Separation of basic drug enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis using ovoglycoprotein as a chiral selector: comparison of chiral resolution ability of ovoglycoprotein and completely deglycosylated ovoglycoprotein

Separations of basic drug enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis (CE) using ovoglycoprotein (OGCHI) as a chiral selector are described. The effects of running buffer pH and 2-propanol content on the migration times and resolution of basic drug enantiomers were examined using a linear polyacrylamide-coated capillary. High resolution of basic drug enantiomers was attained using a mixture of 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 4.5-6.0) and 2-propanol (5-30%) including 50 microM OGCHI. It was found that ionic and hydrophobic interactions could work for the recognition of basic drug enantiomers. Further, we compared the chiral resolution ability of OGCHI with that of completely deglycosylated OGCHI (cd-OGCHI) using them as chiral selectors in CE. OGCHI showed higher resolution for basic drug enantiomers tested than cd-OGCHI. The results suggest that the chiral recognition site(s) for OGCHI exists on the protein domain of OGCHI.     

Separation of enantiomers on a chiral stationary phase based on ovoglycoprotein: V. Influence of immobilization method on chiral resolution

Ovoglycoprotein from chicken egg whites (OGCHI) was bound to aminopropyl-silica gels via an amino or carboxyl group(s) of OGCHI. In the former case, OGCHI was bound to N,N′-disuccinimidyl carbonate-activated aminopropyl-silica gels, while in the latter case OGCHI activated by a water-soluble carbodiimide and N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide was bound to aminopropyl-silica gels. The obtained OGCHI materials were compared with regard to the bound amounts, retentivity and enantioselectivity. The OGCHI materials prepared via a carboxyl group(s) of OGCHI are suitable for chiral resolution of acidic solutes, and those via an amino group(s) of OGCHI are suitable for chiral resolution of basic solutes. It is suggested that the electrostatic interaction between an amino or carboxyl group of OGCHI and a charged solute should play an important role in chiral recognition of the solute.     

Separation of enantiomers on a chiral stationary phase based on ovoglycoprotein. VII. Comparison of chiral recognition ability of ovoglycoprotein from chicken and Japanese quail egg whites.

Ovoglycoproteins from chicken and Japanese quail egg whites (OGCHI and OGJPQ, respectively) were isolated, and characterized by isoelectric focusing, high-performance capillary electrophoresis, reversed-phase HPLC and matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS. The isoelectric point (pI) of natural OGCHI was 4.37-4.51 by isoelectric focusing, while natural OGJPQ showed two discrete bands at pI 4.68 and 4.77. The average molecular masses of natural OGCHI and OGJPQ were estimated to be about 30000 and 27400 by MALDI-TOF-MS. Both natural OGCHI and OGJPQ were either fully or partially glycosylated with a ratio of ca. 3:1. Next, natural OGCHI and OGJPQ were bound to aminopropyl-silica gels activated with N,N'-disuccinimidylcarbonate to compare retentive and enantioselective properties of the two columns. The OGCHI column is suitable for chiral resolution of basic compounds, while the OGJPQ column is suitable for that of acidic compounds. With regard to chiral resolution of neutral compounds, it is dependent on a compound resolved which column could be suitable. Differences in the retentivity and enantioselectivity between OGCHI and OGJPQ columns are due to differences in the enantioselective binding properties. The results obtained reveal that chiral recognition of various solutes could be efficiently attained by using both columns complementarily.     

Discrimination of the enantiomers of biphenylic derivatives in micellar aggregates formed by chiral amidic surfactants

The chirality of micellar aggregates formed by surfactants derived from l-proline was investigated by using two chiral biphenylic derivatives as probes of chirality. The investigation carried out by ¹H NMR, circular dichroism, and HPLC on chiral phase demonstrates that chiral recognition may occur in sites of the aggregates far from the head-group stereogenic centers and it is due to interaction with a whole region of the aggregate rather than with a single monomer in the aggregate. Subtle changes of the structure of the monomer influence the aggregation properties of the surfactants and its expression of chirality.     

