Mo-V-Te-Nb-O催化剂上丙烷选择氧化制丙烯酸Ⅰ.催化剂的制备条件及稳定性

 研究了催化剂的制备条件(焙烧方式、焙烧气氛和焙烧温度)对Mo-V-Te-Nb-O上丙烷选择氧化制丙烯酸反应的影响. 结果表明,制备条件对催化剂的催化性能具有很大的影响. 与敞开式焙烧制得的催化剂相比,封闭式焙烧制得的催化剂具有较高的丙烯酸选择性,但丙烷转化率较低. 在空气中焙烧制得的催化剂对丙烯酸无选择性,但在氮气和氩气中焙烧制得的催化剂具有很高的丙烷转化率和丙烯酸选择性. 随着焙烧温度的升高,丙烷转化率降低,丙烯酸选择性升高,适宜的焙烧温度为600 ℃. 催化剂制备条件对催化剂的晶相结构也具有重要的影响. 在惰性气氛中采用600 ℃下封闭式焙烧制得的Mo-V-Te-Nb-O催化剂经210 h反应后,丙烷转化率保持为19%,而丙烯酸选择性持续升高,由32%升至50%.     

掺杂Nb、B等元素对MoVTe催化剂一步催化氧化丙烯制丙烯酸的影响

采用共沉淀法制备MoVTe复合氧化物系列催化剂,研究其一步氧化丙烯制备丙烯酸的催化性能,并采用XRD、ICP、EDS、H2-TPR、NH3-TPD对催化剂的结构、表面进行表征.结果表明,加入适量的Nb显著提高MoVTe复合氧化物对丙烯酸的选择性,可从34.1%提高至83.5%;同时丙烯酸的收率从24.7%提高到48.8%.适量Nb存在可以稳定催化剂表面Te元素,从而提高了丙烯酸的选择性;B、Fe、Ce、W元素掺杂对催化剂催化性能产生不同的影响,B掺杂提高了催化剂的催化性能,加入酸性元素硼可增加MoVTeNb复合氧化物催化剂表面丙烯活化位点(Te4+=O·Te3+─O·)的数目,使得丙烯转化率和丙烯酸收率显著提高,分别高达89.8%和64.8%.     

KF改性负载铜催化剂在Heck反应上的应用

KF水溶液浸渍MgO或ZnO载体为改性载体制备了负载铜催化剂,以卤苯与丙烯酸正丁酯的反应为模型,考察了对Heck反应的催化性能。结果表明,对碘苯与丙烯酸正丁酯的Heck反应的催化性能,未改性催化剂基本没有活性,而改性后,10%Cu/5%KF/ZnO、20%Cu/10%KF/ZnO催化剂的催化转化率为100%和反式异构体的选择性为98%以上。改性催化剂10%Cu/5%KF/ZnO对于对-硝基溴苯与丙烯酸正丁酯的Heck反应的转化率为34.3%。该催化剂重复使用4次仍有较高催化活性,如20%Cu/10%KF/ZnO为65.4%。催化剂的XRD分析表明,改性剂的加入可提高催化剂表面CuO的含量而提高催化性能。     

钒-铜复合氧化物催化碳酸二甲酯和苯酚酯交换合成碳酸二苯酯

采用共沉淀法制备了一种用于碳酸二甲酯与苯酚酯交换合成碳酸二苯酯的新型钒-铜复合氧化物催化剂.考察了V/Cu配比对催化剂性能的影响以及催化剂的重复使用效果,并用X射线衍射对催化剂的结构进行了表征.结果发现,在焙烧温度为550℃,V∶Cu摩尔比为4∶1条件下制得催化剂的活性最高,该催化剂上苯酚的转化率为37.0%,甲基苯基碳酸酯及碳酸二苯酯的总选择性为96.8%.由X射线衍射表征结果可知,该催化剂的物相组成为V2O5和CuV2O6.催化剂使用三次后苯酚转化率从37.0%降至23.7%,多次重复使用后的催化剂在空气气氛中焙烧即可再生,再生催化剂的催化性能几乎和新鲜催化剂相当,其苯酚转化率达到36.2%.     

