CO在α-U(001)表面的吸附

采用密度泛函理论中的广义梯度近似,计算了CO在α-U(001)表面的吸附、解离和扩散.结果表明:CO分子以CU3OU2构型化学吸附在α-U(001)表面,吸附能为1.78-1.99eV;吸附后表层U原子向上迁移,伴随着褶皱的产生;CO分子与表面U原子的相互作用主要是U原子的电子向CO分子最低空轨道2π*转移,以及CO2π*/5σ/1π-U6d轨道间杂化而生成新的化学键;CO解离吸附较分子吸附在能量上更为有利,h1(C)+h2(O)和h1(C)+h1(O)(h:空位)解离态吸附能分别为2.71和3.08eV;近邻三重穴位之间C、O原子的扩散能垒分别为0.57和0.14eV,预示O原子较C原子更易在U(001)表面扩散迁移.     

Cl2和O2在TiC(100)表面共吸附行为的密度泛函理论分析

基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理从头计算方法,建立了Cl₂和O₂在TiC(100)表面的共吸附模型.通过分析吸附能、电荷密度和偏态密度(PDOS)等参数,研究了Cl₂和O₂在TiC(100)表面的反应机理,发现解离后的Cl原子和O原子与TiC(100)表面的原子均成键,从而破坏了Ti—C键.Cl₂分子在吸附过程中充当电子的受体,得到与之成键的Ti原子贡献的电子,O₂分子在吸附过程中也充当电子的受体,得到C原子贡献的电子.TiC(100)表面在吸附分子后,Ti—C成键轨道上电子占据数变少,反键轨道上电子占据数增多,Ti原子与C原子之间的成键作用减弱.同时,Ti3d与Cl3s,Cl3p发生轨道重叠杂化作用,O2p轨道和C2p轨道存在较强的共振峰,Cl原子和O原子与TiC表面相互作用强烈.     

CO在δ-Pu(111)面吸附行为的周期性密度泛函理论研究

利用量子化学中的密度泛函理论结合周期模型方法研究了CO分子在δ-Pu(111)面的吸附行为.通过对不同吸附位置的吸附能和平衡几何结构比较发现,CO分子在δ-Pu(111)面的吸附C端吸附比O端吸附更有利,属于较强的化学作用,最稳定的吸附方式为心式垂直吸附,桥式次之,顶式最不稳定.心式垂直吸附的吸附能为-1.236 eV,C原子吸附位距离Pu表面0.212 2 nm,C-O键长0.120 8 nm.CO与Pu配位数目是决定化学吸附的主要因素,配位的Pu原子数目越多,化学成键越稳定.Mulliken电荷分析表明CO和Pu表面的作用主要发生在第一层,另外两层几乎没有影响.     

Ni(111)表面Pt原子对噻吩吸附影响的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论方法,运用平板模型对噻吩分子在PtNi2/Ni(111)表面的水平吸附进行了结构优化和能量计算.结果表明:bridge-hollow-1位的吸附最稳定,但是bridge位吸附对噻吩的影响最大.噻吩吸附在表面上时,S原子向上翘起,C原子与表面Ni原子的作用比与Pt原子紧密,表面原子与噻吩的匹配程度决定了吸附的强度和吸附后S—C键和C—C键的活泼性.噻吩以bridge-hollow-1和bridge位吸附时分子与表面之间的电子给予与反馈最多,分子最活泼,而且除了C(1)—S键以外,环上C(1)—C(2)键活化程度也较好,而bridgehollow-2位吸附后噻吩分子中C(2)—C(2)键比较容易发生断裂.     

噻吩在Ni(111)表面吸附的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论方法,运用平板模型对噻吩分子在Ni(111)表面的水平吸附进行了结构优化和能量计算.结果表明,hcpA位的吸附最稳定,以bridgeB吸附最不稳定;噻吩吸附在表面上时,S原子向上翘起,4个C原子与边面Ni原子的作用更紧密,表面原子与噻吩的匹配程度决定了吸附的强度和吸附后S—C键的活泼性;噻吩以bridgeA吸附时分子与表面之间的电子给予与反馈最多,分子最活泼,而hcpA位吸附后噻吩分子轨道上电子的能量变稳定,分子并不活泼.     