Temperature dependent light transmission-light scattering switching of (homeotropic liquid crystalline polymer network/liquid crystals/chiral dopant) composite film

A (photo-polymerizable liquid crystal (LC) monomer/LCs/chiral dopant/photoinitiator) mixture with a smectic A (SmA)-chiral nematic (N*) phase transition was sandwiched between two ITO glass substrates which were not subjected to any surface orientation treatment. When an electric field-induced homeotropically oriented SmA phase of the mixture was irradiated with UV light, an oriented liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) network was formed upon photo-polymerization of the LC monomer. Then, a (homeotropically oriented LCP network/LCs/chiral dopant) composite with a SmA-N* phase transition was prepared. A focal-conic texture appeared in the heat-induced N* phase of the composite upon heating from the transparent state of the homeotropically oriented SmA phase; the focal-conic texture exhibited strong light scattering. Upon cooling the composite to the SmA phase, this phase was again homeotropically oriented due to the strong intermolecular interaction between the LC molecules and the homeotropically oriented LCP network. Thus, the transparent state of the SmA phase and the light scattering state of the N* phase occurred reversibly upon cooling and heating, accompanied by the thermal SmA-N* phase transition.     

Temperature dependent light transmission-light scattering switching of (homeotropic liquid crystalline polymer network/liquid crystals/chiral dopant) composite film

A (photo-polymerizable liquid crystal (LC) monomer/LCs/chiral dopant/photoinitiator) mixture with a smectic A (SmA)-chiral nematic (N*) phase transition was sandwiched between two ITO glass substrates which were not subjected to any surface orientation treatment. When an electric field-induced homeotropically oriented SmA phase of the mixture was irradiated with UV light, an oriented liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) network was formed upon photo-polymerization of the LC monomer. Then, a (homeotropically oriented LCP network/LCs/chiral dopant) composite with a SmA-N* phase transition was prepared. A focal-conic texture appeared in the heat-induced N* phase of the composite upon heating from the transparent state of the homeotropically oriented SmA phase; the focal-conic texture exhibited strong light scattering. Upon cooling the composite to the SmA phase, this phase was again homeotropically oriented due to the strong intermolecular interaction between the LC molecules and the homeotropically oriented LCP network. Thus, the transparent state of the SmA phase and the light scattering state of the N* phase occurred reversibly upon cooling and heating, accompanied by the thermal SmA-N* phase transition.     

Separation of chiral furan derivatives by liquid chromatography using cyclodextrin-based chiral stationary phases

The enantiomeric separation of a set of 30 new chiral furan derivatives has been achieved on native and derivatized beta-cyclodextrin stationary phases using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (Cyclobond RSP), the 2,3-dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (Cyclobond DM), and the acetyl-beta-cyclodextrin (Cyclobond AC) stationary phases are the most effective chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for the separation of these racemates in the reverse phase mode. No enantioseparations have been observed on the native beta-cyclodextrin chiral stationary phase (Cyclobond I 2000) and only a few separations have been attained on the S-naphthylethyl carbamate beta-cyclodextrin (Cyclobond SN) and 3,5-dimethylphenyl carbamate beta-cyclodextrin (Cyclobond DMP) chiral stationary phases in the reverse phase mode. The polar organic and the normal phase mode on these CSPs are not effective for separation of these compounds. The characteristics of the analytes, including steric bulk, hydrogen bonding ability, and geometry, play an important role in the chiral recognition process. The pH affects the enantioseparation of compounds with ionizable groups and the addition of 0.5% methyl tert-butyl ether to the mobile phase significantly enhances the separation efficiency for some highly retained compounds.     

键合型聚丙烯酰胺衍生物手性固定相的制备与手性识别性能

高效液相色谱(HPLC)被广泛认为是分离制备光学纯单一对映体的最有效方法。在高效液相色谱手性拆分中,手性固定相(CSP)的性能直接影响到色谱柱的手性分离能力。在众多手性固定相中,键合型手性固定相具有溶剂耐受性好,分离模式灵活等优点,已经发展成为一类重要的手性固定相。本文通过两步化学反应合成了新型的光学活性丙烯酰胺衍生物--(S)-1-丙烯酰-2-(N-苯基甲酰胺基)吡咯烷((S)-APACP),采用核磁共振氢谱表征了(S)-APACP的化学结构;通过3步化学反应制备了键合型聚丙烯酰胺衍生物手性固定相,采用热重分析法表征了聚合物的键合量,采用HPLC评价了键合型手性固定相的识别能力,分析了影响其手性识别能力的因素。研究结果表明,APACP聚合物成功地键合到硅胶表面制备了具有良好溶剂耐受性的键合型手性固定相,其聚合物键合量为10.2%~11.8%,该键合型手性固定相对若干种对映体显示了较好的手性识别能力。     

