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1.
Seeliger F Błazej S Bernhardt S Makosza M Mayr H 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2008,14(20):6108-6118
The relative rate constants for the vicarious nucleophilic substitution (VNS) of the anion of chloromethyl phenyl sulfone (1-) with a variety of nitroheteroarenes, for example, nitropyridines, nitropyrroles, nitroimidazoles, 2-nitrothiophene, and 4-nitropyrazole, have been determined by competition experiments. It was shown that nitropyridines are approximately four orders of magnitude more reactive than nitrobenzene. Among the five-membered heterocycles 2-nitrothiophene is the most active followed by nitroimidazoles and 4-nitropyrazole. Nitropyrroles are the least electrophilic nitroheteroarenes with reactivities comparable to nitrobenzene. Quantum chemically calculated methyl anion affinities (B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d)) of the nitroarenes correlated only moderately with the partial relative rate constants. The correlation of these activities with the LUMO energies of nitroarenes is even worse. By measuring the second-order rate constants of the addition of 1- to nitroarenes and to diethyl arylidenemalonates 10, it was possible to link the electrophilic reactivities of nitroheteroarenes with the comprehensive electrophilicity scale based on the linear-free-energy-relationship log k(20 degrees C)=s(N+E). 相似文献
2.
On the basis of competition experiments using a model VNS reaction of chloromethyl phenyl sulfone with halonitrobenzenes it was shown that halogen substituents activate electron-deficient nitroarenes for the addition of carbanions whereas they protect the positions they occupy against the addition. 相似文献
3.
Mieczys?aw Makosza Tadeusz Lemek Andrzej Kwast Fran?ois Terrier 《The Journal of organic chemistry》2002,67(2):394-400
Relations of rates of the vicarious nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen (VNS) and S(N)Ar substitution of fluorine in 2-fluoronitrobenzenes with chloroalkyl aryl sulfone carbanions were determined from competitive experiments carried out at various concentrations of base. The observed dependence of the VNS/S(N)Ar rate ratio on the base concentration confirmed the two-step mechanism of the VNS, which consists of reversible formation of sigma(H) adducts of the alpha-chlorocarbanion to nitroarene, followed by base-induced beta-elimination of HCl. It was also evidenced that both of these processes can be the rate-limiting steps: the beta-elimination at low base concentration and the nucleophilic addition at high base concentration. Consistent with that conclusion is the finding that the kinetic isotope effect in the VNS reaction decreases from 4.2 (a value typical of a primary KIE) to 0.8 (a value typical of a secondary KIE) with increasing base concentration. Also reported is our discovery that the S(N)Ar substitution of the 2-fluoronitrobenzenes studied in this work was subject to base catalysis under some of the experimental conditions employed in our competitive experiments. 相似文献
4.
Nicholas J Lawrence John Liddle Simon M Bushell David A Jackson 《The Journal of organic chemistry》2002,67(2):457-464
The intermediate anion derived from the vicarious nucleophilic substitution (VNS) of hydrogen reacts with a series of alkyl halides to generate the corresponding alpha-alkylated conventional VNS product in a one-pot process. This one-pot VNS-alkylation reaction offers a convenient route to a range alpha-substituted nitrobenzyl phosphine oxides, sulfones, and esters via a three-component coupling reaction. Reactions of alpha-chloroethyl phenyl sulfone (14) and ethyl 2-chloropropionate (16) with nitrobenzene followed by subsequent addition of an alkylating agent give a series of sulfones and esters bearing an alpha-aryl quaternary center. The VNS-alkylation protocol has been applied to the synthesis of derivatives of Indoprofen from nitrobenzene using readily available inexpensive starting materials. Indoprofen itself was prepared using the conventional VNS reaction in four steps and 24% overall yield from nitrobenzene. 相似文献
5.
6.
