Allylation of acetals and ketals with allyltrimethylsilane catalyzed by the mixed Lewis acid system AlBr3/CuBr

The synthesis of homoallyl ethers from various acetals and a cyclic ketal with allyltrimethylsilane catalyzed by aluminum bromide in the presence of trimethylaluminum as a desiccant is described. We found that the addition of a catalytic amount of copper(I) bromide accelerates the allylation reactions to afford the homoallyl ether derivatives in good to excellent yield.     

Selective cleavage of primary MPM ethers with TMSI/Et3N

A useful method for the selective cleavage of primary MPM ethers by using TMSI/Et₃N is described. Other protective groups such as secondary MPM ethers, silyl ethers, and benzylidene acetal were stable under the reaction conditions.     

Alkylation of acetals using manganate-BF3·OEt2 mixed reagent

A mixture of `R<sub>3</sub>MnMgBr' and BF<sub>3</sub>·OEt<sub>2</sub> prepared in advance only by stirring both reagents in ether converted acetals to alkylation products, where an alkoxy group of acetals was substituted by the alkyl group of manganese reagent used. Ketals also reacted with the `mixed reagent' to afford the corresponding alkylation products in high yield. α-Alkoxy-substituted cyclic ethers and acetoxy-substituted cyclic ethers were selectively converted to ring-opening alkylation products and α-alkyl-substituted cyclic ethers, respectively.     

Synthesis, structural characterization and reactivity of the amino borane 1-(NPh2)-2-[B(C6F5)2]C6H4

The bright red title compound 1 was synthesized from (2-lithiophenyl)diphenylamine and bis(pentafluorophenyl)boron chloride. Its reactions with small acids like H₂O and HCl proceeded easily giving zwitterionic compounds. For 1 and its water adduct 2 the crystal structures were determined, the latter featuring an ammonium borate structure containing a short intramolecular hydrogen bond bridge. Treatment of 1 with Jutzi's acid, [H(OEt₂)₂][B(C₆F₅)₄], did not result in protonation of the nitrogen, but reaction of 1 with LiH in the presence of 12-crown-4, led to the isolation of the aminoborate [1-(Ph₂N)-2-{B(H)(C₆F₅)₂}C₆H₄][Li(12-crown-4)] (3). Borohydride 3 reacted with Jutzi's acid to regenerate 1 and liberate hydrogen.     

Mild acetal cleavage using B-chlorocatecholborane in the synthesis of rearrangement-sensitive 2-arachidonoylglycerol

A mild method for the cleavage of an acetal to afford a rearrangement sensitive diol using B-chlorocatecholborane was developed for the synthesis of the endogenous cannabinoid neurochemical messenger 2-arachidonoylglycerol. The tendency for rearrangement of 2-arachidonoylglycerol to the corresponding 1-arachidonoylglycerol was precluded with this reagent. Features of the partial recyclization to an isomeric acetal provide mechanistic detail.     

ZnBr2催化合成2-噁唑烷酮类化合物

在甲苯中,以ZnBr_2为催化剂、4-二甲氨基吡啶为碱,通过N-Boc取代的炔基胺类化合物的环化反应合成了5位取代的2-噁唑烷酮类化合物。考察了催化剂种类、碱、温度等对反应的影响,在优化条件下以良好的产率得到了一系列目标产物。     

Lewis acid catalyzed reactions of methylenecyclopropylcarbinols with acetals for the construction of 3-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane derivatives

Reactions of methylenecyclopropylcarbinols 1 with acetals 2 in the presence of Lewis acid Sc(OPf)₃ produce the ring-closure products 3-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane in moderate to high total yields along with the products in trans-configuration as the sole or major one. The plausible reaction mechanism has been discussed, which is based on the Prins-type reaction mechanism.     

Asymmetric cleavage of chiral acetals by R2CuLi,BF3 reagents

The title reagents cleave diastereoselectively the acetals derived from various aldehydes and chiral 2–3 butane diol (or higher homologs). This reaction affords an asymetric synthesis of secondary alcohols from an aldehyde and a trivial organolithium reagent.     