Mo-V-Te-Nb-O催化剂上丙烷选择氧化制丙烯酸 I．催化剂的制备条件及稳定性

研究了催化剂的制备条件(焙烧方式、焙烧气氛和焙烧温度)对Mo-V-Te-Nb-O上丙烷选择氧化制丙烯酸反应的影响．结果表明，制备条件对催化剂的催化性能具有很大的影响．与敞开式焙烧制得的催化剂相比，封闭式焙烧制得的催化剂具有较高的丙烯酸选择性，但丙烷转化率较低．在空气中焙烧制得的催化剂对丙烯酸无选择性，但在氮气和氩气中焙烧制得的催化剂具有很高的丙烷转化率和丙烯酸选择性．随着焙烧温度的升高，丙烷转化率降低，丙烯酸选择性升高，适宜的焙烧温度为600℃．催化剂制备条件对催化剂的晶相结构也具有重要的影响．在惰性气氛中采用600℃下封闭式焙烧制得的Mo-V-Te-Nb-O催化剂经210h反应后，丙烷转化率保持为19％，而丙烯酸选择性持续升高，由32％升至50％．     

制备条件对异丁烯选择性氧化催化剂性能的影响

通过正交实验设计，改变钼酸铵溶液的质量分数、pH值和催化剂焙烧温度，利用共沉淀法制备了一系列Mo-Bi-Co-Fe-Ce-Cs-K复合氧化物催化剂。借助于BET、TG-DSC、XRD等分析方法对催化剂的物理化学性质进行了表征。在常压连续流动固定床反应器中，系统地考察了上述三种制备条件对复合氧化物催化剂催化异丁烯选择性氧化生成甲基丙烯醛反应性能的影响。结果表明，大比表面积的催化剂具有较高的活性，而平均孔径小的催化剂选择性较差。 催化剂的最佳制备条件为： 钼酸铵溶液的质量分数10%、 pH值2～3、 焙烧温度500 ℃。在异丁烯∶空气=6∶94（体积比）、GHSV=3 600 h－1和360 ℃条件下，异丁烯转化率87.2％，甲基丙烯醛选择性72.0％，甲基丙烯醛收率62.7％。     

自制Ti/W-MCM-41介孔分子筛催化制备乳酸戊酯

采用自制的介孔分子筛Ti/W-MCM-41催化乳酸与正戊醇的酯化反应,合成了乳酸正戊酯;利用红外光谱仪分析了催化剂的化学特征,考察了分子筛的WO3质量分数、催化剂用量、醇酸物质的量比、反应时间、催化剂重复使用性能等因素对目标产物酯化率的影响.结果表明,在nSi∶nTi=30∶1,WO3质量分数10%,550℃下焙烧6h条件下制得的催化剂具有良好的催化性能;其催化合成乳酸正戊酯适宜的反应条件为:0.2mol乳酸,催化剂用量0.5g,n(正戊醇)∶n(乳酸)=1.6∶1,反应时间100min,酯化率可达94.4%.该催化剂使用7次酯化率仍可达86.6%.     

尿素燃烧法制备CuO-ZnO/HZSM-5及其催化CO_2加氢合成二甲醚的性能

以尿素为燃烧剂,先采用燃烧法制备CuO-ZnO催化剂,接着采用研磨法将其与HZSM-5分子筛均匀混合形成CuO-ZnO/HZSM-5双功能催化剂.采用固定床反应器,在反应温度260℃、压力3.0 MPa、空速1 500 h-1条件下,考察了不同Cu/Zn(摩尔比)催化剂在CO_2加氢合成二甲醚反应中的催化性能.通过XRD、N_2等温吸附脱附、H2-TPR、NH3-TPD对催化剂进行表征,研究了不同Cu/Zn对催化剂结构及表面酸性的影响.结果表明:当Cu∶Z n=6∶4时,催化剂对CO_2催化加氢直接合成二甲醚反应的催化活性和选择性最佳,CO_2的转化率、DME的选择性分别为11.95%和28.74%,且在催化剂上具有更多的低温还原Cu和较强的酸中心,从而提高了CO_2加氢活性和二甲醚的选择性.     