一氧化碳分子在Pt/t-ZrO2(101)表面的吸附性质

运用广义梯度密度泛函理论(GGA-PW91)结合周期平板模型方法,研究了CO分子在完整与Pt负载的四方ZrO2(101)表面的吸附行为.结果表明:表面第二层第二氧位和表面第二桥位分别为CO分子和Pt原子在完整ZrO2(101)表面的稳定吸附位,且覆盖度为0.25ML(monolayer)时均为稳定吸附构型,吸附能分别为56.2和352.7kJ·mol-1.CO分子在负载表面的稳定吸附模式为C-end吸附,吸附能为323.8kJ·mol-1.考察了CO分子在负载表面吸附前后的振动频率、态密度和轨道电荷布居分析,并与CO分子和Pt原子在ZrO2表面的结果进行比较.结果表明,C端吸附CO分子键长为0.1161nm,与自由的和吸附在ZrO2表面后的CO相应值(0.1141和0.1136nm)相比伸长.吸附后C―O键伸缩振动频率为2018cm-1,与自由CO分子相比发生红移;吸附后CO带部分正电荷,电子转移以Pt5dCO2π的π反馈机理占主导地位.     

CO在SnO2(110)面吸附特性的密度泛函研究

根据密度泛函理论, 采用广义密度近似和总体能量平面波赝势方法, 以6层Slab周期结构为模型, 计算了CO以4种不同方式在SnO2(110)表面的吸附, 研究了CO吸附对表面特性的影响. 计算结果表明, CO以C端向下在低配位Sn5C位置的顶位吸附为稳定的吸附方式, 该吸附对表面的驰豫现象有所改善. CO吸附并未明显改变表面电子态密度分布, 但造成了费米能1.06 eV的升高. 吸附后CO分子向表面转移了0.07个电子, 使表面电阻下降. 理论计算的结果支持了气体传感器气敏机理中的表面电导模型.     

TiO2负载单金属镍（铂）催化剂在甲烷解离反应中抗积碳能力的理论研究

研究碳原子在TiO2(101)负载镍或铂原子上的吸附行为对于阐明积碳问题提供了一个热力学线索.广义梯度近似密度泛函理论的PBE计算结果表明,镍在TiO2表面最稳定构型的吸附能为347.16 kJ/mol,铂对应的最稳定构型的吸附能为315.9 kJ/mol,而且2种金属的最稳定构型均处于TiO2表面2个O2c原子之间的桥位.吸附金属原子后,TiO2的态密度图中各电子峰向低能量方向移动,体系趋于稳定.从态密度图可知,碳的p轨道与金属原子的d轨道发生叠加,说明碳原子与金属原子成键,从而使吸附后Ni或Pt与O原子之间的相互作用减弱.碳原子吸附在Ni/TiO2(101)和Pt/TiO2(101)表面的最佳吸附结构的吸附能分别为474.19和570.08 kJ/mol,说明TiO2负载铂催化剂在甲烷重整反应中抗积碳能力较强.     

乙炔和乙烯分子在Si(100)表面吸附的几何和电子结构的密度泛函研究

采用基于第一性原理的密度泛函理论和平板模型对Si(100)表面吸附乙炔和乙烯分子的构型稳定性以及电子结构进行系统研究. 结果表明: 无论是吸附乙炔还是乙烯分子, 当覆盖度为0.5 ML时, 最为稳定的吸附方式为dimerized模型; 当覆盖度增大到1.0 ML时, end-bridge模型为最稳定的吸附方式. 通过对各吸附模型的能带结构分析可知, 体系的带隙变化可以通过考察表层Si—Si二聚体中Si原子的配位环境来确定. 对于相同的吸附模型, 无论吸附分子是乙炔还是乙烯, 都具有非常相近的带隙. 吸附构型以及吸附分子的覆盖度对最小带隙及其来源有较大影响. 此外, 研究结果还表明, 杂化密度泛函方法更适合于描述Si(100)表面的电子结构, 尤其是对end-bridge吸附模型.     

H2分子在Li3N(100)表面吸附的第一性原理研究

采用第一性原理方法研究了H₂分子在两种Li₃N(100)晶面的表面吸附情况. 通过研究Li₃N(100)/H₂体系的吸附位置、吸附能和电子结构, 发现H₂分子在Li₃N(100)晶面主要是化学吸附, 但也可以发生物理吸附. 在表面终止原子为Li和N的Li₃N(100)表面, 吸附的最稳定结构中H₂分子被解离, 最终H原子分别趋于两个N原子的顶位, 形成两个NH基, 吸附能为5.157 eV, 属于强化学吸附|此时H₂分子与Li₃N(100)表面的相互作用主要源于H1s轨道与Li₃N表层N原子的2s, 2p轨道重叠杂化的贡献, 且N-H键为共价键. 在表面终止原子为Li的Li₃N(100)表面, 吸附的最稳定结构中H₂分子也被解离, H原子趋于穴位, 吸附能为2.464 eV, 也属于强化学吸附|此时Li和Ｈ之间为较强的离子键相互作用.     