Anna Katrusiak 《Tetrahedron letters》2006,47(25):4259-4261
Azolopyridazines, when treated with bromomethyl phenylsulfone in DMSO-t-BuOK at room temperature, yield mainly typical VNS reaction products, while 7-methylazolopyridazines under the same conditions undergo annulation with simultaneous conventional ipso nucleophilic substitution of the chlorine at C6. Consequently, methyl substitution offers a convenient means of controlling the course of VNS carbanion substitution. These competitive reactions illustrate the role of charge distribution and steric hindrance for the course of the nucleophilic substitution, and the methylated azolopyridazines appear to be convenient substrates for highly efficient propose annulation in fused azolopyridazine systems. 相似文献
7.
Mieczyslaw Mαjkosza Witold Danikiewicz Krzysztof Wojciechowski 《Phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon and the related elements》2013,188(1-4):457-475
Abstract Carbanions stabilized with sulfur containing substituents are versatile intermedi-ates in organic synthesis. The great value and importance of such carbanions is connected with specific properties of the sulfur atom which is capable to exist in a variety of valent states and to form many functional groups. These various sulfur-containing groups exert different carbanion stabilizing effects and can also serve as leaving groups in nucleophilic substitution or elimination reactions. Taking into account numerous types of sulfur containing functional groups and a variety of reactions they can promote, it is well understandable that reactions of sulfur-containing carbanions have been thoroughly studied and widely exploited in organic synthesis. The reactions of such carbanions with aliphatic electrophilic partners: alkylating agents, carbonyl compounds and Michael acceptors consist a major section of this field and were subject of numerous studies as well as many monographs.1 Contrary to that, not very much was known about reactions of such carbanions with electrophilic aromatic compounds. Actually, there are only few reports on nitroarylation of sulfur-containing carbanions via replacement of halogen orfho- or para- to the nitro group in halonitrocornpounds.2 There are also some reports on the alkylation of nitroarenes and heterocyclic compounds in the reaction with sulfonium3 and sulfoxonium4 ylides, dimethylsulfoxide carbanion,5 and dialkyl or alkyl aryl sulfones carbanions.6 相似文献
8.
评述了硝基芳烃直接氨化的几种新方法,主要是芳香亲核氢取代(NASH)反应,Vicarious亲核氢取代(VNS)反应以及由羟氨或烷氧基氨引起的直接氨化反应等。对每种反应的机理(或模式)也作了介绍。 相似文献
9.
Florio S Lorusso P Granito C Luisi R Troisi L 《The Journal of organic chemistry》2004,69(15):4961-4965
The vicarious nucleophilic substitution reaction of dichloromethyloxazoline 2 with nitrobenzene has been investigated. Treatment of 2 with t-BuOK followed by the addition of nitrobenzene leads to benzylic carbanions 4 or 9 depending upon the solvent used (DMSO, DMF, or THF). Subsequent treatment of 4 or 9 with aldehydes, in a Darzens-like reaction, furnishes very good yields of nitrophenyl oxazolinyloxiranes 8 and 11. 1,2-Dioxazolinyl-1,2-dinitrophenylethene 7 forms quantitatively when carbanion 4 is allowed to warm to room temperature in the absence of external electrophiles. 相似文献
10.
The relative rates of addition of difluorocarbene to a series of methyl-substituted olefins have been determined and correlated with similar data for dichlorocarbene, chlorofluorocarbene and ground-state oxygen atoms. The electrophilic nature and stabilization of difluorocarbene by the fluorine substituents is discussed. Relative activation energies for the difluorocyclopropane-forming reaction have been estimated and correlated with properties of the olefins as derived from molecular orbital theory. 相似文献
11.
Damian Antoniak Bartosz Pałuba Tymoteusz Basak Dr. Kacper Błaziak Dr. Michał Barbasiewicz 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2022,28(46):e202201153
Alkylation of nitroarenes via Vicarious Nucleophilic Substitution (VNS) was tested experimentally and modelled with DFT calculations. Mechanistic studies reveal intrinsic differences between reactions of archetypal carbanion precursor PhSO2CH2Cl, and alkyl phenyl sulfones, in which benzenesulfinate acts as a leaving group. Accordingly, for the latter precursors steric hindrance develops at the β-elimination step, that raises energy barrier and results in the formation of byproducts. 相似文献
12.