负载钴催化剂的合成及其催化环己烷和甲苯选择氧化的研究

 采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了系列负载型钴催化剂,并将其用于催化环己烷和甲苯选择氧化制备环己醇、环己酮和苯甲酸的反应. 考察了不同钴含量、催化剂焙烧温度、反应温度、反应时间和压力对催化剂活性的影响. 结果表明,在3%Co/Al(OH)x-150上环己烷的转化率为15.1%,环己醇和环己酮的选择性为91.2%; 在V(乙酸)∶V(甲苯)＝1∶8的条件下,在1%Co/Al(OH)x-150上甲苯的转化率为48.9%,苯甲酸的选择性为96.1%. 采用AES,BET,XRD及XPS等技术对催化剂进行了表征.     

活性炭担载的铂催化剂在碱性条件下选择性氧化甘油制备乳酸（英文）

生物柴油是一种环境友好的燃料,随着其生产及应用的快速增长,其生产过程中重要的副产物甘油将会大量过剩.因此,将甘油转化为高附加值的化学品对于提高生物柴油整体竞争力具有重大意义.乳酸是重要的化工原料,可用于制备生物兼容和可降解的聚乳酸塑料,广泛应用于食品和医药等领域.近年来,由甘油制乳酸的研究受到格外关注,相对于水热反应和氢解反应等,催化选择氧化反应因温和的反应条件而更具竞争力.目前,甘油催化选择氧化制乳酸一般需加入较高比例的NaOH,而碱的类型对反应性能的影响鲜有报道.另外,催化剂常采用TiO_2和CeO_2等氧化物载体,而炭载体具有比表面积较大、在酸碱溶液中稳定及贵金属易于回收等优点,在催化领域有着广泛应用.因此,本文研究了活性炭(AC)担载的Pt催化剂在甘油催化选择氧化制乳酸反应中的催化性能.首先研究了Pt/AC催化剂和碱在甘油催化选择氧化制乳酸过程中的催化作用.实验发现,Pt/AC和碱协同作用才能得到乳酸.Pt/AC催化剂在甘油脱氢生成中间产物(甘油醛和二羟基丙酮)的过程中起主导作用,碱的存在能够促进甘油羟基脱氢;中间产物实验证实,中间产物生成乳酸过程中碱起主导作用,它促进甘油醛和二羟基丙酮脱水反应和坎尼扎罗重排反应获得乳酸.进一步研究发现,中间产物二羟基丙酮比甘油醛更有利于乳酸生成,而Pt/AC催化剂有利于中间产物氧化为甘油酸.进一步研究了不同类型的碱对反应性能的影响.结果表明,碱金属氢氧化物(LiOH,NaOH,KOH)比碱土金属氢氧化物(Ba(OH)_2)更有利于提高甘油转化率和乳酸选择性.在加入碱金属氢氧化物条件下,甘油转化率与其离子半径呈正相关,而乳酸选择性则呈相反趋势.在LiOH存在下,乳酸选择性明显高于NaOH和KOH条件.当LiOH:甘油摩尔比为1.5时,甘油转化率和乳酸选择性均最高.在较低的LiOH与甘油摩尔比时,随着反应的消耗,溶液中的OH–减少,其促进甘油脱氢的作用变弱,并且不利于中间产物进行坎尼扎罗反应,故反应活性和乳酸选择性较差;而当LiOH比例过高时,会导致溶解氧浓度迅速降低,从而使甘油转化率和乳酸选择性下降,同时副产物甘油酸的选择性有所提高.这可能是因为较高比例的碱会促进中间产物甘油醛生成,该中间产物在Pt/AC催化作用下发生进一步氧化反应生成甘油酸.研究了反应时间对催化性能的影响.结果表明,反应6 h后,甘油已经完全转化,乳酸选择性最高,达到69.3%;进一步延长反应时间,乳酸选择性有所下降,而副产物乙酸选择性略有增加,这可能是部分乳酸分解所致.Pt/AC催化剂经5次循环使用后仍保持了较高的甘油转化率和乳酸选择性     

