微通道内流体流动的阻力特性

本文重点研究了微通道内入口效应和粗糙度等因素对流动阻力特性的影响。实验结果表明;对于粗糙度3.5%,水力直径为345μm的微圆管,入口段长度比常规管道短,转捩雷诺数Re_c位于2000～2300,其内入口效应并不影响微管内流体从层流到湍流转捩的拐点位置;内径为112.6μm和169.8μm,高宽比为0.59和0.63以及粗糙分别为1.29%和2.03%的矩形微通道内流动由层流向湍流的转捩发生在Re≈1600～2800之间。实验结果表明,微尺度是微管内流体转捩提前的必要条件,但不是充分条件,拐点提前是由多因素综合作用所造成的结果,其机理有待于进一步研究。     

粗糙度与气体稀薄性对微尺度流动特性的影响

对氮气和氦气在粗糙微通道以及光滑微通道内流动进行了阻力特性实验研究。实验结果表明,即使在较小的相对粗糙度高度下,由于微通道中的粗糙度分布密集,会极大地增加流动阻力,这是导致文献中微通道流动阻力系数实验值相互偏差的主要原因之一;而对于滑移区的气体流动,气体稀薄性使流动阻力明显减小而导致流量增加。     

表面粗糙度的分形特征及其对微通道内层流流动的影响

基于分形几何学,研究了表面粗糙度的分形特征.采用Weierstrass- Mandelbrot函数对多尺度自仿射的表面粗糙度进行了描述;建立了微通道内层流流动的三维模型并对表面粗糙度的影响进行了数值模拟,分析了雷诺数、相对粗糙度和分形维数对流动阻力特性的影响.研究结果表明,与常规尺度通道不同,粗糙微通道的Poiseuille数不再是常数,而是随雷诺数近似线性增加;相对粗糙度越大,流动产生的回流和分离所导致的流动压降越明显.在相同的相对粗糙度下,粗糙表面的分形维数越大,表面轮廓变化就越频繁,这也将导致流动阻 关键词： 粗糙度 层流阻力系数 微通道 分形     

粗糙平板微通道流动和传热的数值模拟

以粗糙平行平板微通道为研究对象,以三角形锯齿状粗糙元模拟固体表面的粗糙度,采用CFD流体固体共轭传热技术数值研究了绝对粗糙度和相对粗糙度对平行平板微通道流动和传热特性的影响,着重分析了粗糙度和流体速度对水力入口段长度和热力入口段长度的影响规律,同时研究了相对粗糙度对微通道转捩雷诺数的影响,为进一步揭示微微通道的流动和传热机理提供了依据.     

粗糙度对大高宽比槽道内流动影响的数值模拟

基于确定表面粗糙结构形状的PML模型模拟表面粗糙度对大高宽比小槽道内流动特性的影响,并与3-D模拟结果对比,结果较为一致.基于该模型对不同的流速和不同的粗糙度进行模拟,结果表明:表面粗糙度导致槽道内出现速度线性分布的流动底层.Re数相同时,单位长度压降与相对粗糙度成二次方关系.粗糙单元高度相同时,压降随Re线性增加.     

微细管内气体流动特性实验研究及影响因素分析

实验研究了直径范围50-200 μm微细光滑圆管及粗糙管内气体阻力特性。结果表明所研究光滑微细管内阻力特性与常规管基本符合,从层流到素流的转捩Re也未明显提前,而粗糙管阻力要远大于理论值。由于尺度效应,一些非常规因素对微尺度流动将产生明显影响。综合前人研究结果,对影响微尺度阻力特性研究结果的相关因素进行了探讨。     

随机粗糙微通道内流动特性研究

采用计算流体动力学的方法, 研究了微通道内气体在速度滑移和随机表面粗糙度耦合作用下的流动特性. 其中, 利用二阶速度滑移边界条件描述气体的边界滑移, 利用分形几何学建立随机粗糙表面. 研究发现, 综合考虑二阶速度滑移边界条件和随机表面粗糙度在较大的平均Knudsen数范围内 (0.025-0.59) 得到的计算结果与实验数据符合得很好, 而一阶速度滑移边界条件只在平均Knudsen数较小时(<0.1)符合实验结果. 随机表面粗糙度对气体在边界处的滑移有显著影响, 相对粗糙度越大, 速度滑移系数越小. 并针对计算结果, 给出了滑移系数与相对粗糙度近似满足的关系. 随机粗糙表面对气体流动过程中的压强、速度、Poiseuille数也有显著影响. 关键词： 随机表面粗糙度 二阶速度滑移边界条件 分形 微通道     