双选择体手性固定相中选择体的构型对分离性能的影响

为研究选择体的构型对双选择体固定相手性识别的影响,以(1S,2S)-(~)-二苯基乙二胺及L-(~)-二苯甲酰酒石酸为手性源,合成了一种新的双选择体固定相,并用不同结构的手性样品测试了其手性分离能力。结果表明,这种固定相与以(1R,2R)-(+)-二苯基乙二胺及L(~)-二苯甲酰酒石酸为手性源制备的双选择体固定相有相当的手性分离能力,但这两种固定相所能分离的化合物不尽相同。对双选择体固定相中两个选择体的构型对固定相手性识别的影响进行了探讨。在手性识别中,以不同手性源制备的两个选择体的立体构型不能同时与一个手性样品的立体构型相匹配,从而导致相应的双选择体固定相手性分离能力的下降。     

Novel molecularly imprinted microsphere using a single chiral monomer and chirality-matching (S)-ketoprofen template

We designed and synthesized a cinchonine derivative to be used as a novel chiral monomer. It was employed in a dual role of functional monomer and cross-linking monomer, displaying multi-binding sites for the template (S)-ketoprofen. Monodisperse molecularly imprinted core-shell microspheres were prepared using surface imprinting method on silica gel. The results show a substantial synergistic effect in the enantioselective recognition, confirming our initial hypothesis. Computational simulation of the monomer and template pre-arrangement strongly supports our proposed chiral recognition mechanism for the imprinted microspheres.     

Dress-up chiral columns for the enantioseparation of amino acids based on fluorous separation

In this paper, we report a new type of chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column—a so-called dress-up chiral column—featuring a chiral stationary phase adsorbed reversibly in a commercial fluorous HPLC column through fluorous interactions. We synthesized perfluroalkylated proline derivatives as chiral stationary phase compounds and then adsorbed them reversibly in the fluorous HPLC column through the pumping of their solutions. By using this dress-up chiral column and fluorophobic elution of an aqueous copper(II) sulfate/MeOH mixture, we could enantioseparate seven racemic amino acids within 40 min. When we washed the dress-up chiral column with fluorophilic tetrahydrofuran or MeOH, the adsorbed chiral stationary phase compounds desorbed from the column, completely destroying its enantioseparation ability. The relative standard deviation of the retention times, the number of theoretical plates, and the resolution for each of four preparations of the dress-up columns were all less than or equal to 9.53 % in 20-times repeated analysis, and were all less than or equal to 18.7 % in four different preparations, respectively.     

Effect of solvent composition on chiral recognition ability of molecularly imprinted DIDE derivatives.

In the present study, molecularly imprinted materials from the tetrapeptide derivative, H-Asp(OcHex)-Ile-Asp(OcHex)-Glu(OBzl)-CH2-, were adopted as samples to study the effect of the polarity of the environment on the chiral (molecular) recognition ability. The optimum composition, with the best chiral recognition, is a 50 vol% aqueous ethanol solution.     

功能单体对分子烙印手性固定相手性拆分能力的影响

系统考察了功能单体对非共价分子烙印手性固定相手性分离能力的影响,发现在非共价分子烙印手性固定相的制备中,功能单体与烙印分子之间存在着匹配性。丙烯酰胺可以与氨基酸衍生物的酰胺基团形成较强的氢键作用,碱性功能单体2-乙烯基吡啶则与其羧基形成较离子作用,两者的协同作用使复合功能单体丙烯酰胺+2-乙烯基吡啶对于氨基酸衍生物具有良好的烙印效果。竞争溶剂乙酸对样品与分子固定相间的非共价作用力有较大的影响,增加流动相中的竞争溶剂乙酸的含量,将减弱分子手性固定相与样品的酰胺键和羧基的氢键及离子作用,导致对样品的容量因子、手性选择性α及分离度f/g的减小。     

