Towards click chemistry: Multicomponent reactions via combinations of name reactions

In this report, we try to show the importance of incorporation of name reactions in the sequential cascade reaction in which significantly decreasing the number of steps towards an ideal and practical multi-step synthesis of natural products as well showing virtually all the advantages already mentioned for “Click Chemistry”. In addition, since the chiral inductions are desired for most of these sequential name reactions, their asymmetric catalyzed reactions were also described.     

Recent advances in ionic liquids: green unconventional solvents of this century: part II

Abstract

In the second part of our paper, further recent developments of ionic liquids in selected name reactions of carbonyl chemistry such as Mannich, Reformatsky, Cannizaro, Streacker, Barbier, Pechmann, etc. are described.     

Oxa-Michael加成反应的研究新进展

Oxa-Michael加成反应是一类重要的反应, 经常被用于天然产物的合成, 但该反应直到近几年才被深入研究. 简要综述了oxa-Michael加成反应的研究进展.     

Competitive thermal ene reaction and Diels-Alder reactions of 2-[N-(alk-2-enyl)benzylamino]-3-vinylpyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4(4H)-ones

Thermal reaction of 2-[N-(alk-2-enyl)benzylamino]-3-(2-substituted and 2,2-disubstituted)vinylpyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4(4H)-ones gave azepine, the desired ene products, and/or pyran derivatives. The formation of the latter was responsible for the [4+2] cycloaddition reaction between the α,β-unsaturated ester carbonyl moiety as a diene part and the alkenylamino moiety as an ene one. The reaction features depended upon the kinds of substituents both on the vinyl and alkenyl counterparts; strongly electron-withdrawing substituents on the vinyl moiety or an electron-donating substituent on the alkenyl one changed the reaction feature from the ene reaction to the hetero Diels-Alder reaction.     

联苯类化合物的合成

联苯类化合物是一类极为重要的有机合成中间体,在有机合成中往往通过有机金属偶联反应构建此类化合物.以反应底物分类综述了近年来通过偶联反应合成此类化合物的方法,详细介绍了以卤代芳烃与芳基金属化合物为底物的反应.     

温度和时间对有机合成反应影响的探讨

根据物理化学和有机合成原理,从动力学、热力学、反应机理及溶解度等各方面详细分析了反应温度和反应时间对有机合成反应的影响。通过这些分析,可以让同学们更好地在合成反应课程的学习中掌握和分析反应温度和反应时间对反应的影响。     

具有相同简单级数的不同反应类型的半衰期公式

化学反应的半衰期公式不仅与反应级数有关,而且与反应类型相关。具有相同简单级数的不同类型反应的半衰期表达式也往往不一致。对具有简单级数反应的半衰期表达式进行了分析,重点讨论了不同类型的二级反应和三级反应半衰期表达式的特点及其他们之间的内在联系和区别。     

Tandem Hass-Bender/Henry reaction for the synthesis of dimethylnitro alcohols from benzylic halides

Dimethylnitro alcohols are constructed in a one-pot process from benzylic halides and 2-nitropropane. The use of tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) as the promoter is essential for this tandem Hass-Bender/Henry reaction to proceed.     

Extension of solution‐reaction‐surface description to examination of nonequilibrium solvation effect for microsolvated reaction

A microscopic method to examine a nonequilibrium solvation effect is reported. The solution reaction is simplified as a barrier‐crossing reaction within a solution reaction surface that corresponds to a two‐dimensional space determined by solute and solvent reactive coordinates. For this simplification, the motions within the space spanned by nonreactive coordinates are frozen. We derive three rate constant expressions: (1) in the nonadiabatic solvation limit, (2) in the equilibrium solvation limit, and (3) of the transition‐state theory. This method was applied to the examination of the contact‐ion‐pair formation of t‐BuCl in four waters. We found that the nonadiabatic solvation picture overestimates the nonequilibrium solvation effect. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 77: 791–796, 2000     

钯催化的交叉偶联反应——2010年诺贝尔化学奖获奖工作介绍

钯催化的交叉偶联反应是非常实用的合成新方法.文章给出了Heck反应、Negishi反应和Suzuki反应的概念,对其反应机理作了详细的说明,并对其在复杂化合物和天然产物全合成中的应用作了评价.     

Efficient Synthesis of Beraprost Sodium

An efficient and straightforward synthesis of beraprost sodium was developed with dicyclopentadiene as a starting material, a one-pot reaction product 5 as key intermediate and the Prins reaction and the Horner-Wads- worth-Emmons reaction as key steps. The structures of the key intermediate and the target compound were confirmed by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and MS. The purity of beraprost sodium identified by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) was identical to that of Japanese Pharmacopoeia(16^th). This development will be used for the industrial synthesis of beraprost sodium.     