粗糙表面对微尺度流动影响的数值分析

本文利用表面规则突起来模拟粗糙元,通过对平板间微尺度层流流动的数值计算,研究了粗糙表面对微尺度层 流流动阻力的影响。对数值计算结果的分析表明,壁面处由于粗糙元存在可引起逆压梯度,从而导致层流流动阻力系数的 增加。     

矩形微管内摩擦阻力特性的实验研究

以极性液体蒸馏水、无水乙醇及非极性液体R113作为实验工质,流过水力直径为231.91μm、250.88μm、297.14pm和210.89 pm,相应高宽比分别为0.90、0.70、0.90和0.42的由晶体生长方法得到的矩形紫铜微管,其相对粗糙度分别为1.47%、1.59%、1.48%和1.45%,测量其进出口压降与流量,从而获得摩擦阻力系数f与雷诺数Re的关系.实验结果表明:微管内流体的极性对微管流动阻力特性没有影响;同时实验结果显示对于粗糙度小于2%的矩形紫铜微管,其内壁面粗糙度对其流动阻力特性影响较小.当Re小于1600时,所有微管内的流动阻力特性与经典层流预测值几乎一致;而对于高宽比较小的矩形紫铜微管,当Re超过1600～1700时,微管的,值明显偏离经典层流预测值.     

通断微通道流动特性的数值模拟研究

微通道换热器以其良好换热能力已被广泛地应用于当前的实验研究中,通过数值模拟的方法对通断微通道内的流动特性进行了研究。重点分析了通道结构对微通道内速度分布、压力分布的影响。结果显示,通断通道的整体压降比连续通道增加了17%,当微通道内的雷诺数1 500时,微通道内单相流动达到了旺盛湍流,宽高比对压降的影响消失。通断通道结构下的流动转捩雷诺数600～800之间,比常规尺度下的转捩雷诺数低得多(2 300左右)。通过通道数对流动性能的研究发现,增加通道数,有利于降低整体压降并增加流动稳定性。     

横向粗糙元壁面槽道湍流的大涡模拟研究

采用大涡模拟和浸没边界法相结合对不同高度和不同间距横向粗糙元壁面槽道湍流进行了模拟,得到了光滑壁面和粗糙壁面湍流的流向平均速度分布,雷诺剪切应力,脉动速度均方根和近壁区拟序结构。结果发现横向粗糙元降低了流向平均速度,增大了流动阻力,粗糙壁面湍流的雷诺剪切应力大于光滑壁面。粗糙元降低了流向脉动速度,增强了展向和法向脉动速度。粗糙元高度越高,对湍流流动影响越大,而粗糙元间距对湍流统计特性的影响不大。粗糙壁面仍然存在着和光滑壁面类似的条带结构。     

Non-Maxwell slippage induced by surface roughness for microscale gas flow: a molecular dynamics simulation

Rarefied gas flows in rough microchannels are investigated by non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. The surface roughness is modelled by an array of triangular modules. The Maxwell slip model is found to break down due to the surface roughness for gas flows in microchannels with large surface roughness. Non-Maxwell slippage shows that the slip length is smaller than that predicted by the Maxwell model and is nonlinearly related to the mean free path. For larger surface roughness and smaller Knudsen number, the non-Maxwell effect becomes more pronounced. The boundary conditions, generally including velocity slip, no-slip and negative slip, depend not only on the Knudsen number but also on the surface roughness. Simulation results show that A/λ?≈?1 is a good criterion to validate the no-slip boundary condition and A/λ?>?0.3 can be a criterion to judge the occurrence of non-Maxwell slippage, where A is the surface roughness size and?λ?is the mean free path of gas molecules. The permeability enhanced by the surface roughness may be responsible for the roughness-induced non-Maxwell slippage.     

