有效应力升降过程中不同饱和度水合物沉积物渗透率实验研究

为了研究天然气水合物开采过程中水合物饱和度和有效应力变化对含水合物沉积层渗透率变化规律的影响,利用自主研制的水合物沉积物合成与三轴渗流实验一体化装置,进行了有效应力升降过程中不同饱和度水合物沉积物渗透性实验。结果表明:有效应力升降过程中,不同饱和度水合物沉积物的渗透率与有效应力均呈负指数规律变化,并表现出在低有效应力阶段渗透率变化的幅度大于高有效应力阶段;有效应力升降过程中,试样产生的不可恢复变形使渗透率不能完全恢复,造成渗透率永久损失;有效应力不变时,水合物沉积物的渗透率与水合物饱和度呈负指数规律变化,且曲线的斜率随饱和度增加由大变小;水合物的饱和度越大,最大渗透率损害率越大,渗透率恢复的程度越差。     

Injection of carbon dioxide into a reservoir saturated with methane and water

This paper presents a mathematical model for the injection of carbon dioxide into a natural gas reservoir saturated with methane and water accompanied by the formation of carbon dioxide hydrate in an extended region. The dependence of the coordinates of the boundaries of the region of phase transitions on the pressure of the injected gas and the initial parameters of the reservoir are investigated. It is established that the velocity of the near boundary of the region of hydrate formation decreases with increasing water saturation and initial temperature of the reservoir and the velocity of the far boundary of the region of phase transitions increases with increasing pressure of the injected gas and reservoir permeability. It is shown that at high initial temperatures of the reservoir, a regime is possible in which replacement of methane by carbon dioxide without hydrate formation occurs at the far interface, and at the near interface, water is completely incorporated into gas hydrate.     

天然气水合物降压开采沉积物压缩效应数值模拟研究

深海天然气水合物降压开采过程中,沉积物的压缩会改变储层的物理力学特性,进而对天然气的开采效果产生显著影响.为揭示沉积物压缩效应下井周围储层物理力学特性演化规律,本文建立了考虑沉积物压缩效应的理论模型,通过COMSOL模拟研究了不同初始固有渗透率、初始水合物饱和度和井底压力条件下的降压开采中生产井周围储层的物理力学特性演化规律以及开采效果.结果表明:受沉积物压缩的影响,水合物分解区的渗透率随着与井筒距离的增加先增加后减少;产气与产水速率由零立即上升至峰值,然后迅速下降,并且考虑沉积物压缩时的产气与产水速率比不考虑时低;在水合物完全分解区,渗透率的大小与有效应力成负相关关系,未分解区渗透率的大小与水合物饱和度成负相关关系;井底压力越小,有效应力越大,生产井周围储层的渗透率下降越明显;初始水合物饱和度对产气与产水的影响存在拐点,饱和度拐点位于0.25与0.35之间,高水合物饱和度并不代表储层开采效果好,产气速率的高低还与储层的渗透率有关,高水合物饱和度储层的渗透率较低,产气速率较低;储层初始固有渗透率较高时显著促进了开采效果,但储层变形量较大增加了储层的不稳定性.     

Gravitational Stability of a Moving Water-Steam Interface in Hydrothermal Systems

The stability of a hydrothermal system is considered. In this system a water layer overlies a superheated-steam layer in a reservoir with relatively low permeability located between two parallel high-permeability strata. The solution of the steady-state bounded problem with a phase transition interface separating the water and steam zones is obtained on the assumption that the convective energy transfer is small as compared with the conductive transfer. An investigation of the normal stability of the phase transition interface shows that stable configurations almost always exist in the geothermal system considered on the permeability range bounded from above by the value k 10^-15 m². Thus, the criterion of predominance of conductive transfer, which is simultaneously the criterion of existence of the fundamental solution, turns out to be the criterion of stability of the phase interface in the geothermal system considered. The fairly high value of the permeability satisfying this criterion makes it possible to explain the existence of stable natural geothermal reservoirs in which a water layer overlies a steam layer.     