Chi Liu Dr. Chuanle Zhu Yingying Cai Zhiyi Yang Hao Zeng Fulin Chen Prof. Dr. Huanfeng Jiang 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2020,26(9):1953-1957
A novel strategy for 1,2-dihalogenation of alkenes is reported that occurs through a sequential nucleophilic halide addition and electrophilic halogenation. By trapping the in situ generated unstable α-trifluoromethyl carbanion intermediates derived from the nucleophilic fluoride addition to electron-poor gem-difluoroalkenes, this fluorohalogenation of gem-difluoroalkenes with electrophilic haloalkynes affords various useful α-trifluoromethyl halides in high yields. A pesticidal active compound and various attractive trifluromethylated molecules could be smoothly synthesized from these obtained α-trifluoromethyl halides. 相似文献
13.
《化学:亚洲杂志》2017,12(7):734-743
A transition‐metal (TM)‐free and halogen‐free NaOt Bu‐mediated oxidative cross‐coupling between the sp3 C−H bond of oxindoles and sp2 C−H bond of nitroarenes has been developed to access 3‐aryl substituted and 3,3‐aryldisubstituted oxindoles in DMSO at room temperature in a short time. Interestingly, the sp3 C−H bond of oxindoles could also react with styrene under TM‐free conditions for the practical synthesis of quaternary 3,3‐disubstituted oxindoles. The synthesized 3‐oxindoles have also been further transformed into advanced heterocycles, that is, benzofuroindoles, indoloindoles, and substituted indoles. Mechanistic experiments of the reaction suggests the formation of an anion intermediate from the sp3 C−H bond of oxindole by tert ‐butoxide base in DMSO. The addition of nitrobenzene to the in‐situ generated carbanion leads to the 3‐(nitrophenyl)oxindolyl carbanion in DMSO which is subsequently oxidized to 3‐(nitro‐aryl) oxindole by DMSO. 相似文献
14.
《Tetrahedron》1986,42(17):4889-4896
Vinyl selenoxides and vinyl selenones present a different reactivity towards thiolate or alkoxide anions in DMF. In the case of selenoxides the addition of the nucleophiles regioselectively occurs at the α-carbon leading to the formation of the vinylic substitution products with complete retention of configuration. These reactions occur under very mild conditions indicating that the seleninyl group markedly enhances nucleophilic vinylic substitution rates. The results obtained with vinyl selenones are consistent with competitive nucleophilic attack at the α- and at the β-carbon. The former yields irreversibly the vinylic substitution products, whereas attack at the β-carbon leads to the reversible formation of selenonyl stabilized carbanions. The fate of these intermediates depends upon the nucleophilic reagent employed. With thiolate anions the vinyl selenones are rapidly subtracted from the equilibrium and the carbanion does not give any other product. With methoxide anions, on the contrary, the vinylic substitution is a slow process and the carbanion can give rise to conjugate addition products also. Malonate anions react only at the β-carbon of vinyl selenones and the resulting carbanions suffer proton transfer and intramolecular displacement of the selenonyl group to afford cyclopropane derivatives. 相似文献
15.
Vicarious nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen atoms in nitroarenes with chloromethylphenyl sulfone proceeds selectively ortho to the nitro group when carried out in t-BuOK/THF base/solvent system. In the majority of 3-substituted nitrobenzene derivatives substitution occurs at the most hindered position 2. These conditions offer an efficient method of synthesis of 2,6 and 2,3-disubstituted nitrobenzene derivatives. 相似文献
16.