Ugi/Diels-Alder串联反应在构建杂环化合物中的应用

杂环化合物广泛存在于天然产物和药物分子中,许多杂环化合物还具有潜在生物活性和药理作用。因此,如何快速高效地构建小分子杂环化合物库成为当今有机合成和药物化学领域的研究热点。Ugi反应在多样性导向合成方面具有得天独厚的优势,能够解决待合成化合物数量庞大、结构复杂的难题;同时,Diels-Alder [4+2]环加成反应能够高效构建碳-碳键,以较高的立体选择性和区域选择性合成六元环系。目前,集二者于一身的Ugi/Diels-Alder串联反应在构建杂环化合物方面展现出了巨大优势和无穷潜能。本文以不同类型的DA反应分类:按照呋喃作为双烯体、吡咯作为双烯体、噻吩为双烯体、口恶唑作为双烯体、 1,2,4-三嗪作为双烯体、苯作为双烯体、不饱和键和芳环共同作为双烯体等对UDA串联反应的研究进行了综述。     

具有1,2-二苯基乙醇结构化合物的异常消除反应研究

报道了4个具有1,2-二苯基乙醇结构的化合物在酸性条件下发生消除反应, 得到未遵循Saytzeff规则的烯烃; 而在SOCl2/DMF条件下, 先氯代再消除则可获得一对双键位置异构的烯烃异构体. 通过计算机模拟, 采用Gaussian 98软件, B3LYP/6-31G方法对两种异构体进行了能量优化, 计算了它们的能量, 推测这类具有1, 2-二苯基乙醇结构化合物在酸性条件下的异常消除反应为动力学主导产物的反应.     

亚胺反应的研究进展

亚胺是一类羰基化合物(醛或酮)与氨(胺)的缩合产物,作者综述了近年国内外亚胺在加成、还原和不对称反应等方面的研究进展.     

Stereoselective oxidative addition of benzenethiol to idene in the presence of ovoalbumin

The oxidative addition of benzenethiol to indene in the presence of ovoalbumin produces only one isomer on the surface of the protein,trans-anti-2-phenylsulfinyl-1-indanol. This reaction may be considered as a biomimetic model of detoxification of certain hydrocarbons by the liver.

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Stereoselektive oxydative Anlagerung von Thiophenol an Inden in Gegenwart von Ovoalbumin (Kurze Mitteilung)

Zusammenfassung Durch die oxydative Anlagerung von Thiophenol an Inden in Gegenwart von Ovoalbumin bildet sich nur ein Isomer an der Oberfläche des Proteins, dastrans-anti-2-Phenylsulfinyl-1-Indanol. Diese Reaktion kann als ein biomimetisches Modell der Entgiftung von gewissen Kohlenwasserstoffen durch die Leber betrachtet werden.

     

基本化学反应形式的系统分类

The old classification of basic chemical reactions was evaluated and a new systematic classification of basic reactions was proposed.In the new classification,all the chemical reactions were divided into oxidation-reduction reactions and non-oxidation-reduction reactions,and both can be divided into combination reaction,decomposition reaction and replacement reaction,respectively.In addition,a new class of basic reactions,the complicated decomposition reaction,was appended to reaction system.     

Functionalization of dihydrodipyridopyrazines involving palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions

Various 4-substituted dihydrodipyridopyrazines were synthesized by palladium-mediated cross-coupling reactions. Starting from the corresponding 4-iodo or 4-bromo derivatives, the incorporation of aryl, vinyl, alkynyl and methoxycarbonyl groups is described.     

Machine learning modelling of chemical reaction characteristics: yesterday,today, tomorrow

The synthesis of the desired chemical compound is the main task of synthetic organic chemistry. The predictions of reaction conditions and some important quantitative characteristics of chemical reactions as yield and reaction rate can substantially help in the development of optimal synthetic routes and assessment of synthesis cost. Theoretical assessment of these parameters can be performed with the help of modern machine-learning approaches, which use available experimental data to develop predictive models called quantitative or qualitative structure–reactivity relationship (QSRR) modelling. In the article, we review the state-of-the-art in the QSRR area and give our opinion on emerging trends in this field.     

Oxidative addition of N-halosuccinimides to palladium(0): the discovery of neutral palladium(II) imidate complexes, which enhance Stille coupling of allylic and benzylic halides

The Stille coupling of organostannanes and organohalides, mediated by air and moisture stable palladium(II) phosphine complexes containing succinimide or phthalimide (imidate) ligands, has been investigated. An efficient synthetic route to several palladium(II) complexes containing succinimide and phthalimide ligands, has been developed. cis-Bromobis(triphenylphosphine)(N-succinimide)palladium(II) [(Ph₃P)₂Pd(N-Succ)Br] is shown to mediate the Stille coupling of allylic and benzylic halides with alkenyl, aryl and allyl stannanes. In competition experiments between 4-nitrobromobenzene and benzyl bromide with a cis-stannylvinyl ester, (Ph₃P)₂Pd(N-Succ)Br preferentially cross-couples benzyl bromide, whereas with other commonly employed precatalysts 4-nitrobromobenzene undergoes preferential cross-coupling. Furthermore, preferential reaction of deactivated benzyl bromides over activated benzyl bromides is observed for the first time. The type of halide and presence of a succinimide ligand are essential for effective Stille coupling. The type of phosphine ligand is also shown to alter the catalytic activity of palladium(II) succinimide complexes.     

Current progress of molybdenum carbide-based materials for electrocatalysis: potential electrocatalysts with diverse applications

Electrocatalysts are the cores of many electrochemical reactions including hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), and CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR). Recent advances in research have demonstrated the potentials of molybdenum carbide-based catalysts for these reactions arising out of their unique electronic structure and physicochemical properties. In this review, we systematically summarize the recent advances of molybdenum carbide-based catalysts in these electrochemical processes. The corresponding synthesis strategies, structure and electrocatalytic performance of the catalysts are discussed and the relationships of the process-structure-property are highlighted. In addition, the catalytic mechanisms are analyzed based on the structure characterization and theoretical calculations results. Finally, the existing challenges and future perspectives are put forward for further development of molybdenum carbide-based catalysts.