天然气水合物开发多物理场特征及耦合渗流研究进展与建议

天然气水合物作为一种非常规的清洁能源, 在全球分布广、资源量大. 自20世纪90年代以来, 加拿大、美国、日本、中国已经先后进行了陆域及海域的水合物试采, 但发现出砂、单井日产气量低、稳产时间短等问题, 试采产量远不能满足商业化开发的需求, 其中核心问题是对水合物开发过程中的相变、多相多组分多场耦合渗流特征的认识不够明晰. 本文根据天然气水合物开发过程中涉及的渗流场、温度场、化学场、力学场等多场耦合特征, 重点综述水合物生成/分解对各物理场主要特征参数的影响, 包括水合物储层的孔隙度、水合物饱和度、渗透率、相对渗透率等基础物性参数及其动态演变, 天然气水合物的导热系数、比热容、热扩散系数以及水合物生成/分解热等热力学参数, 天然气水合物生成、分解动力学特征, 纯水合物以及含水合物沉积物的力学性质等, 最后阐述了天然气水合物开发渗流中的多场耦合关系及相互作用, 提出了今后水合物开发多物理场特征及耦合渗流的科学研究、技术开发的有关建议.      

Evaluation of the Gas Production Potential of Some Particularly Challenging Types of Oceanic Hydrate Deposits

We use the TOUGH+HYDRATE code to assess the production potential of some particularly challenging hydrate deposits, i.e., deposits that are characterized by any combination of the following factors: absence of confining boundaries, high thermodynamic stability, low temperatures, low formation permeability. Using high-resolution grids, we show that a new horizontal well design using thermal stimulation coupled with mild depressurization yields production rates that appear modest and insufficient for commercially viable production levels. The use of parallel horizontal wells (with the lower one providing thermal stimulation through heat addition, direct injection or circulation of warm water, and the upper one producing under a mild depressurization regime) offers tantalizing possibilities, and has the potential of allowing commercial production from a very large number of hydrate deposits that are not currently considered as production candidates if the problem of the corresponding large water production can be solved.     

Mathematical model of hydrate formation from microbial methane in marine sediments

A mathematical model of gas hydrate formation from microbial methane in marine sediments is proposed. An analytical solution of the problem is obtained, determining dimensionless parameters are distinguished, and numerical investigation is performed. In the region of main parameters a critical diagram of hydrate existence is plotted. It is shown that at small sediment accumulation rates microbial methane disperses due to diffusion of dissolved gas which does not reach saturation. If the sediment accumulation is intense, the region of possible hydrate formation falls within the region of stable thermodynamic states only at large depths. Correspondingly, in these cases, the probability of formation of hydrate-containing sediment layers is small. The most probable hydrate formation regime is realized at moderate sediment accumulation rates corresponding to Péclet numbers of the order of unity.     

Modeling of Gas Hydrate Formation Upon Injection of Carbon Dioxide Gas into A Natural Reservoir

This paper presents the results of numerical modeling of gas hydrate formation upon injection of carbon dioxide into a finite-length reservoir saturated with methane and water. It is shown that at different stages, hydrate formation can occur on both the frontal surface and in a reservoir region of finite length. The effects of pressure at the reservoir boundaries and the effects of the permeability and initial water saturation of the reservoir on the hydrate formation process were studied. The dependences of the time of the complete conversion of water into gas hydrate in the entire reservoir on the injection pressure and reservoir permeability were obtained.     

降压开采模拟试验的水合物分解阵面演化过程

水合物分解阵面演化过程与开采安全性和产气效率密切相关,是开采原位监测的重要组成部分。在玻璃砂样品中进行了甲烷水合物降压开采模拟试验,探讨了水合物饱和度对渗流阵面和水合物分解阵面演化过程的影响,结合已有理论模型,分析了水合物分解阵面传播速度的关键影响因素。结果表明:渗流阵面和水合物分解阵面的传播距离均与时间平方根呈近似线性关系,传播速度均随水合物饱和度的增加而减小;水合物分解阵面的传播速度随多孔介质的有效渗透率和降压幅度的增加而变快,随孔隙率的增加而变慢,粗砂质地层更有利于水合物降压分解阵面的传播。     

Gravitational Stability of the Interface in Water Over Steam Geothermal Reservoirs

Stability of a geothermal system is considered in a case when the water layer lies over the layer of superheated vapor in a stratum having relatively low permeability. This stratum locates between two parallel high permeable layers. Under the assumption of smallness of advective energy transfer as compared with the conductive one, the stationary distribution of the characteristics in the stratum with an interface of phase transition is obtained. The interface separates the domains occupied by water and vapor. Investigation of normal stability of the interface shows, that stable configurations in the geothermal system under consideration exist within the range of permeability values bounded by k 0.6 × 10^–15 m² from above. The most unstable configurations occur to be the quiescent states when the permeability exceeds a certain threshold. A sufficiently high value of permeability, satisfying the criterion of smallness of the advective energy transfer as compared with the conductive one makes it possible to explain the existence of a wide class of stable natural geothermal reservoirs, where the vapor layer underlies the water one.     