Flow boiling heat transfer of refrigerant R21 in microchannel heat sink

Boiling heat transfer in a refrigerant R 21 flow in a microchannel heat sink is studied. A stainless steel heat sink with a length of 120 mm contains ten microchannels with a size of 640×2050 μm at cross-section with a wall roughness of 10 μm. The local heat-transfer coefficient distribution along the heat sink length is obtained. The ranges of parameters are: mass flow from 68 to 172 kg/m²s, heat fluxes from 16 to 152 kW/m², and vapor quality from 0 to 1. The maximum values of the heat transfer coefficient are observed at the inlet of microchannels. The heat transfer coefficients decrease substantially along the length of channels under high heat flux conditions and, on the contrary, change insignificantly under low heat flux condition. A comparison with the well-known models of flow boiling heat transfer is performed and the range of applicability is defined.     

Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Channel Flow with 3D Roughness Using a Roughness Element Model

Large eddy simulation of turbulent channel flow with dense and small 3D roughness elements is carried out using a roughness element model Profiles of mean Reynolds stress, mean velocity and rms velocity as well as turbulent structures near the wall are obtained. The shear stress in the rough wall is larger than that in the smooth wall side and the rough wall has a larger influence on the channel flow. Profiles of mean streamwise velocity near the wall have logarithmic velocity distributions for both smooth and roughness walls, while there is a velocity decrease for the rough wall due to larger fractional drag. All the three components of rms velocities in the rough wall region are larger than that in the smooth wall region, and the roughness elements on the wall increase turbulent intensity in all directions. The s~reak spacing and average diameter of near wall quasi-s~reamwise vortices increase with the presence of roughness elements on the wall and it is shown that the rough wall induces complex and strong streamwise vortices. Results of dense and small 3D roughness elements in both turbulent statistics and structure, obtained with a relatively simple method, are found to be comparable to related experiments.     

Emulsification mechanism in an ultrasonic microreactor: Influence of surface roughness and ultrasound frequency

An ultrasonic microreactor with rough microchannels is presented in this study for oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion generation. Previous accounts have shown that surface pits or imperfections localize and enhance cavitation activity. In this study cavitation bubbles are localized on the rough microchannels of a borosilicate glass microreactor. The cavitation bubbles in the microchannel are primarily responsible for emulsification in the ultrasonic microreactor. We investigate the emulsification mechanism in the rough microchannels employing high-speed imaging to reveal the different emulsification modes influenced by the size and oscillation intensity of the cavitation bubbles. The effect of emulsification modes on the O/W emulsion droplet size distribution for different surface roughness and frequency is demonstrated. The positive effect of the frequency on minimizing the droplet size utilizing a reactor with large pits is presented. We also demonstrate microreactor systems for a successful generation of miniemulsions with high dispersed phase volume fractions up to 20%. The observed emulsification mechanism in the rough microchannel offers new insights into the utility and scale-up of ultrasonic microreactors for emulsification.     

Three-dimensional turbulent flow over cube-obstacles

In order to investigate the influence of surface roughness on turbulent flow and examine the wall-similarity hypothesis of Townsend, three-dimensional numerical study of turbulent channel flow over smooth and cube-rough walls with different roughness height has been carried out by using large eddy simulation(LES) coupled with immersed boundary method(IBM). The effects of surface roughness array on mean and fluctuating velocity profiles, Reynolds shear stress, and typical coherent structures such as quasi-streamwise vortices(QSV) in turbulent channel flow are obtained. The significant influences on turbulent fluctuations and structures are observed in roughness sub-layer(five times of roughness height).However, no dramatic modification of the log-law of the mean flow velocity and turbulence fluctuations can be found by surface cube roughness in the outer layer. Therefore, the results support the wall-similarity hypothesis. Moreover, the von Karman constant decreases with the increase of roughness height in the present simulation results. Besides, the larger size of QSV and more intense ejections are induced by the roughness elements, which is crucial for heat and mass transfer enhancement.     

Influence of cavity flow regimes on turbulence diffusion coefficient

Skimming, wake interference and isolated roughness flow regimes were investigated in the cavity formed between 2-d roughness elements in a laboratory water flume. The flow direction was aligned perpendicular to the roughness elements. Flow visualization and laser Doppler velocimetry were used to confirm the flow pattern and corresponding turbulence characteristics of the flow. Influence of the flow regimes on Reynolds stresses and turbulent diffusion coefficient was investigated at roof level of the cavity. Sweep events towards the wall were significantly affected by the rough bed. A relatively wider cavity demonstrated significant influence on ejection and sweep stresses because of vortex activity at upstream and downstream positions within the cavity. The turbulent diffusion coefficient increased for isolated roughness flow in comparison to skimming flow regime.