We investigated the Diels-Alder reactions of maleic anhydrides embedded in a dibenzobicyclo[2.2.2]octatriene motif as a nonsterically biased dienophile. Substituents on a benzene ring in these dienophiles are far from the reaction center, providing a sterically equivalent pi-face. Instead substituents can unsymmetrize the dienophilic pi face through pi (anhydride)-pi (aromatic) orbital interactions. Electron-withdrawing substituents affect the facial bias and relative rates of these cycloadditions. The preference of the cycloadditions is opposite in direction to those observed in nucleophilic additions of 2-substituted-9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracen-11-ones (dibenzobicyclo[2.2.2]octadienones) and in electrophilic additions of 2-substituted 9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethenoanthracenes (dibenzobicyclo[2.2.2]octatrienes), though all of them have related dibenzobicyclic systems. 相似文献
17.
A novel, three-step method of trifluoromethylation of azines via oxidative nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen in the heteroaromatic ring by a CF3- carbanion is presented. The key reaction of this process is the addition of the CF3- carbanion, generated by treatment of Me3SiCF3 with KF(s) and Ph3SnF catalyst, to N-alkylazinium salts. The resulting dihydroazines containing a trifluoromethyl group are relatively stable compounds and can be isolated in a pure form. Deprotection of the N-p-methoxybenzyl substituent and aromatization of the heterocyclic ring upon treatment with CAN provides azines with a CF3 group in the ring position originally occupied by hydrogen. The whole process can be thus considered as a nucleophilic oxidative displacement of hydrogen by a CF3- carbanion. 相似文献
18.
Ralph R. Robinson Kathleen M. Donahue Paul S. Son Steven D. Wagy 《Journal of heterocyclic chemistry》1996,33(2):287-293
The preparation of a set of eight azaoxindoles bearing substituents on the aromatic nucleus is outlined. These compounds were required for the preparation of aza-analogs of the anti-inflammatory oxindole tenidap. Two methods of synthesis were used, the first involving the addition of malonate to 2-chloro-3-nitropyridine derivatives followed by nitro group reduction and one-pot cyclization/hydrolysis/decarboxylation. The second method, utilizing the vicarious nucleophilic substitution (VNS) reaction of nitropyridine derivatives (followed by nitro group reduction and one-pot cyclization/hydrolysis), constitutes a novel route to azaoxindoles. 相似文献
19.
Azines and Azoloazines,Part 1: Reactions of Triazolo[3,4‐a]phthalazine and Its Derivatives with Carbanions
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Wiktoria Zinczenko Marek K. Bernard Irena Okulicz‐Kozaryn Przemyslaw Mikolajczak 《Journal of heterocyclic chemistry》2014,51(6):1582-1590
Triazolo[3,4‐a]phthalazine as well as their chloro and nitro derivatives were subjected to the reactions with the carbanions typical for the vicarious nucleophilic substitution (VNS) of hydrogen. The reactions were strongly dependent on the substituents present on the triazolo[3,4‐a]phthalazine ring and resulted not only in the substitution of hydrogen but also in exchange of chlorine atom and pyridazine ring scission; the latter process dominated for the unsubstituted triazolophthalazine. Two of the products showed promising stimulating activity towards the central nervous system with no significant toxic effects. 相似文献
20.
Herbert Mayr 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》1990,29(12):1371-1384
The addition of carbenium ions to CC double bonds, a key step in many syntheses in organic and macromolecular chemistry, is analyzed using the Lewis acid promoted reactions of alkyl chlorides with alkenes as an example. Stereochemical and kinetic experiments suggest that the transition state is slightly bridged and product-like. Rearrangements of the carbenium ions that result from the electrophilic attack can be minimized by adding salts with nucleophilic counter ions. The thermodynamics of the addition reactions are analyzed, and the conditions necessary in order to observe the back reaction (i.e. the Grob fragmentation) are discussed. Multiparameter equations that predict rate constants are derived from kinetic studies on the reactivities of carbenium ions and alkenes. Reactivity-selectivity relationships over a reactivity range that covers eight orders of magnitude show that the structure of the transition state is only changed by variation of substituents in the immediate vicinity of the reaction center. 相似文献