalent power NEPpos for n-MOSFET structures themselves can be from ∼15 to ∼103 times better in the specral range of ν ∼55–78 GHz reaching NEPpos ≈10−12 W/Hz1/2. 相似文献
20.
Li1
.2V3O8 and Cu-doped Li1.2V3O8 were prepared at a temperature as low as 300 °C by a sol-gel method. The structure, morphology, and electrochemical performance of the as-prepared samples were characterized
by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and the galvanostatic
discharge–charge techniques. It is found that the Cu-doped Li1.2V3O8 sample exhibits less capacity loss during repeated cycling than the undoped one. The Cu-doped Li1.2V3O8 sample demonstrates the first discharge capacity of 275.9 mAh/g in the range of 3.8–1.7 V at a current rate of 30 mA/g and
remains at a stable discharge capacity of 264 mAh/g within 30 cycles. Furthermore, the possible role that copper plays in
enhancing the cycleability of Li1.2V3O8 has also been elucidated. 相似文献