Enantiopure O-substituted phenylphosphonothioic acids: chiral recognition ability during salt crystallization and chiral recognition mechanism

[structure: see text] The chiral recognition ability of enantiopure O-methyl, O-ethyl, O-propyl, and O-phenyl phenylphosphonothioic acids (1a-d) for various kinds of racemic amines during salt crystallization and the chiral recognition mechanism were thoroughly investigated. The chiral recognition abilities of enantiopure 1a-d for a wide variety of racemic amines varied in a range of 6 to >99% enantiomeric selectivity. Deposited less-soluble diastereomeric salts were classified into two categories, prism- and needle-type crystals; the prism-type crystals were composed of a globular molecular cluster, while there existed a 2(1) column in the needle-type crystals. In contrast to a general observation of a similar 2(1) column in the less-soluble diastereomeric salt crystals of chiral primary amines with chiral carboxylic acids, the globular molecular cluster is a very unique hydrogen-bonding motif that has never been constructed in diastereomeric salt crystals. Excellent chiral recognition was always achieved when the less-soluble diastereomeric salts were prism-type crystals. Significant correlations were found between the degree of the chiral recognition with 1a-d, the crystal shape of the less-soluble diastereomeric salts, and the hydrogen-bonding motif (molecular cluster/2(1) column). The chiral recognition mechanisms via the molecular cluster and the 2(1) column formations are discussed in detail on the basis of X-ray crystallographic analyses.     

Stereospecific polymerization and chiral initiation,chiral crystallization and chiral nucleation

Helical macromolecules which are configurationally and conformationally specific can now be synthesized. Monomer structures must be selected that demand spacial restriction for monomer addition. High specificity of monomer addition during polymerization has parallels in crystallization of some inorganic salts from aqueous solution. Initiation of highly specific polymerizations with chiral initiators give helical polymers with substantial one-handedness. Nucleation of certain inorganic salts with chiral nucleating agents, the enantiomers of the salts produce enantiomerically pure chiral salts.     

Separation of enantiomers of ephedrine by capillary electrophoresis using cyclodextrins as chiral selectors: comparative CE, NMR and high resolution MS studies

The enantiomer migration order (EMO) of ephedrine was investigated in the presence of various CDs in CE. The molecular mechanisms of chiral recognition were followed for the ephedrine complexes with native α- and β-CD and heptakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-sulfo)-β-CD (HDAS-β-CD) by CE, NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution MS. Minor structural differences were observed between the complexes of ephedrine with α- and β-CD although the migration order of enantiomers was opposite when these two CDs were applied as chiral selectors in CE. The EMO was also opposite between β-CD and HDAS-β-CD. Significant structural differences were observed between ephedrine complexes with the native CDs and HDAS-β-CD. The latter CD was advantageous as chiral CE selector not only due to its opposite electrophoretic mobility compared with that of the cationic chiral analyte, but also primarily due to its enhanced chiral recognition ability towards the enantiomers of ephedrine.     

Enantioseparation using alkoxyphenylcarbamates of cellulose and amylose as chiral stationary phase for high-performance liquid chromatography

Cellulose and amylose phenylcarbamates having one or two alkoxy groups on a phenyl ring were synthesized, and their chiral recognition abilities as chiral stationary phases for HPLC were evaluated. Compared to the 4-methoxyphenylcarbamates of cellulose and amylose, which are known to show a poor chiral recognition, the 3-methoxyphenylcarbamates exhibited much higher chiral recognitions. For cellulose derivatives, as the bulkiness of the 3-alkoxy group increased, the chiral recognition ability increased. On the other hand, for the amylose derivatives, a clear relation between the chiral recognition and the bulkiness of the alkoxy group was not observed, and the 3-methoxy, ethoxy, and isopropoxyphenylcarbamates showed relatively high chiral recognitions. The introduction of two methoxy groups to the meta-positions decreased the chiral recognition ability. In order to discuss the relationship between the structure and chiral recognition ability of the alkoxyphenylcarbamates, their molecular models were constructed.     