含水合物粉质黏土压裂成缝特征实验研究

水力压裂技术是一种重要的油气井增产、增注措施,已经广泛应用于页岩油气等非常规资源的商业开采中.目前对于粉质黏土水合物沉积物的水力压裂成缝能力尚不清楚.本文采用南海水合物沉积层的粉质黏土制备沉积物试样,并与实验室配制的粉细砂土沉积物对比,分析粉质黏土沉积物的水力成缝能力及主控因素.实验结果表明含水合物和冰的沉积物破裂压力较高,这与粉质黏土沉积物特殊的应力-应变特征和渗透性有关.当沉积物应变高于6%时,试样强度迅速上升,呈现应变强化的特征,对水力拉伸裂缝的扩展具有一定的阻碍作用.粉质黏土沉积物粒径细小,渗透性差,难以通过渗透作用传递压力,提高了沉积层的破裂压力.此外,粉质黏土水合物沉积层裂缝扩展存在明显延迟效应,说明裂缝扩展受到流体压力和热应力的共同影响.适当延长注入时间,保持流体与沉积层充分接触,会起到分解水合物、降低破裂压力的作用.该研究成果有利于深入理解水力裂缝在水合物沉积层中的扩展规律,对探索压裂技术在水合物沉积层开发中的应用具有重要意义.     

Numerical investigation of the decomposition of gas hydrates coexisting with gas in natural reservoirs

The problem of methane hydrate decomposition in a reservoir saturated with a gas and hydrate mixture is investigated numerically. The results of the numerical simulation and an analytic solution obtained in the linear approximation are compared. It is shown that for high-permeability rocks the convective heat transfer in the near-well space of the reservoir predominates over the conductive transfer. This makes the use of intra-well heaters ineffective. It is found that an increase in the reservoir and well pressures and a decrease in the permeability suppress the formation of an extended hydrate dissociation region. Critical diagrams of existence of the frontal decomposition regime are constructed.     

不同水合物饱和度下注热水开采实验研究

为研究不同水合物藏饱和度对注热开采动态的影响,采用自制的一维天然气水合物(NGH)开采模拟实验装置,模拟地层多孔介质的条件,首先在填砂模型中生成不同饱和度的NGH,然后进行注热盐水分解实验。结果表明:不同饱和度的NGH注热分解产气都可划分为三个阶段,不同的是NGH饱和度越高,水合物分解阶段的产气速率越大,且该阶段持续的时间越长;NGH饱和度越高,注热分解阶段电阻率增大的幅度越大,系统各测点温度升高的幅度越小。注热分解过程中产水速率围绕注水速率而上下波动,且NGH饱和度越高,产水速率波动幅度越大;在实验研究范围内,随初始水合物饱和度的升高,注热开采的能量效率逐渐升高。因此,从能量效率来说,高饱和度的水合物藏更适宜于注热开采。     

Nonlinear oscillations of suspended cables containing a two-to-one internal resonance

The near-resonant response of suspended, elastic cables driven by planar excitation is investigated using a two degree-of-fredom model. The model captures the interaction of a symmetric in-plane mode and an out-of-plane mode with near commensurable natural frequencies in a 2:1 ratio. The modes are coupled through quadratic and cubic nonlinearities arising from nonlinear cable stretching. The existence and stability of periodic solutions are investigated using a second order perturbation analysis. The first order analysis shows that suspended cables may exhibit saturation and jump phenomena. The second order analysis, however, reveals that the cubic nonlinearities and higher order corrections disrupt saturation. The stable, steady state solutions for the second order analysis compare favorably with results obtained by numerically integrating the equations of motion.     

Mathematical model of the dissociation of gas hydrates coexisting with ice in natural reservoirs

The dissociation of gas hydrate coexisting with ice in a low-temperature natural reservoir is investigated. A mathematical model of the process consisting of a generalization of the Stefan problem and containing two unknown moving phase transition boundaries — the hydrate dissociation and ice melting fronts — is constructed. It is shown that in high-permeability reservoirs the velocity of the dissociation surface is higher than that of the ice melting surface. As the permeability decreases, the fronts change places. The problem is solved in the self-similar approximation.Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No.2, pp. 84–92, March–April, 1993.     