乙醛低温绿色合成:焦磷酸锆催化乳酸脱羰反应

以生物基乳酸为原料,焦磷酸锆为催化剂,通过脱羰反应制备乙醛。探讨了模板剂、焙烧温度对催化剂的织构、表面酸碱性以及催化活性的影响规律。以此为基础,进一步揭示了催化剂的表面性质与脱羰反应活性之间的构效关系,发现乳酸脱羰反应由催化剂表面的酸碱位协同催化。和文献报道的相关催化剂比较,该催化剂拥有良好的低温催化活性。此外,在较高液空速、低催化剂用量以及控制低乳酸转化率(40%)下,催化剂连续运行50 h左右后,乳酸转化率及乙醛选择性没有明显变化,表明该催化剂拥有良好的稳定性能。通过反应尾气分析,证实了乙醛的合成主要是通过乳酸脱羰反应途径实现。     

Hydrogenation of lactic acid to propylene glycol over copper-containing catalysts

Catalytic properties of different copper-containing catalysts synthesized from different precursors were studied in the hydrogenation of lactic acid at mild conditions. The most active catalyst was found to be chrysocolla-like copper hydroxysilicate with the copper loading of about 50 at%. At the optimal reaction conditions (T = 473 K, WHSV = 0.08 h⁻¹), 95% conversion of lactic acid over this catalyst and 65% selectivity to 1,2-propylene glycol were achieved. The effect of the weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) on the lactic acid conversion and selectivity to propylene glycol was studied. It is found that the formation of propylene glycol and propanoic acid as a byproduct proceeds via parallel pathways.     

Selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid over mixed metal oxide catalysts

The effects of metal atomic ratio, water content, oxygen content, and calcination temperature on the catalytic performances of MoVTeNbO mixed oxide catalyst system for the selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid have been investigated and discussed. Among the catalysts studied, it was found that the MoVTeNbO catalyst calcined at a temperature of 600 ℃ showed the best performance in terms of propane conversion and selectivity for acrylic acid under an atmosphere of nitrogen. An effective MoVTeNbO oxide catalyst for propane selective oxidation to acrylic acid was obtained with a combination of a preferred metal atomic ratio （Mo1V0.31Te0.23Nb0.12）. The optimum reaction condition for the selective oxidation of propane was the molar ratio of C3H8 ：O2 ： H2O ： N2 = 4.4： 12.8 ： 15.3 ： 36.9. Under such conditions, the conversion of propane and the maximum yield of acrylic acid reached about 50% and 21%, respectively.     

Selective Oxidation of Propane by Lattice Oxygen of Vanadium-Phosphorous Oxide in a Pulse Reactor

Selective oxidation of propane by lattice oxygen of vanadium-phosphorus oxide (VPO) catalysts was investigated with a pulse reactor in which the oxidation of propane and the re-oxidation of catalyst were implemented alternately in the presence of water vapor. The principal products are acrylic acid (AA),acetic acid (HAc), and carbon oxides. In addition, small amounts of C1 and C2 hydrocarbons were also found, molar ratio of AA to HAc is 1.4-2.2. The active oxygen species are those adsorbed on catalyst surface firmly and/or bound to catalyst lattice, i.e. lattice oxygen; the selective oxidation of propane on VPO catalysts can be carried out in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) riser reactor. For propane oxidation over VPO catalysts, the effects of reaction temperature in a pulse reactor were found almost the same as in a steady-state flow reactor. That is, as the reaction temperature increases, propane conversion and the amount of C1 C2 hydrocarbons in the product increase steadily, while selectivity to acrylic acid and to acetic acid increase prior to 350℃ then begin to drop at temperatures higher than 350℃, and yields of acrylic acid and of acetic acid attained maximum at about 400℃. The maximum yields of acrylic acid and of acetic acid for a single-pass are 7.50% and 4.59% respectively, with 38.2% propane conversion. When theamount of propane pulsed decreases or the amount of catalyst loaded increases, the conversion increases but the selectivity decreases. Increasing the flow rate of carrier gases causes the conversion pass through a minimum but selectivity and yields pass through a maximum. In a fixed bed reactor, it is hard to obtainhigh selectivity at a high reaction conversion due to the further degradation of acrylic acid and acetic acid even though propane was oxidized by the lattice oxygen. The catalytic performance can be improved inthe presence of excess propane. Propylene can be oxidized by lattice oxygen of VPO catalyst at 250℃, nevertheless, selectivity to AA and to HAc are even lower, much more acetic acid was produced (molar ratio of AA to HAc is 0.19:1-0.83:1) though the oxidation products are the same as from propane.     

