黑洞照亮宇宙——银河系中心黑洞及其物理意义

2020年度诺贝尔物理学奖颁发给为黑洞和超大质量致密天体做出突出贡献的三位科学家,他们分别从理论和观测上提供了令人信服的证明和证据.他们的工作打开了理解宇宙中大质量天体命运的窗口.人们普遍相信超大质量黑洞存在于每一个星系的中心,是这些黑洞照亮了再电离时期的宇宙,也是它们为揭开宇宙膨胀历史、暗能量宇宙演化性质、纳赫兹低频...     

作为宇宙信使的X射线

60年前,里卡多·贾科尼团队用探空火箭首次探测到了来自太阳系以外的X射线辐射,从此打开了人类探索宇宙的一个全新的窗口。与我们所熟悉的可见光天空不同,在"看不见"的X射线宇宙,明亮的发光天体涵盖了黑洞、中子星、白矮星等致密天体,星系团和星系中弥漫的大量不可见的高温气体,以及各种剧烈的灾变事件。它们代表着宇宙中最为奇特的天体和极端的物理条件,如极强引力场、极强磁场和极高温。文章重点介绍最有代表性的X射线源,包括中子星和黑洞X射线双星、超大质量黑洞和活动星系核、星系团,以及伽马暴、超新星和潮汐瓦解恒星事件等爆发天体。     

与天体物理相关的光电离等离子体的实验室研究

光电离等离子体在天体物理环境中普遍存在,并且由于与黑洞等致密天体紧密关联而具有重要的研究意义.近年来,随着大功率强激光及Z箍缩技术的发展,在实验室中实现了天体环境中的光电离等离子体和光电离过程的模拟.这为验证光电离理论模型的可靠性和准确性,以及认识天体物理环境中的光电离过程及其物理环境的诊断提供了重要的新手段.文章介绍了与天体物理相关的光电离等离子体的实验室研究进展.     

空间硬X射线调制望远镜

用宇宙作为物理实验室,探索在地球上无法企及的条件下,例如极早期宇宙或黑洞视界附近强引力场中的物理规律,已成为新世纪物理学和天文学共同的前沿课题;空间天文观测是其中一个最重要的研究途径.自主研制和发放空间硬X射线调制望远镜(HXMT),实现中国空间天文卫星零的突破,是中国<"十一·五"空间科学发展规划>的目标之一.HXMT将实现宽波段X射线(1-250 keV)巡天,其中在硬X射线波段具有世界最高灵敏度和空间分辨率,发现大批被尘埃遮挡的超大质量黑洞和未知类型天体,探测宇宙硬X射线背景辐射;HXMT还将通过对黑洞和其他高能天体宽波段X射线时变和能谱的观测,研究致密天体极端物理条件下的动力学和辐射过程.基于成像技术创新提出HXMT项目迄今已有15年,能不能抓住技术创新所提供的科学机遇仍然是一个严重的挑战.     

关于近代天体物理学

天体物理学是研究宇宙间物质运动的形态和规律的科学.它主要利用物理学的方法和理论,通过天文望远镜等工具探索恒星、星云、星团、星协、银河系、河外星系等各种天体和天体系统以及星际物质的物理状态、化学成分和演变规律;亦即探测天体上各种化学元素的含量、物质密度、温度、压力、辐射强度、磁场、产能方式、发光机制、变光或爆发过程;测定天体的质量、大小、距离、运动速度以及各种天体和天体系统的结构和相互关系,等等;并在此基础上进而研究它们的起源和演化,使人类对物质世界的认识不断深化.不断扩大. 研究天体的起源和演似包括宇苗论…     

彭罗斯对广义相对论和黑洞理论的贡献

这篇文章列出了2020年诺贝尔物理学奖获得者彭罗斯对广义相对论和黑洞理论做出的重要贡献.它包括著名的奇点定理、彭罗斯图、彭罗斯过程和宇宙监督假设等.介绍了彭罗斯和霍金之间的友谊和合作.也简要介绍了另两位2020年诺贝尔物理学奖获得者根泽尔和盖兹对存在于银河系中心的超大质量致密天体的发现.     