Adsorption and reaction of CO and CO2 on oxidized and reduced SrTiO3(100) surfaces

The adsorption and reaction of CO and CO(2) on oxidized and reduced SrTiO(3)(100) surfaces have been studied with temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XPS results indicate that the oxidized SrTiO(3)(100) surfaces are nearly defect-free with predominantly Ti(4+) ions whereas the sputter-reduced surfaces contain substantial amounts of defects. Both CO and CO(2) are found to adsorb weakly on the oxidized SrTiO(3)(100) surfaces. On sputter-reduced surfaces, enhanced reactivity of CO and CO(2) is observed due to the presence of oxygen vacancy sites, which are responsible for dissociative adsorption of these molecules. Our studies indicate that the CO and CO(2) molecules exhibit relatively weaker interactions with SrTiO(3)(100) compared to those with TiO(2)(110) and TiO(2)(100) surfaces. This is most likely an influence of the Sr cations on the electronic structure of the Ti cations in the mixed oxide of SrTiO(3).     

Adsorption and reaction of methanol on stoichiometric and defective SrTiO3(100) surfaces

The adsorption and reaction of methanol (CH(3)OH) on stoichiometric (TiO(2)-terminated) and reduced SrTiO(3)(100) surfaces have been investigated using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and first-principles density-functional calculations. Methanol adsorbs mostly nondissociatively on the stoichiometric SrTiO(3)(100) surface that contains predominately Ti(4+) cations. Desorption of a monolayer methanol from the stoichiometric surface is observed at approximately 250 K, whereas desorption of a multilayer methanol is found to occur at approximately 140 K. Theoretical calculations predict weak adsorption of methanol on TiO(2)-terminated SrTiO(3)(100) surfaces, in agreement with the experimental results. However, the reduced SrTiO(3)(100) surface containing Ti(3+) cations exhibits higher reactivity toward adsorbed methanol, and H(2), CH(4), and CO are the major decomposition products. The surface defects on the reduced SrTiO(3)(100) surface are partially reoxidized upon saturation exposure of CH(3)OH onto this surface at 300 K.     

Density function theory study of CO adsorption on Fe3O4(111) surface

Density functional theory calculations have been carried out for CO adsorption on the Fe(oct2)- and Fe(tet1)-terminated Fe(3)O(4)(111) surfaces, which are considered as active catalysts in water-gas shift reaction. It is found that the on-top configurations are most stable on these two surfaces. Some bridge configurations are also stable in which the new C-O bond formed between the surface O atom and the C atom of CO. The adsorption on the Fe(oct2)-terminated surface is more stable than on the Fe(tet1)-terminated surface. The density of state reveals the binding mechanism of CO adsorption on the two surfaces. Our calculations have also shown that the absorbed CO can migrate from the on-top site to the bridge site or 3-fold site. The oxidation of CO via surface oxygen atoms is feasible, which is in good agreement with experimental results.     

The surface dependence of CO adsorption on Ceria

An understanding of the interaction between ceria and environmentally sensitive molecules is vital for developing its role in catalysis. We present the structure and energetics of CO adsorbed onto stoichiometric (111), (110), and (100) surfaces of ceria from first principles density functional theory corrected for on-site Coulomb interactions, DFT+U. DFT+U is applied because it can describe consistently the properties of both the stoichiometric and reduced surfaces. Our major finding is that the interaction is strongly surface dependent, consistent with experiment. Upon interaction of CO with the (111) surface, weak binding is found, with little perturbation to the surface or the molecule. For the (110) and (100) surfaces, the most stable adsorbate is that in which the CO molecule bridges two oxygen atoms and pulls these atoms out of their lattice sites, with formation of a (CO(3)) species. This results in a strong modification to the surface structure, consistent with that resulting from mild reduction. The electronic structure also demonstrates reduction of the ceria surface and consequent localization of charge on cerium atoms neighboring the vacancy sites. The surface-bound (CO(3)) species is identified as a carbonate, (CO(3))(2-) group, which is formed along with two reduced surface Ce(III) ions, in good agreement with experimental infrared data. These results provide a detailed investigation of the interactions involved in the adsorption of CO on ceria surfaces, allowing a rationalization of experimental findings and demonstrate further the applicability of the DFT+U approach to the study of systems in which reduced ceria surfaces play a role.     

甲酸在Pt-Sn(111)/C合金表面吸附的量子化学研究

采用周期平板模型, 结合密度泛函理论对HCOOH和CO在Pt-Sn(111)/C表面的top、brigde、hcp和fcc共计8个位点的吸附模型进行构型优化和能量计算, 并对吸附前后的频率、电荷、能带和态密度进行了研究. 计算结果表明fcc-Pt₃是较为有利的吸附位点, Sn掺杂之后费米能级右移, 导带增宽, 价带和导带的位置略微降低, 合金表面电子结构变化利于甲酸的吸附解离催化, 可使甲酸燃料电池阳极催化性能显著提高. 通过催化剂表面的抗中毒分析, 发现CO在Pt-Sn(111)/C表面的吸附能以两种趋势下降, 阳极催化剂掺杂改性后抗CO中毒能力增强.     