Oxidation of propane to acrylic acid and acetic acid over alkaline earth-doped Mo-V-Sb-Ox catalysts

Alkaline earth metal (Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba)-doped Mo-V-Sb-Ox catalysts, prepared by a dry-up method, have been investigated for their catalytic performance in the oxidation of propane under different reaction conditions. The catalysts have been characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption, temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of NH3, SEM and XRD. Influence of water vapor on the catalytic performance, particularly on the selectivities to acetic acid and acrylic acid, has also been studied. The selectivity to acrylic acid was improved significantly by the doping of alkaline earth metals to Mo-V-Sb-Ox catalysts. The surface acidic sites of the catalyst decreased with the doping of the catalyst with alkaline earth metals, which ultimately was found to be beneficial for obtaining high selectivity to acrylic acid. The catalytic activity and product selectivities were found to be influenced by the reaction temperature, C3H8/O2 ratio and space velocity. A significant improvement in the selectivity to acrylic acid has also been observed by the addition of water vapor in the feed of propane and oxygen in the oxidation of propane.     

活性炭担载的铂催化剂在碱性条件下选择性氧化甘油制备乳酸

生物柴油是一种环境友好的燃料,随着其生产及应用的快速增长,其生产过程中重要的副产物甘油将会大量过剩.因此,将甘油转化为高附加值的化学品对于提高生物柴油整体竞争力具有重大意义.乳酸是重要的化工原料,可用于制备生物兼容和可降解的聚乳酸塑料,广泛应用于食品和医药等领域.近年来,由甘油制乳酸的研究受到格外关注,相对于水热反应和氢解反应等,催化选择氧化反应因温和的反应条件而更具竞争力.
　　目前,甘油催化选择氧化制乳酸一般需加入较高比例的NaOH,而碱的类型对反应性能的影响鲜有报道.另外,催化剂常采用TiO2和CeO2等氧化物载体,而炭载体具有比表面积较大、在酸碱溶液中稳定及贵金属易于回收等优点,在催化领域有着广泛应用.因此,本文研究了活性炭(AC)担载的Pt催化剂在甘油催化选择氧化制乳酸反应中的催化性能.
　　首先研究了Pt/AC催化剂和碱在甘油催化选择氧化制乳酸过程中的催化作用.实验发现, Pt/AC和碱协同作用才能得到乳酸. Pt/AC催化剂在甘油脱氢生成中间产物(甘油醛和二羟基丙酮)的过程中起主导作用,碱的存在能够促进甘油羟基脱氢;中间产物实验证实,中间产物生成乳酸过程中碱起主导作用,它促进甘油醛和二羟基丙酮脱水反应和坎尼扎罗重排反应获得乳酸.进一步研究发现,中间产物二羟基丙酮比甘油醛更有利于乳酸生成,而Pt/AC催化剂有利于中间产物氧化为甘油酸.
　　进一步研究了不同类型的碱对反应性能的影响.结果表明,碱金属氢氧化物(LiOH, NaOH, KOH)比碱土金属氢氧化物(Ba(OH)2)更有利于提高甘油转化率和乳酸选择性.在加入碱金属氢氧化物条件下,甘油转化率与其离子半径呈正相关,而乳酸选择性则呈相反趋势.在LiOH存在下,乳酸选择性明显高于NaOH和KOH条件.当LiOH：甘油摩尔比为1.5时,甘油转化率和乳酸选择性均最高.在较低的LiOH与甘油摩尔比时,随着反应的消耗,溶液中的OH–减少,其促进甘油脱氢的作用变弱,并且不利于中间产物进行坎尼扎罗反应,故反应活性和乳酸选择性较差;而当LiOH比例过高时,会导致溶解氧浓度迅速降低,从而使甘油转化率和乳酸选择性下降,同时副产物甘油酸的选择性有所提高.这可能是因为较高比例的碱会促进中间产物甘油醛生成,该中间产物在Pt/AC催化作用下发生进一步氧化反应生成甘油酸.
　　研究了反应时间对催化性能的影响.结果表明,反应6 h后,甘油已经完全转化,乳酸选择性最高,达到69.3%;进一步延长反应时间,乳酸选择性有所下降,而副产物乙酸选择性略有增加,这可能是部分乳酸分解所致. Pt/AC催化剂经5次循环使用后仍保持了较高的甘油转化率和乳酸选择性.     