Synthetic studies on bafilomycin A1: stereoselective synthesis of the C12-C17 fragment and its coupling with the C1-C11 subunit

Stereoselective addition of (E)-1-lithio-2-tributylstannylethylene on a chiral cyclic di-t-butylsilyleneketal C₁₄-C₁₇ aldehyde afforded the required Felkin-Anh adduct for the synthesis of the C₁₂-C₁₇ fragment of bafilomycin A₁, the configuration of which was assigned unambiguously. After appropriate coupling with the enantiopure C₁-C₁₁ fragment, the C₁₂-C₁₇ subunit obtained here can be used for the study of the 16-membered macrolide formation either by an acyl activation or an intramolecular Stille reaction. Intermolecular esterification of the 15-OH with an acyl activation of the carboxylic acid of the C₁-C₁₁ fragment, in modified Yamaguchi's conditions, affords here an intermediate for examining an intramolecular Stille coupling.     

Selective endoperoxide formation by heterogeneous TiO2 photocatalysis with dioxygen

We report the selective formation of endoperoxides by aerobic TiO₂ photocatalysis through the cyclic addition of dioxygen and a non-conjugated diene, the first heterogeneous catalytic system for endoperoxide synthesis. This green protocol does not require any additive and the photocatalyst is abundant and recyclable, providing a yield up to 64% and >20:1 diastereoselectivity. Mechanistic investigations were carried out by using product analysis, kinetic studies, O-18 labelling experiments, electron-spin resonance and a set of quenching experiments. Superoxide (but not singlet oxygen, triplet oxygen or peroxide) is directly involved in the reaction cascade to form the endoperoxide product. The new findings may be helpful for future for designing eco-friendly and energy sustainable strategies for selective oxygenation reactions using semiconductors, O₂ and sunlight.     

Selective cleavage of phenolic tert-butyldimethylsilyl ethers using simple organic nitrogen bases

<正>Simple organic nitrogen bases,such as Et_3N,pyridine,DBU,etc.,were found to be convenient and useful reagents for deprotection of TBDMS groups on acidic hydroxyl groups.The efficiency of these bases has an apparent order:1°amine2°amine3°amine and aliphatic basearomatic base.In aqueous DMSO and at room temperature,phenolic TBDMS ethers were removed selectively in the presence of alcoholic TBDMS ethers.And catalytic base can make these reactions complete.This method is high-yielding,fast,clean,safe and cost-effective.     

还原温度对Ir/ZrO_2催化剂上巴豆醛选择性加氢的影响

采用浸渍法制备了负载型Ir/ZrO2催化剂,详细考察了H2还原温度对Ir/ZrO2催化剂上气相巴豆醛选择性加氢反应性能的影响.结果表明,随着还原温度的升高,Ir/ZrO2催化剂上巴豆醛转化率和巴豆醇选择性均先升后降.400°C下还原时,Ir/ZrO2催化剂性能最佳,巴豆醛转化率和巴豆醇选择性分别达32.2%和74.3%.X射线光电子能谱结果表明,催化剂表面系Ir0和Ir3+共存,且随着还原温度的升高,Ir0的比例逐渐增加,至600oC时,表面Ir物种大部分以Ir0存在.NH3程序升温脱附结果表明,随着还原温度的升高,催化剂表面Lewis酸中心的数目减少,强度下降.这是由于催化剂中Cl含量下降所致.Ir0和Ir3+共存和中等强度的表面Lewis酸中心有利于提高巴豆醇选择性.     

Ph2S2-CaH2 in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as an efficient protocol for chemoselective cleavage of aryl alkyl ethers

CaH₂ was been found, for the first time, as a mild reducing agent to generate thiophenolate anion from Ph₂S₂ in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) for deprotection of aryl alkyl ethers. Excellent chemoselctivity was observed for substrates having chloro and nitro groups without displacement of the chlorine atom and the nitro group. Selective ether cleavage took place in the presence of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl and nitro groups without reduction and conjugate addition (to the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl group).     

Reactivity studies of a four-coordinate methyl chloro aluminium aminophenolate complex with B(C6F5)3

The X-ray characterized four-coordinate aminophenolate aluminium complex {6-(CH₂NMe₂)-2-CPh₃-4-Me-C₆H₂O}Al(Me)(Cl) (1), which is readily available by reaction of the corresponding aminophenolate Li salt with MeAlCl₂, slowly reacts with B(C₆F₅)₃ to yield a 1/1 mixture of the Al methyl cation {6-(CH₂NMe₂)-2-CPh₃-4-Me-C₆H₂O}Al(Me)(THF)⁺ (2, as salt) and the Al dichloro derivative {6-(CH₂NMe₂)-2-CPh₃-4-Me-C₆H₂O}AlCl₂ (3). This reaction most likely proceeds via a Me⁻ abstraction/ligand exchange sequence.     