Theoretical study of CO adsorption on gold/alumina substrates

Aiming to understand the role of the substrate in the adsorption of carbon monoxide on gold clusters supported on metal-oxides, we have started a study of that process on two different alumina substrates: an amorphous-like fully relaxed stoichiometric (Al2O3)20 cluster and the Al terminated (0001) surface of alpha-(Al2O3) crystal. In this paper, we present first principles calculations for the adsorption of one Au atom on both alumina substrate and the adsorption of Au8 on (Al2O3)20. Then, we study the CO adsorption on the minimum energy structure of these three different gold/alumina systems. A single Au adsorbs preferably on top of an Al atom with low coordination, the binding energy being higher in the case of Au/(Al2O3)20. CO absorbs preferably on top of the Au atom, but in the case of Au/(Al2O3)20, Au forms a bridge with the Al and O substrate atoms after CO adsorption. We find other stable sites for CO adsorption on the cluster but not on the surface. This result suggests that the Au activity toward CO may be larger for the amorphous cluster than for the crystal surface substrate. For the most stable Au8/(Al2O3)20 configuration, two Au atoms bind to Al and a O atoms respectively and CO adsorbs on top of the Au which binds to the Al atom. We find other CO adsorption sites on supported Au8 which are not stable for the free Au8 cluster.     

Energy density analysis of cluster size dependence of surface-molecule interactions: H2, C2H2, C2H4, and CO adsorption onto Si(100)-(2x1) surface

Adsorption of H2, C2H2, C2H4, and CO onto a Si(100)-(2x1) surface has been treated theoretically using Si(12n - 3)H(8n + 4) (n = 1-4) clusters. The energy density analysis (EDA) proposed by Nakai has been adopted to examine surface-molecule interactions for different cluster sizes. EDA results for the largest model cluster Si45H36 have shown that the adsorption-induced energy density variation in Si atoms decays with distance from the adsorption site. Analysis of this decay, which can be carried out using the EDA technique, is important because it enables verification of the reliability of the model cluster used. In the cases of H2, C2H2, C2H4, and CO adsorption onto the Si(100)-(2x1) surface, it is found that at least a Si21H20 cluster is necessary to treat the surface-molecule interaction with chemical accuracy.     

单相碳化铁的制备及其表面吸附性质

在不同CO分压下制备了ε-Fe2C,χ'-Fe5C2和θ-Fe3C等系列单相碳化铁,经钝化处理后采用低温N2物理吸附、穆斯堡尔谱、激光拉曼光谱和程序升温脱附技术进行了详细的表征.结果发现,碳化气氛,尤其是碳化温度对所得碳化铁结晶度有所影响.碳化铁表面的积碳程度随碳化气氛中CO分压的升高而增高,而随碳化温度的升高呈抛物线形式增高;不同碳化条件下生成的碳化铁晶型和表面积碳的差异导致其织构性质及其吸附CO的能力不同,低温(200oC)碳化生成的Fe2C表面解离吸附CO的能力显著强于其他碳化铁;低碳气氛中生成的Fe3C上CO的解离脱附量最大;其他条件下生成的碳化铁因表面吸附活性位的破坏和大量沉积碳的生成使得解离吸附CO的能力较弱.     

Catalytic oxidation activity of Pt3O4 surfaces and thin films

The catalytic oxidation activity of platinum particles in automobile catalysts is thought to originate from the presence of highly reactive superficial oxide phases which form under oxygen-rich reaction conditions. Here we study the thermodynamic stability of platinum oxide surfaces and thin films and their reactivities toward oxidation of carbon compounds by means of first-principles atomistic thermodynamics calculations and molecular dynamics simulations based on density functional theory. On the Pt(111) surface the most stable superficial oxide phase is found to be a thin layer of alpha-PtO2, which appears not to be reactive toward either methane dissociation or carbon monoxide oxidation. A PtO-like structure is most stable on the Pt(100) surface at oxygen coverages of one monolayer, while the formation of a coherent and stress-free Pt3O4 film is favored at higher coverages. Bulk Pt3O4 is found to be thermodynamically stable in a region around 900 K at atmospheric pressure. The computed net driving force for the dissociation of methane on the Pt3O4(100) surface is much larger than that on all other metallic and oxide surfaces investigated. Moreover, the enthalpy barrier for the adsorption of CO molecules on oxygen atoms of this surface is as low as 0.34 eV, and desorption of CO2 is observed to occur without any appreciable energy barrier in molecular dynamics simulations. These results, combined, indicate a high catalytic oxidation activity of Pt3O4 phases that can be relevant in the contexts of Pt-based automobile catalysts and gas sensors.