Equilibrium binding model of bile salt-mediated chiral micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography.

Optimum concentration of bile salts in chiral separations depends on both the aggregation properties of the surfactant and the stability of the analyte-micelle complexes. An equilibrium model is proposed in which these two effects are treated separately. First the aggregation constants should be determined under the experimental conditions of the chiral MEKC analysis. With these data, the equilibrium concentrations of bile salt aggregates can be calculated at any total surfactant concentration. Using the Offord equation to approximate the mobilities of the enantiomer-bile salt complexes, a model function has been derived to fit the experimental mobilities. The method yields the binding constants of the enantiomers to each aggregate present. Those species are assumed to be important in the chiral recognition process, which have significantly different stability constants for the enantiomers. The method is demonstrated by the chiral separation of R- and S-1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-diyl hydrogen phosphate with sodium taurodeoxycholate. Based on the calculated binding constants, tetrameric aggregates are assumed to be the discriminating species, while no significant difference in enantiomer binding to dimers was found.     

基于环糊精本征识别能力的手性色谱介质点击制备及应用

目前环糊精（CD）手性固定相（CSP）的研究大多集中于对CD或桥联臂进行功能衍生引入更多作用位点以提升手性拆分能力,鲜有能够反映天然CD本征识别能力的CSP的研究报道,该文通过"巯基-烯"点击化学反应合成了结构明确可控的单（6-巯基-6-去氧）-β -环糊精手性固定相（CSP1）,其最大限度地保留了天然CD的本征结构,且桥联臂无识别作用位点,固体核磁共振（¹³ C SSNMR）和红外光谱（FTIR）的表征结果证明了CSP1的成功制备,元素分析结果表明,与双键功能化硅胶相比,CSP1的C、H、N的百分含量均得到了提高,计算得出CSP1的表面CD固载量为0.82 μmol/m²。采用高效液相色谱反相模式对50多种手性对映体包括异（口恶）唑啉、手性交酯、手性酮、黄烷酮以及丹磺酰氨基酸等进行了手性拆分,充分考察了天然CD的本征手性识别能力,结果表明CD的本征识别能力比较有利于异（口恶）唑啉类样品中含有两个疏水苯环基团Ph-Ph类样品的分离,对于其他几类样品仅利于部分样品的分离。同时与前期制备的功能三唑桥联CD-CSP及咪唑嗡桥联CD-CSP在同一色谱条件下进行了结果比对,结果证明样品的分离过程除了与手性介质的结构有关外,还与样品分子的结构有很大关系,对桥联臂进行功能改性可提升对部分对映体的选择性,但同时会小幅损失CD的本征手性识别能力。对于环糊精本征识别能力易于分离的样品,在设计手性介质时,其桥联臂不需要任何官能团,这为CD固定相结构的设计提供了有益参考。     

Preparation and chiral recognition ability of cellulose 3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate immobilized on silica gel through radical polymerization

Polysaccharide-immobilized chiral stationary phases (CSPs) were prepared by the polymerization of cellulose 3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate, having a polymerizable vinyl group, such as 4-vinylphenylcarbamate or 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamate, at the 6-position, with a vinyl monomer, such as styrene, isoprene, t-butyl acrylate, or t-butyl methacrylate, on silica gel under various conditions. Their chiral recognition abilities were then evaluated with high-performance liquid chromatography. The immobilized cellulose 3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate remained on the silica gel even if washed with tetrahydrofuran, which could dissolve the cellulose derivative. The chiral recognition abilities of the immobilized CSPs were similar to those of the coated CSPs when the vinyl monomer content was low. The chiral recognition abilities of the obtained immobilized CSPs slightly depended on the vinyl monomers. The immobilization of the cellulose derivatives was more efficiently attained on the silica gel modified with a vinyl compound. The cellulose derivatives, randomly having a vinyl group at the 2-, 3-, or 6-position of the glucose unit, were prepared by a one-pot reaction. The immobilization efficiency of these derivatives was slightly lower than that of the derivative with the vinyl group at the 6-position. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 3703–3712, 2003