[Cd2(tren)2(dl-alaninato)](ClO4)3: an efficient water-compatible Lewis acid catalyst for chemo-, regio-, and diastereo-selective allylation of various aldehydes

The use of [Cd₂(tren)₂(dl-alaninato)](ClO₄)₃·H₂O (I) (tren = tris(2-aminoethyl)amine) as an efficient water-compatible Lewis acid catalyst for the allylation of aldehydes in aqueous media was described. The reaction proceeded smoothly to afford the corresponding homoallyl alcohols in up to 96% yield. Additionally, cinnamyltributylstannane was selected as the allylation reagent, the regio- and diastereoselectivity of the reaction favors the formation of the γ-product and the anti isomers, respectively.     

Hydrolytic cleavage of Schiff bases by [RuCl2(DMSO)4]

New hexa-coordinated Ru(II) complexes of the type [RuCl₂(DMSO)₂(diamine)] (diamine = o-phenylenediamine and ethylenediamine) have been prepared by reacting cis-[RuCl₂(DMSO)₄] with Schiff bases (H₂sal-en, 1; H₂nap-en, 2; H₂sal-o-pdn, 3; H₂nap-o-pdn, 4) in a 1:1 ratio. The ligands, which were expected to act as tetradentate (N₂O₂) chelates under the normal reaction conditions, were found to undergo hydrolytic cleavage to form the diamine and the corresponding aldehyde. All the complexes have been characterized by analytical and spectroscopic (IR, electronic and¹H NMR) data. Single-crystal X-ray analysis of the complex [RuCl₂(DMSO)₂(o-pndn)] revealed that the coordination environment around the ruthenium metal consists of a N₂S₂Cl₂ octahedron.     

Hf[N(SO2C8F17)2]4-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts acylation in a fluorous biphase system

In a fluorous biphase system, Hf[N(SO₂C₈F₁₇)₂]₄ complex (1 mol %) catalyzes Friedel-Crafts acylation of aromatic compounds such as anisole, toluene and chlorobenzene, and the corresponding aromatic ketones are obtained in satisfactory to high yields. The catalyst is selectively soluble in lower fluorous phase and can be easily recovered by simple phase separation. Furthermore, the catalyst can be reused without decrease of activity in most cases.     

Preorganization in the Nazarov cyclization: the role of adjacent coordination sites in the highly Lewis acidic catalyst [IrMe(CO)(dppe)(DIB)](BAr4)2

The dicationic Ir(III) complex [IrMe(CO)(dppe)(DIB)](BAr₄^f)₂ where dppe=bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane and DIB=o-diiodobenzene possesses adjacent labile sites and is found to be a very active catalyst for the Nazarov cyclization. ³¹P NMR spectroscopy provides evidence for substrate-catalyst binding by chelation, and this is found to be the resting state of the system during catalysis. The efficiency of the cyclization is attributed to the electrophilicity of the Ir(III) complex and substrate activation via O,O′-chelation which employs two substrate carbonyl groups or one carbonyl and an ether function, and encourages the s-trans/s-trans conformation required for cyclization. When two point binding occurs through an oxygen atom and one of the vinyl groups, the s-trans/s-trans conformation is not achieved, and cyclization is not observed. In one case, monodentate binding of substrate occurs, and the rate of cyclization is significantly slower than when O,O′-chelation is possible. The viability of O,O′-chelation is shown by the crystal structure determination of a model substrate-catalyst complex.     

Elaboration of the ether cleaving ability and selectivity of the classical Pearlman's catalyst [Pd(OH)2/C]: concise synthesis of a precursor for a myo-inositol pyrophosphate

The cleavage of propargyl, allyl, benzyl, and PMB ethers by Pd(OH)₂/C can be tuned in that order, by varying the reaction conditions. Other moieties such as C-C double bonds, esters, trityl ether, p-bromo and p-nitrobenzyl ethers are stable to these reaction conditions. Cleavage of allyl ethers can be made catalytic by using 1:1 mixture of Pd(OH)₂/C and Pd/C. The synthetic potential of the selective ether cleaving ability of Pd(OH)₂/C, essentially under neutral conditions, has been demonstrated by an efficient synthesis of a precursor for the preparation of an inositol pyrophosphate derivative.     

Cleavage of alkoxycarbonyl protecting groups from carbamates by t-BuNH2

An efficient, simple protocol for the selective cleavage of a variety of N-alkoxycarbonyl protecting groups by t-BuNH₂/MeOH is described. The scope of the procedure was explored for a series of indole, aniline and pyrrolidine carbamate derivatives containing other potentially reactive functional groups affording a clean cleavage of the carbamate group.