化妆品中阴阳离子的快速测定及其用于化妆品鉴别的研究

用离子色谱电导检测器对黑泥类化妆品中的阴、阳离子(Na+,NH+4,K+,Mg 2+ ,Ca 2+ ,Cl-,Br-,NO-2,NO-3和SO 2- 4)进行了测定。阳离子分离条件: 阳离子交换柱ICS C25,均苯四甲酸淋洗液浓度2.0 mmol/L ,流速0.6 mL/min ;阴离子分离条件: 阴离子交换柱Shim pack IC A1,淋洗液为2.5 mmol/L 邻苯二甲酸和2.4 mmol/L 三羟基氨基甲烷,流速1.0 mL/min 。结果表明,上述10种离子在较宽浓度范围内有良好     

双系统离子色谱法同时检测蓝藻培养液中阴、阳离子

采用双系统离子色谱仪,应用电导检测器,建立了蓝藻培养液中7种阴离子(F-、Cl-、Br-、PO43–、NO2-、NO3-、SO42-)和6种阳离子(Li+、Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、NH4+)的同时定量检测方法.7种阴离子和6种阳离子在优化的分析条件下均能完全分离,标准曲线相关系数均大于0.999,加标回收率为...     

Li_(1.3)Ti_(1.7)Al_(0.3)(PO_4)_3,Na_(1.3)Ti_(1.7)Al_(0.3)(PO_4)_3的离子交换研究

研究了在不同温度下的NaNO3和AgNO3水溶液中Li1.3Ti1.7Al0.3(PO4)3和Na1.3Ti1.7Al0.3(PO4)3离子交换行为.实验表明Li1.3Ti1.7Al0.3(PO4)3和Na1.3Ti1.7Al0.3(PO4)3均显示出了高选择性与Na+和Ag+进行离子交换的特征,且对Ag+的选择性高于Na+.升高温度可显著提高Ag/Li和Ag/Na的交换反应速度.     

应用离子色谱分析地层水研究

应用离子色谱仪测定了电缆地层测试取样获得的海上某井两个深度的水样品中的阴离子F-、Cl-、NO2-、Br-、NO3-、PO43-、SO24-和阳离子Li+、Na+、NH4+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Sr2+的离子含量。对离子色谱在分析地层水离子含量的应用进行了简单的探讨,认为该技术在判断油田水类型和指导钻井液调配方面具有很好的应用前景及价值。     

MoSe2/Ag3PO4复合材料的制备及其可见光降解罗丹明B的光催化性能

通过原位沉积法合成了一种光催化活性强、稳定性高的MoSe2/Ag3PO4复合材料。MoSe2/Ag3PO4形成的异质结构能有效分离光生电子-空穴对,从而提高光催化活性。光生电子从Ag3PO4表面向MoSe2的转移降低了Ag+向金属Ag的可能性。当MoSe2和Ag3PO4的质量分数为1∶5(最优组合)时,MoSe2/Ag3PO4在可见光照射下30 min内降解RhB效率达98%,并且经过4次重复试验,其可见光照射下RhB降解效率仍可达到89%。通过液相色谱/质谱(LC/MS)技术测定光催化过程中产物的变化,提出了MoSe2/Ag3PO4光催化降解RhB的途径。     

氯离子电极的研制及应用研究

以戊巴比妥氯化汞(Ⅱ)为载体,制备了PVC液态膜氯离子选择性电极.电极对Cl-离子呈现高的选择性,其选择顺序为I-＞Br-～SCN-～Salicylate-＞＞ClO-4＞NO-3＞F-＞H2PO-4＞HCO-3＞SO2-4.测定了电极对常见阴离子的选择性,除I-、Br-与SCN-有干扰外,其它阴离子均无明显的干扰;25℃ 时, 在0.05 mol·L-1 H3PO4-NaH2PO4(pH 4.1)溶液中,Cl-离子浓度在6.0 ×10-3～3.5×10-6 mol·L-1 呈线性响应,斜率为57.6 ±2 mV/decade,检出限为2.0 ×10-6 mol·L-1.该法用于氯仿光催化降解微量Cl-离子的测定,取得满意结果.     

