利用透射电镜衬度像变化判定位错环类型及注氢纯铁中形成的位错环分析

本文分两部分,第一部分研究了利用透射电镜衬度像变化判定材料中位错环类型的方法,即采用所谓inside-outside方法来判断位错环为空位型位错环或间隙型位错环. 第二部分讨论了加速器注氢纯铁在673—773 K时效后形成的位错环的类型. 关键词： 透射电镜 空位型位错环 间隙型位错环 氢     

A phenomenological model for bake hardening in minimal carbon steels

The essence of bake hardening is to exploit the classical strain ageing in a positive way to increase the strength of the formed steel sheets used in outer body panel of a passenger car during the paint-baking operation. A new model that takes into account the strengthening contributions from Cottrell atmosphere and precipitate formation has been developed in the present work. The model predicts the increase in strength as a function of the amount of free solute C (calculated as a function of the annealing temperature), the amount of deformation, ageing temperature and time. The model predictions have been found to agree quite well with the experimental results; the individual contributions of Cottrell atmosphere and precipitation strengthening have been quantified.     

中子辐照铝的微观结构变化

研究了中子辐照后铝的微观结构和力学性能的变化。发现中子辐照使铝的硬度有了一定的提高,同时在铝的内部产生了大量细小的位错环。The change of microstructure and mechanical property in neutron irradiated aluminum was studied. It is found that neutron irradiation increased the hardness of the aluminum and caused the formation of many small dislocation loops in the aluminum.     

Acoustic detection of North Atlantic right whale contact calls using the generalized likelihood ratio test

This paper addresses the problem of passive acoustic detection of contact calls produced by the highly endangered North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena glacialis. The proposed solution is based on using a generalized likelihood ratio test detector of polynomial-phase signals with unknown amplitude and polynomial coefficients observed in the presence of locally stationary Gaussian noise. The closed form representation for a minimal sufficient statistic is derived and a realizable detection scheme is developed. The receiver operation characteristic curves are calculated using empirical data recordings containing known right whale calls. The curves demonstrate that the proposed detector provides superior detection performance as compared with other known detection techniques for northern right whale contact calls.     

有限温度下位错环的脱体现象

在FCC单晶铜中构造了滑移面为（111）,伯格矢量为b=［112］/6的圆形不完全位错环．采用分子动力学方法模拟了该位错环在0—350 K温度区间内的自收缩过程．模拟结果发现：零温度下,位错不能跨越Peierls-Nabarro势垒运动,迁移速度为0;50　K温度下,螺型和刃型位错具有基本相同的迁移速度;随温度增加,刃型位错具有较大迁移速度;温度较高时,位错核宽度进一步增加;小位错环周围的局部应力,引起4个脱体位错环;脱体位错环在原位错的应力作用下逐渐生长,原位错消失后,在自相 关键词： 单晶铜 位错环 分子动力学 位错源     

基于点缺陷扩散理论与离散位错动力学耦合的位错攀移模型研究

位错的攀移运动对高温下晶体材料的塑性行为有重要影响,为了能够有效揭示攀移的物理本质及其对塑性行为的作用,本文基于点缺陷扩散理论,通过将体扩散和管扩散机理的共同作用与三维离散位错动力学耦合,建立了适用条件更广的位错攀移模型. 利用此模型我们模拟了单个及多个棱柱型位错环的收缩变形过程,发现影响位错攀移速率的决定因素不是传统理论认为的机械攀移力,而是位错周围(体扩散)及位错段上(管扩散)的空位浓度梯度. 该模型也能够完全重现棱柱型位错环群的粗化过程中不同位错环半径及晶体内平均空位浓度随时间变化的三个阶段. 关键词： 位错攀移 点缺陷扩散理论 位错动力学 棱柱位错环     

位错与溶质原子间动态相互作用的数值模拟研究

通过Cottrell-Bilby型溶质动力学模型，对位错线周围的溶质原子浓度随应变率的变化进行了研究，并得到了三种不同的位错-溶质相互作用方式：在低应变率时，位错被溶质原子气团充分钉扎，它上面的溶质浓度近似达到饱和；在高应变率时，脱钉作用占主导地位，位错运动几乎不受深质影响；而在中间应变率时，位错反复经历着钉扎和脱钉过程，动态应变时效发生.此外，通过对模型方程的推导，还自然地得到了平衡状态下率相关流动应力与应变率之间的N形关系曲线. 关键词： 位错 溶质原子 动态应变时效 数值模拟     