Oxidation of propane to acrylic acid and acetic acid over alkaline earth-doped Mo-V-Sb-O_x catalysts

Alkaline earth metal (Mg,Ca,Sr and Ba)-doped Mo-V-Sb-O x catalysts,prepared by a dry-up method,have been investigated for their catalytic performance in the oxidation of propane under different reaction conditions.The catalysts have been characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption,temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of NH3,SEM and XRD.Influence of water vapor on the catalytic performance,particularly on the selectivities to acetic acid and acrylic acid,has also been studied.The selectivity to acrylic acid was improved significantly by the doping of alkaline earth metals to Mo-V-Sb-O x catalysts.The surface acidic sites of the catalyst decreased with the doping of the catalyst with alkaline earth metals,which ultimately was found to be beneficial for obtaining high selectivity to acrylic acid.The catalytic activity and product selectivities were found to be influenced by the reaction temperature,C3H8/O2 ratio and space velocity.A significant improvement in the selectivity to acrylic acid has also been observed by the addition of water vapor in the feed of propane and oxygen in the oxidation of propane.     

Mechanosynthesis and mechanochemical treatment of bismuthdoped vanadium phosphorus oxide catalysts for the partial oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride

Three Bi-doped vanadyl pyrophosphate catalysts were prepared via dihydrate route （VPD method）, which consisted of different preparation methods including mechanosynthesis, mechanochemical treatment, and the conventional reflux method. The catalysts produced by the above three methods were characterized by x-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and temperature programmed reduction （TPR）. Catalytic evaluation for the partial oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride （MA） was also carried out. The XRD patterns of all the Bi-doped catalysts showed the main peaks of pyrophosphate phase. Lower intensity peaks were observed for the mechanochemically treated Bi-doped catalyst （VPDBiMill） with two additional small peaks corresponding to the presence of a small amount of V5＋ phase. The TPR profiles showed that the highest amount of active oxygen species, i.e, V4＋–O- pair, responsible for n-butane activation, was removed from VPDBiMill. Furthermore, from the catalytic test results, the graph of selectivity to MA as a function of the conversion of n-butane demonstrated that VPDBiMill was the most selective catalyst. This suggests that the mechanochemical treatment of vanadium phosphate catalyst （VPDBiMill） is a potential method to improve the catalytic properties for the partial oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备负载磷钼杂多酸铵催化苯硝化反应

以正硅酸乙酯为硅源,利用溶胶-凝胶法制备负载磷钼杂多酸铵催化剂（AMPA/SiO2）,采用X射线衍射和红外光谱测试技术对催化剂进行了表征,并初步评价了催化剂苯硝化反应催化性能。结果表明,溶胶-凝胶法制备的AMPA/SiO2保持了磷钼酸铵（AMPA）杂多酸盐的Keggin结构。AMPA以及AMPA/SiO2催化剂均表现出较强的苯硝化反应催化活性和100 ％的一硝基苯选择性,苯最高转化率为96 ％。反应后负载催化剂活性组分有所损失,但催化剂整体物相和结构没有发生明显变化。     

不同Ｎａ／Ｐ比磷酸钠盐催化剂对乳酸转化反应的影响

将NaH2PO4与不同比例的Na2CO3或H3PO4混合,通过浸渍法负载在硅胶上,经过焙烧,制备了Na/P比不同的磷酸钠盐催化剂.利用所制备的催化剂考察了乳酸生成丙烯酸的脱水反应.运用XRD、Raman以及31PNMR等手段对所制备的催化剂结构进行了表征,并使用NH3-TPD对磷酸钠盐催化剂的酸强度和酸性位密度进行了测量.结合催化剂的结构表征结果,对磷酸钠盐的表面酸性进行了探讨.基于磷酸钠催化剂的结构和酸性,讨论了它们的催化性能.