Z型Ag3PO4/Ag2MoO4异质结光催化剂构建和光催化降解有机污染物

作为一种绿色技术,半导体光催化氧化广泛应用于环境污染物治理和太阳能转化领域.高效、稳定、可回收利用催化剂的开发是光催化技术发展的一个重要方向.Ag系半导体光催化剂因在可见光分解水制氢及降解有机污染物等方面表现出优异的催化性能而广受关注.然而,该催化剂失活快,制约了其应用.因此,提高Ag系半导体材料的光催化稳定性成为近年研究热点.在各种Ag基光催化剂中,Ag3PO4光催化剂因其在可见光下光氧化水产生O2以及有机染料的光催化分解中有着高的量子效率,引起了人们广泛关注.如何进一步提升Ag3PO4光催化剂性能及在光催化过程中的稳定性成为研究焦点,包括Ag3PO4光催化剂的特殊形貌和晶体结构控制生长以及复合材料控制制备.但是Z型Ag3PO4基可见光催化剂的构筑仍然是一个挑战.本文利用Ag2MoO4和Ag3PO4的溶液相反应法合成了Z型Ag3PO4/Ag2MoO4复合光催化剂,通过Ag3PO4/Ag2MoO4异质结光催化剂在可见光下降解罗丹明B(RhB)、亚甲基橙(MO)、亚甲基蓝(MB)和苯酚研究了其光催化性能,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、能谱、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、拉曼光谱、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)以及紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-vis)等手段表征了该催化剂.XRD,FTIR和拉曼光谱结果表明,复合材料由Ag3PO4,Ag2MoO4和单质银组成,表面成功合成了Z构型Ag3PO4/Ag/Ag2MoO4复合材料.SEM结果发现纯Ag3PO4是规则的球状,纯Ag2MoO4则是多面体状块的颗粒,在Ag3PO4/Ag2MoO4复合材料中可以看到规则的球状体Ag3PO4和Ag2MoO4纳米颗粒,并且随着Ag2MoO4含量的增加,Ag3PO4颗粒的尺寸逐渐减小.UV-vis结果发现Ag2MoO4的加入拓展了复合材料对可见光的吸收范围.光催化性能测试结果表明,8%Ag2MoO4/Ag3PO4在可见光下具有优异的光催化性能:可见光照射5 min,RhB,MO和MB的降解效率分别可达95%,97%和90%.复合材料样品经过4个循环实验后,其降解RhB的效率仍然保持在84%,证明了其具有较高的稳定性.为了进一步研究Ag3PO4/Ag2MoO4的光催化机理,我们用对苯醌、乙二胺四乙酸二钠和丁醇进行了捕捉剂实验.结果表明,超氧自由基和光生空穴在降解有机染料过程中起主要作用.通过光电流测试、复合材料价带导带位置计算以及循环过程样品XRD分析并结合文献结果认为,Z构型Ag3PO4/Ag/Ag2MoO4异质结光催化体系以及可见光照射初期金属Ag纳米颗粒的生成是其具有高光催化活性和稳定性的原因.     

离子色谱-抑制电导法分别测定海水中阴离子和阳离子

以氢氧化钾为流动相,阴离子交换分离,抑制电导检测,可以同时分离F-、Cl-、Br-、NO3-、SO42-、PO43-I、-等海水中的常见阴离子,利用梯度淋洗可以使以上各种离子在其最佳保留时间和最佳峰形条件下出峰。以8 mmol/L H2SO4为淋洗液,阳离子交换分离,抑制电导检测,可以同时分离测定海水中的Na 、K 、Mg2 、Ca2 、Sr2 和Ba2 。在所采用的色谱条件下各阴阳离子均可以得到很好的线性和很低的检出限。     