烧结β型Ti-Nb合金中由间隙原子引起的Snoek弛豫

用粉末冶金方法制备了不同Nb含量的Ti-Nb合金.用美国TA仪器公司的动力学分析仪Q800以单臂振动模式研究了不同Nb含量和不同热处理以及不同测量参数下的Ti-Nb合金的内耗行为,用X-射线衍射检测了不同样品的微观结构.实验表明,在水淬的和烧结态的Ti-Nb合金的内耗-温度曲线上均发现了弛豫型的内耗峰,这个内耗峰的高度与Nb含量有关,在低Nb含量的Ti-Nb合金样品中不出现,水淬样品内耗峰的最大值出现在Ti-35.4 wt.%Nb (以下称Ti-35.4Nb)的合金中,烧结态样品的内耗峰高度在实验成分范围内单调地随Nb含量而增加.水淬的Ti-35.4Nb合金的弛豫参数分别是激活能H_(wq)=(1.67±0.1) eV和指数前因子τ_(0wq)=1.1×10~(-17±1) s.另外,内耗峰的高度也与热处理有关,水淬的Ti-35.4Nb合金比具有相同成分的烧结态的合金的内耗峰高得多,淬火温度对内耗峰高度也有影响.研究发现,这个内耗峰与Ti-Nb合金中的β相有关,峰高取决于β相的稳定性及其含量,当β相的稳定性降低以及β相的量增加时,峰高增加.水淬Ti-35.4Nb合金中的β相是亚稳状态的β相(β_M),时效时β_M能转变成稳定的α相和稳定β相(β_S),烧结态合金中的β相是β_S.不同热处理状态下Ti-35.4Nb合金样品的微观结构的不同导致了内耗峰高度的差别.从微观结构分析,在淬火的合金中,峰高最大值出现在35 wt.%Nb含量附近的现象是由β相的稳定性和β_M相的量随Nb含量变化引起的.在烧结态的Ti-Nb合金中,峰高单调地随Nb含量的增加而增加的情况是由β_S的量决定的.在循环应力作用下,β_M或β_S相晶格点阵中氧原子的跳动和氧原子与替代原子的相互作用是产生内耗峰的根源.     

Effects of excess point defects flow and interface orientation on grain boundary migration under irradiation

Fe-Cr-Ni, Ni-Al and Ni-Si alloys, and 316L stainless steels as reference were electron-irradiated using a high voltage electron microscope (1MV), and in-situ observations of structural evolution and micro-chemical analysis were carried out. From the compositional analysis it was found that nickel was enriched and chromium depleted near grain boundary in Fe-Cr-Ni alloys including 316L stainless steels, and that simultaneously grain boundary migration was caused during irradiation, even if no grain boundary migration occurred in the un-irradiated area at the same irradiation temperature. The occurrence of boundary migration strongly depended upon orientation relationship between boundary interfaces. It is suggested that grain boundary migration under irradiation remarkably occurs in the alloys in which solute enrichment is taken place at the grain boundary as a result of the flow of radiation-introduced point defects into grain boundary and that their magnitude depend upon net flow of point defect, especially that of under-sized interstitial atoms.     

The dislocation equation as a generalization of Peierls equation

A fundamental equation is derived for the structure of dislocations in solids. With the interaction potential that can be obtained properly from the first principle, the equation provides a complete basis for a comprehensive study of the dislocation structure. In particular, the full structural feature and related properties of dislocation can be predicted theoretically, which makes it possible to compare precisely the theoretical results and what is produced by experiments or numerical simulations.     

Pinkness of the North Atlantic Oscillation signal revisited

The long episode of negative values in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index during the winter season 2009-2010 has attracted more attention to its predictability. Previous analyses (Fernández et al. (2003) [16] and Caldeira et al. (2007) [25]) by this same author group have established that the NAO signal behaves as a slightly red noise and therefore the prediction of the phenomenon must rely upon a deeper understanding of the underlying Physics. In this paper the authors address a predictability study of the NAO index by applying the “detrended fluctuation analysis” (DFA) to a composite series, completed with a bootstrap spectral analysis. The DFA provides a quantitative measure of predictability by computing several piecewise fits, either linear or higher degree polynomial ones, to a cumulative series of fluctuations associated to the original series. These newer measurements agree with the previous results.     

A constraint on the off-shell effective range parameter in p-p scattering

Sauer has recently proposed fixing the zero-energy ¹S₀ state wave function as a means of constraining the off-shell behaviour of the N-N interaction. We propose as an alternative that the value of the off-shell effective range parameter I₀ be constrained. A value of I₀ = 13 ± 1 fm³ seems to be indicated if charge symmetry is required.     