沉积物中甲烷水合物饱和度测定及其力学特性研究

在自主研制的实验装置上合成甲烷水合物,采用时域反射技术(TDR)实时监测甲烷水合物生成过程中饱和度的变化,并与系统的压力降法计算的饱和度进行了对比。结果表明TDR法简单易行,结果可靠。对含甲烷水合物沉积物进行了一系列不排水三轴压缩实验,结果表明,含甲烷水合物沉积物的抗剪强度随着有效围压的增加和水合物饱和度的增加而增大;粘聚力随着甲烷水合物饱和度的增加而明显增加,但内摩擦角变化并不显著。在此基础上,提出了抗剪强度与有效围压和水合物饱和度的关系模型。     

含水合物沉积物三轴剪切试验与损伤统计分析

天然气水合物开采诱发水合物分解,削弱水合物地层强度,可能导致地层滑动和生产平台倒塌等工程地质灾害,对水合物开采安全性构成严重威胁.深入理解含水合物沉积物力学性质并建立合理的本构关系模型是水合物开采安全性评价的前提条件.在自主研发的含水合物沉积物力学性质测试实验装置上,采用饱和水海砂沉积物气体扩散法制备了含水合物沉积物样品,并开展了系列的排水三轴剪切试验,通过时域反射技术实现了样品中水合物饱和度的实时在线测量;基于复合材料的罗伊斯(Reuss)应力串联模型和沃伊特(Voigt)应变并联模型提出了含水合物沉积物等效弹性模量的细观力学混合律模型,结合损伤统计理论和摩尔-库伦破坏准则改进了含水合物沉积物的本构关系模型.结果表明:随着水合物饱和度的增加和有效围压的减小,应力-应变曲线由应变硬化型变为应变软化型,割线模量和峰值强度均随水合物饱和度与有效围压的增加而提高,黏聚力受水合物饱和度影响明显,而内摩擦角基本不变;提出的等效弹性模量细观力学混合律模型与改进的本构关系模型均具有良好的适用性,模型参数少且物理意义明确.      

含水合物沉积物多相渗流特性研究进展

天然气水合物作为一种储量大、无污染的清洁能源近些年受到了广泛关注.近20年来,中国进行了较大范围的陆海域天然气水合物储层勘探与储量预测. 2017年,中国地质调查局牵头对南海神狐海域的天然气水合物进行了基于降压渗流原理的试验性开采.国内外已进行的水合物试采工程面临着气体产量低、出砂较多等问题,其最主要的原因之一是开发过程中沉积物内复杂多相渗流机理尚不明晰.本文综述了平行毛细管模型、Kozeny模型等广泛应用于天然气水合物开发渗流分析的理论模型,对比分析了水合物开发多尺度渗流过程模拟方法,简述了国内外含水合物沉积物渗透率测试、渗流过程中沉积物物性演变以及水合物开采室内模拟等方面的渗流实验进展,总结了矿场尺度的天然气水合物储层开采过程中产气数值模拟手段,展望了多相渗流模型、储层原位含水合物样品室内测试及结构与物性演化、矿场尺度数值模拟与水平井压裂技术等应用研究的未来方向与挑战.     

南海水合物黏土沉积物力学特性试验模拟研究

利用自行研制的含水合物沉积物合成、分解与力学性质测量一体化试验设备,以南海水合物区域的海底粉质黏土作为骨架,制备含水合物沉积物样品,并对其进行了三轴压缩试验研究,获得了水合物分解前后的应力应变曲线和抗剪强度特性. 结果表明:在水合物饱和度0%~45% 的范围内,水合物沉积物的应力应变曲线均表现为弹塑性变形,存在明显的应变硬化现象;抗剪强度、内摩擦角和黏聚力随水合物饱和度的增加而增加. 相对而言,内摩擦角随饱和度增加幅度较小,其他参数在水合物饱和度超过25% 时,呈陡然增高趋势;水合物分解后导致抗剪强度最大可降低为初始的1/4,不同初始饱和度条件下水合物完全分解后沉积物的抗剪强度基本相等,并大于同等围压条件下初始不含水合物的沉积物抗剪强度.      

Stochastic analysis of a displacement front in a randomly heterogeneous medium

The behavior of the interface in a two-phase immiscible fluid flow in a randomly heterogeneous porous medium is investigated. The medium is described by the permeability distribution which represents a random field with given statistical characteristics. When the approach proposed is used, it turns out to be possible to relate the statistical characteristics of the interface with the statistical characteristics of the permeability field and the properties of the phases. On the basis of this relation an important characteristic of the two-phase flow, namely, the average saturation distribution in the neighborhood of the interface, can be calculated.