钡掺杂中空磷酸银光催化剂的选择性及稳定性

半导体光催化材料既可以利用太阳能催化分解水制氢和降解各种有机污染物,同时还可以将温室气体CO2还原成有机低碳烷烃燃料,因此光催化是解决当今能源和环境问题最理想的途径之一.然而,目前所报道的可见光光催化材料大多具有较高的光生载流子复合率和较差的可见光吸收,导致其量子效率较低.因此,开发新型高效可见光光催化材料,拓展半导体材料光谱响应范围以及促进光生电子和空穴有效分离,成为目前光催化材料研究领域急需解决的科学问题.2010年Ye等首次报道了Ag3PO4在光催化中的应用,该材料表现出优异的光催化分解水制氧及降解有机污染物性能,在光吸收波长大于420 nm时的量子效率达到90%.然而,作为一种新型光催化材料,其组成、结构和晶面等对光催化性能的影响尚不清楚.因此,我们开展了Ag3PO4半导体纳米材料的表面微观结构调控研究,创制了一系列具有特殊形貌和选择暴露晶面的Ag3PO4基可见光催化材料,其表现出独特的光催化氧化性能.例如,利用金属络合法制备了具有(100),(110),(111),(221)和(332)等晶面的Ag3PO4晶体,发现通过调控其暴露晶面可进一步提高光催化性能.利用Ag纳米材料所具有的独特表面等离子体共振效应以及良好的导电性,构建了Ag/Ag3PO4核壳型纳米线、项链状Ag/Ag3PO4纳米线、项链状及均匀分布的Ag3PO4/PAN纳米复合纤维等异质光催化材料,提高了光生电子-空穴的分离效率,实现了有机污染物的高效催化氧化消除.然而,由于Ag3PO4在光催化反应过程中的稳定性较差以及成本较高,严重限制了其实际应用.因此,设计和制备具有高稳定性、低成本的Ag3PO4光催化材料成为目前急需开展的研究领域.本文以Ba3(PO4)2纳米片为模板和磷酸离子源,通过阳离子置换法一步制备了具有中空结构的Ba离子掺杂Ag3PO4光催化材料. 光催化结果表明, Ba离子的掺杂不但可以有效提高Ag3PO4光催化活性,并且可改变降解有机污染物甲基橙(MO)和罗丹明B(RhB)的选择性,实现优先降解MO.另外,此法制备的Ag3PO4材料经重复使用多次后仍表现出较高的光催化性能.进一步研究表明, Ba离子掺杂增强了Ag3PO4的表面电负性,因而吸附具有负电性的MO能力增加,使其光催化性能提高,此外,该法还可用于制备Ba3(PO4)2/Ag3PO4复合光催化材料,当Ag3PO4含量为40%时,该复合材料具有与纯相Ag3PO4相同的光催化剂活性.由此可见,通过合理掺杂金属离子及形成复合结构可以有效提高Ag3PO4光催化材料的活性和稳定性,降低Ag3PO4用量,这对Ag3PO4光催化材料的设计与改进具有一定指导意义.     

钡掺杂中空磷酸银光催化剂的选择性及稳定性（英文）

半导体光催化材料既可以利用太阳能催化分解水制氢和降解各种有机污染物,同时还可以将温室气体CO2还原成有机低碳烷烃燃料,因此光催化是解决当今能源和环境问题最理想的途径之一.然而,目前所报道的可见光光催化材料大多具有较高的光生载流子复合率和较差的可见光吸收,导致其量子效率较低.因此,开发新型高效可见光光催化材料,拓展半导体材料光谱响应范围以及促进光生电子和空穴有效分离,成为目前光催化材料研究领域急需解决的科学问题.2010年Ye等首次报道了Ag3PO4在光催化中的应用,该材料表现出优异的光催化分解水制氧及降解有机污染物性能,在光吸收波长大于420 nm时的量子效率达到90%.然而,作为一种新型光催化材料,其组成、结构和晶面等对光催化性能的影响尚不清楚.因此,我们开展了Ag3PO4半导体纳米材料的表面微观结构调控研究,创制了一系列具有特殊形貌和选择暴露晶面的Ag3PO4基可见光催化材料,其表现出独特的光催化氧化性能.例如,利用金属络合法制备了具有(100),(110),(111),(221)和(332)等晶面的Ag3PO4晶体,发现通过调控其暴露晶面可进一步提高光催化性能.利用Ag纳米材料所具有的独特表面等离子体共振效应以及良好的导电性,构建了Ag/Ag3PO4核壳型纳米线、项链状Ag/Ag3PO4纳米线、项链状及均匀分布的Ag3PO4/PAN纳米复合纤维等异质光催化材料,提高了光生电子-空穴的分离效率,实现了有机污染物的高效催化氧化消除.然而,由于Ag3PO4在光催化反应过程中的稳定性较差以及成本较高,严重限制了其实际应用.因此,设计和制备具有高稳定性、低成本的Ag3PO4光催化材料成为目前急需开展的研究领域.本文以Ba3(PO4)2纳米片为模板和磷酸离子源,通过阳离子置换法一步制备了具有中空结构的Ba离子掺杂Ag3PO4光催化材料.光催化结果表明,Ba离子的掺杂不但可以有效提高Ag3PO4光催化活性,并且可改变降解有机污染物甲基橙(MO)和罗丹明B(Rh B)的选择性,实现优先降解MO.另外,此法制备的Ag3PO4材料经重复使用多次后仍表现出较高的光催化性能.进一步研究表明,Ba离子掺杂增强了Ag3PO4的表面电负性,因而吸附具有负电性的MO能力增加,使其光催化性能提高,此外,该法还可用于制备Ba3(PO4)2/Ag3PO4复合光催化材料,当Ag3PO4含量为40%时,该复合材料具有与纯相Ag3PO4相同的光催化剂活性.由此可见,通过合理掺杂金属离子及形成复合结构可以有效提高Ag3PO4光催化材料的活性和稳定性,降低Ag3PO4用量,这对Ag3PO4光催化材料的设计与改进具有一定指导意义.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。