氦、氘对纯铁辐照缺陷的影响

在核聚变堆的辐照环境中, 核嬗变产物氢、氦对结构材料的抗辐照性能将产生很大的影响. 本实验采用离子注入和电子辐照模拟研究了氦和氘对具有体心立方结构的纯铁的影响. 采用离子加速器在室温分别对纯铁注入氦离子和氘离子, 经500℃时效1 h后在高压电镜下进行电子辐照.结果表明: 室温注氦和室温注氘的纯铁在500℃时效后分别形成间隙型位错环和空位型位错环. 在电子辐照下, 间隙型位错环吸收间隙原子而不断长大, 而空位型位错环吸收间隙原子不断缩小. 通过计算位错环的变化速率发现, 空位型位错环比间隙型位错环吸收了更多的间隙原子, 即室温注氘纯铁的位错偏压比室温注氦纯铁的偏压参量大, 这意味着相同实验条件下空位型位错环对辐照肿胀的贡献大于间隙型位错环对辐照肿胀的贡献. 利用氦-空位复合体和氘-空位复合体的结构, 分析了注氦和注氘后在纯铁中形成不同类型位错环的原因. 关键词： 氦 氘 辐照损伤 位错环     

冲击条件下含纳米空洞的单晶铜的塌缩

利用分子动力学方法研究了单晶铜中不同大小的球形空洞在冲击波下的演化过程.模拟结果表明不同大小空洞的塌缩过程不同.模拟中冲击波由空洞左边扫向空洞右边.在较大尺寸的空洞塌缩过程中会产生系列的位错环.当空洞半径较小时,先在空洞的右侧形成位错环,当空洞半径增大到某一临界大小时,在空洞左右两侧同时产生位错环,当空洞半径较大时,先在空洞左侧形成位错环.当空洞左右两侧的位错环均形成以后,其右侧位错环前端的生长速度大于其左侧的.空洞半径增大,相应的位错环前端的生长速度变化不大.当空洞半径增大时,空洞中心指向位错源的矢量方 关键词： 纳米空洞 位错环 冲击波 塑性变形     

内耗研究的历史评述

通过介绍几位在内耗领域的先驱研究者：C．Zener，葛庭燧，P．G．Bordoni，J．L．Snoek，评述了内耗研究的进展．也介绍了日本研究者的相关工作。     

间隙原子对ZnNb2O6光电特性影响的第一性原理研究

基于密度泛函理论第一性原理,研究Zn、Nb、O间隙原子对ZnNb2 O6体系光电特性的影响.分析显示:间隙原子对体系晶格畸变的影响与间隙原子几何尺寸有关.缺陷结构中,由于间隙原子电负性存在差异,也是产生晶格畸变的因素.光电特性分析显示:含有Zn、Nb间隙原子的体系表现为n型简并半导体.且Nbi表现出较强的介电效应,主要...     

The effect of boron on the electronic structure of dislocation in NiAl

The segregation effect of B on the [100](010) edge dislocation core in NiAl single crystals is investigated using the DMol method and the discrete variational method within the framework of density functional theory. The impurity segregation energy and the charge distribution are calculated. The effects of B on the dislocation motion are discussed. The results show that B prefers to segregate at the Center-Al dislocation core. Moreover, B forms strong bonding states with its neighboring host atoms, which ma...     

PbWO4晶体中的填隙氧及其对晶体光学性质的影响

运用GULP计算软件模拟计算了PbWO₄(PWO)晶体中不同位置的填隙氧原子点缺陷的生成能，计算结果表明：当填隙氧原子存在于(WO₄)^2-的周围时，填隙氧原子点缺陷的生成能最低；进一步运用基于密度泛函理论的全数值自洽DV-Xα方法计算了包含填隙氧原子的PWO晶体的态密度，计算结果表明：当填隙氧处在(WO₄)^2-的周围时，容易与(WO₄)^2-上的一个或两个氧离子相互作用形成分子离子O₂^2-或O₃^4-，通过分析这些计算结果，认为PWO晶体中350 nm吸收带的出现很可能与晶体中的氧分子离子有关.     

强流脉冲电子束作用下20钢的微观结构状态

 为了研究金属材料的超快变形行为,利用强流脉冲电子束（HCPEB）装置对20钢进行轰击,采用X射线衍射、光学显微镜及透射电镜等技术分析了受轰击样品的变形组织与结构。实验结果表明,强流脉冲电子束能够在材料表层诱发幅值为1 GPa量级的应力,快速的加热和冷却过程在近表层诱发了强烈的塑性变形,并在材料表层内形成了复杂的位错缠结结构和位错胞结构,同时还伴随位错圈等空位簇缺陷的形成,多次轰击导致局部区域形成纳米和非晶结构。HCPBE轰击诱发的幅值极大的应力和极高的应变速率而导致的整个原子平面的位移可能是非晶结构形成的关键原因。     

Multiscale simulations in face-centered cubic metals: A method coupling quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics

An effective multiscale simulation which concurrently couples the quantum-mechanical and molecular-mechanical calculations based on the position continuity of atoms is presented.By an iterative procedure,the structure of the dislocation core in face-centered cubic metal is obtained by first-principles calculation and the long-range stress is released by molecular dynamics relaxation.Compared to earlier multiscale methods,the present work couples the long-range strain to the local displacements of the dislocation core in a simpler way with the same accuracy.