电偶极子模型在天体光谱中的应用

与电介质中非极性分子的位移极化和极性分子的转向极化不同的是,天体致密大气层中的原子及分子间因碰撞也会产生电偶极矩,进而出现吸收过程,是研究带外行星和冷白矮星等天体光谱的重要理论基础.以冷白矮星为例,介绍其大气层中大量原子分子对之间的碰撞诱导偶极矩与电磁辐射相互作用产生的连续谱吸收.     

RBLs与XBLs的多波段流量及中心黑洞质量的研究

BL Lacs天体的辐射谱变化、多波段的相关性及偏振的特性为研究各辐射分量的内禀相互关联提供重要的信息.本文用收集了RBLs和XBLs的红移、中心黑洞质量,统计得到RBLs天体的红移大于XBLs天体,RBLs天体的平均中心黑洞质量小于XBLs天体的平均中心黑洞质量.本文还收集了低态时射电波段、红外波段、光学波段及X射线波段的辐射流量,并分析了它们之间的相关性,及其与红移的相关性.本文的结果支持了RBLs和XBLs可作为BL Lac天体的有效分类标准的观点,并且表明它们的物理性质可能存在差异,而非选择效应的 关键词： BL Lac天体 多波段辐射流量     

黑洞及其研究简况

 1939年美国科学家奥本海默和佘德尔从广义相对论出发提出具体黑洞的概念,从而翻开了人类对天体研究的新的一页。短短几十年,黑洞一直成为天体物理学家研究和讨论的热点,形成了黑洞物理学。一、经典黑洞从1915年爱因斯坦广义相对论的建立而预言黑洞存在,许多科学家对其展开了研究,并认为它是由天体坍缩形成的超致密的区域(包括光在内的任何物质都不能从该区域逃逸)。根据黑洞的不同特性将黑洞分成各种不同类型。根据质量不同将其分为小型黑洞、中型黑洞、巨大黑洞。所谓巨大黑洞是指质量超过太阳质量的100万倍以上的黑洞,它在黑洞的研究中占有重要的地位,一度认为黑洞事件视界直径与黑洞质量成正比。     

中子星内部结构

中子星是宇宙中一类极端致密的天体,其平均密度超过饱和核物质密度。对这类天体的研究,可以帮助人们了解极端条件下的物理性质,特别是深化关于引力和强力的认识。文章介绍了脉冲星和中子星的概念,并重点阐述了中子星内部结构的不同模型,以及如何通过最大质量和潮汐形变量等观测来检验这些模型。未来发现更多的双中子星并合或中子星黑洞并合事件,有望最终揭开中子星内部结构之谜。     

Critical dimension in the black-string phase transition

In spacetimes with compact dimensions, there exist several black object solutions including the black hole and the black string. They may become unstable depending on their relative size and the length scales in the compact dimensions. The transition between these solutions raises puzzles and addresses fundamental questions such as topology change, uniquenesses, and cosmic censorship. Here, we consider black strings wrapped over the compact circle of a d-dimensional cylindrical spacetime. We construct static nonuniform strings around the marginally stable uniform string. First, we compute the instability mass for a large range of dimensions and find that it follows an exponential law gamma(d), where gamma<1 is a constant. Then we determine that there is a critical dimension, d(*)=13, such that for dd(*) it is, surprisingly, of higher order.     

Analytical effective one-body formalism for extreme-mass-ratio inspirals with eccentric orbits

Extreme-mass-ratio inspirals(EMRIs) are among the most important sources for future spaceborne gravitational wave detectors. In this kind of system, compact objects usually orbit around central supermassive black holes on complicated trajectories. Usually, these trajectories are approximated as the geodesics of Kerr space-times, and orbital evolution is simulated with the help of the adiabatic approximation. However, this approach omits the influence of the compact object on its background. In this paper, using the effective one-body formalism, we analytically calculate the trajectory of a nonspinning compact object around a massive Kerr black hole in an equatorial eccentric orbit(omitting the orbital inclination) and express the fundamental orbital frequencies in explicit forms. Our formalism includes the first-order corrections for the mass ratio in the conservative orbital motion. Furthermore, we insert the mass-ratio-related terms into the first post-Newtonian energy fluxes. By calculating the gravitational waves using the Teukolsky equations, we quantitatively reveal the influence of the mass of the compact object on the data analysis. We find that the shrinking of geodesic motion by taking small objects as test particles may not be appropriate for the detection of EMRIs.     

Data analysis challenges for the Einstein Telescope

The Einstein Telescope is a proposed third generation gravitational wave detector that will operate in the region of 1 Hz to a few kHz. As well as the inspiral of compact binaries composed of neutron stars or black holes, the lower frequency cut-off of the detector will open the window to a number of new sources. These will include the end stage of inspirals, plus merger and ringdown of intermediate mass black holes, where the masses of the component bodies are on the order of a few hundred solar masses. There is also the possibility of observing intermediate mass ratio inspirals, where a stellar mass compact object inspirals into a black hole which is a few hundred to a few thousand times more massive. In this article, we investigate some of the data analysis challenges for the Einstein Telescope such as the effects of increased source number, the need for more accurate waveform models and the some of the computational issues that a data analysis strategy might face.     

TeV activity of Cygnus X-3 high mass binary system

Cygnus X-3 is a high mass X-ray binary and microquasar, with a compact object, which is either a neutron star or may be a black hole, and a companion object, which is a Wolf-Rayet star. The nature of the compact object is still uncertain. Cygnus X-3 galactic binary system has been regularly observed since a 1995 by SHALON Atmospheric Cherenkov telescope with the average gamma-ray flux (6.8 ± 0.7) × 10⁻¹³ cm⁻² s⁻¹. The observations of very high-energy gamma-radiation from the sources of this type would be important for understanding the nature of this astrophysical object.     

Gas dynamics in strong gravitational fields

The steady and axially symmetric flow of a perfect fluid is studied in the context of general relativistic gas dynamics. It is assumed that the flow occurs in the background field of a rotating black hole (or any compact object). The hydrodynamic equations are referred to a locally nonrotating frame and their characteristics are found. The equations describing oblique shock waves are also obtained.     

Scattering of particles by deformed non-rotating black holes

We study the excitation of axial quasi-normal modes of deformed non-rotating black holes by test particles and we compare the associated gravitational wave signal with that expected in general relativity from a Schwarzschild black hole. Deviations from standard predictions are quantified by an effective deformation parameter, which takes into account deviations from both the Schwarzschild metric and the Einstein equations. We show that, at least in the case of non-rotating black holes, it is possible to test the metric around the compact object, in the sense that the measurement of the gravitational wave spectrum can constrain possible deviations from the Schwarzschild solution.     

时空奇点和黑洞——2020年诺贝尔物理学奖解读

2020年度诺贝尔物理学奖于北京时间2020年10月6日晚揭晓,其中一半奖金授予罗杰·彭罗斯(Roger Penrose),表彰他"发现黑洞的形成是广义相对论的必然预言";另一半奖金授予莱因哈德·根泽尔(Reinhard Genzel)和安德里亚·格兹(Andrea Ghez),因为他们"在银河系中心发现了一个超大质量...     

Orbital and epicyclic motion of charged test particles around non-rotating Einstein-Æther black holes

The study of charged test particle dynamics in the combined black hole gravitational field and magnetic field around it could provide important theoretical insight into astrophysical processes around such compact object. We have explored the orbital and epicyclic motion of charged test particles in the background of non-rotating Einstein-Æther black holes in the presence of external uniform magnetic field. We numerically integrate the equations of motion and analyze the trajectories of the charged test particles. We examined the stability of circular orbits using effective potential technique and study the characteristics of innermost stable circular orbits. We analyze the key features of quasi-harmonic oscillations of charged test particles nearby the stable circular orbits in an equatorial plane of the black hole, and investigate the radial profiles of the frequencies of latitudinal as well as radial harmonic oscillations in dependence on the strength of magnetic field, mass of the black hole and dimensionless coupling constants of the theory. We demonstrate that the magnetic field and dimensionless parameters of the theory have strong influence on charged particle motion around Einstein-Æther black holes.