北京市大气颗粒物中生物质燃烧排放贡献的季节特征

研究了1997年11月~1998年10月期间一年四季北京郊区十三陵(一号站)和市区天坛(五号站)采集的110个大气颗粒物样品中有机碳(OC)与水溶性钾(K⁺)的质量浓度变化. 利用指示物K⁺定性识别了春耕(清明)、麦收、秋收、秋季落叶等4个生物质燃烧过程. 对OC与K⁺数据进行了回归分析, 用以表征生物质燃烧的特征, 并在此基础上评估了生物质燃烧对北京市大气颗粒物OC的贡献. 春耕(清明)、麦收、秋季落叶期间回归斜率在两站点之间比较一致, 表现了生物质燃烧排放的区域性特点. 回归截距的差异反映了两个站点的不同属性. 1998年秋收时段北京市发生重污染事件, 二次有机碳大量形成, 生物质燃烧是主要排放源之一. 生物质燃烧排放具有季节性与周期性, 是北京市大气颗粒物有机碳的一个重要来源, 在生物质燃烧典型样品中, 其贡献高达三至六成.     

北京降水化学组成特征及其对大气颗粒物的去除作用

为了解北京降水的化学组成特征, 2003年5~11月间采集了23场北京降水样品, 进行了pH值、电导率、水溶性阴阳离子和水溶性有机酸的测定. 结果表明, 降水pH平均值为6.18, 呈中性; 电导率平均值为52.23 μS/cm, 表明大气污染显著; SO₄^2-, NO₃^-是含量最高的阴离子, 平均浓度依次为521和174 meq/L; SO₄^2-/NO₃^-物质的量浓度比的平均值为3.1, 比1994年下降了15%; NH4+和Ca2+是含量最高的阳离子, 平均浓度依次为376和397 meq/L; 甲酸、乙酸和草酸是主要的水溶性有机酸, 平均浓度依次为4.62, 4.60和1.17 meq/L, 占阴离子总浓度的2%. 连续在线颗粒物离子成分测定仪(SJAC)观测到降水前后颗粒物离子浓度有显著差别, 充分体现降水对颗粒物的去除作用.     

大气颗粒物中水溶性离子的在线捕集与提取装置

大气颗粒物对空气质量、人体健康和气候变化有重要影响.水溶性离子是其重要组成部分,监测其浓度变化对于大气污染治理至关重要.但在一些采样环境艰苦的背景区域,需要稳定环境、充足电力和水源保障的在线离子分析仪很难满足监测需求.为了在小体积、低能耗条件下实现大气颗粒物中水溶性离子的高时频在线捕集和前处理,自主研发了一种基于膜累积采样法的系统和装置.该装置实现了样品采集和前处理的自动化、连续化,操作简单,制备高效,并对环境条件要求低.通过该装置,可以获得水溶性离子组分浓度的高时频变化规律,对于认识污染进程中排放源贡献和形成机制具有重要作用.     

广州市夏、冬季室内外PM2.5中元素组分的特征与来源

通过采集广州市9个居民住宅室内、外的PM2.5样品,测定分析PM2.5中18个元素组分的质量浓度,分析讨论其污染、分布特征并解析其污染来源。经过比较得知,广州市PM2.5中元素污染较严重;不同类型住宅PM2.5中元素浓度存在空间分布特征;大部分元素浓度具有夏季比冬季低的变化特征;室内与室外元素浓度比值介于0.4974～2.0497之间;元素浓度的室内、室外相关拟合结果说明冬季室内空气受室外空气影响比夏季时情况更明显;基于富集因子分析,Se、As、S、Pb、Br、Zn和Cl元素高度富集;Ni、V、Cu元素中等富集,主要来自人为源,而Cr、Sr、K、Mn、Ca和Ti元素不富集,主要来自自然源。     

金属组分对TiO2光催化氧化NO-2反应的影响

亚硝酸根离子;金属组分对TiO2光催化氧化NO-2反应的影响     

广州大气细粒子中有机碳、元素碳和水溶性有机碳的分布特征

在广州市中山大学采样点进行了为期1年的大气细粒子(PM2.5)采样,监测分析得到PM2.5及有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)和水溶性有机碳(WSOC)等组分的质量浓度,并进行了比较和评价分析。结果表明广州市细粒子碳污染较严重。对OC、EC和WSOC质量浓度的月变化和季节变化特征进行了讨论,并分析了原因。OC、EC浓度相关性好,表明OC、EC来源大部分相同。根据OC/EC比值,估算二次有机碳(SOC)量,结果是SOC占OC的1/3。讨论了SOC和SOC/OC比值的季节分布,结果证明SOC夏季生成比冬季多。     

自然水体悬浮颗粒物中主要化学组分对铅、铜的吸附作用——实验室模拟吸附特征与水环境中富集特征的比较

利用主要组分萃取-吸附-统计分析方法研究了自然水体悬浮颗粒物样品中主要化学组分对铅、铜的吸附特征, 并采用天然悬浮颗粒物样品直接萃取的方法研究了实际水环境中悬浮颗粒物样品各组分对重金属的富集特征, 通过二者对比进一步研究了悬浮颗粒物中主要化学组分在铅、铜吸附中的作用. 结果表明, 悬浮颗粒物样品中各组分的吸附特征与富集特征具有较好的可比性, 铅主要与颗粒物中的铁氧化物相结合, 铜则主要与有机质相结合.     

乳化剂分子亲水组分含量对相反转乳化过程的影响

高分子树脂水基分散体系 ,因其结构的可灵活调节性 ,在许多方面得到应用 ,又因其不含有机溶剂 ,能完全满足环境保护和生态的要求而备受关注 [1～ 3] .相反转乳化技术是制备高分子水基体系的新方法 ,它适用于制备包括加聚物和缩聚物的大多数高分子水基体系 ,大大拓宽了水基体系的范围 [4 ] .杨振忠等[5] 利用自己合成的高分子非离子型乳化剂将环氧树脂乳化成微粒尺寸小且分布窄的水基分散体系 ,对相反转机理和相反转技术进行了深入研究 .研究表明 ,乳化剂浓度和乳化温度对相反转后水基微粒尺寸和形态有重要影响 ,高乳化剂浓度和较低的乳化温…     

北京大气颗粒物PM10和PM2.5中水溶性阴离子的组成及特征

利用离子色谱技术对北京PM10和PM2.5中的水溶性阴离子（F^-,Cl^-,NO3^-和SO4^2-）进行了分析测定,并讨论了它们的分布、浓度变化和来源.F^-,Cl^-,NO3^-和SO4^2-离子的总质量分别占PM10和PM2.5总量的18.2%和24.2%,是大气颗粒物的重要组分.其中F^-主要存在于PM10的粗颗粒中,而Cl^-,NO3^-和SO4^2-则主要在细颗粒中富集.PM10和PM2.5中Cl^-在总氯中所占的比例分别达到了49.5%和40.3%,并与总氯具有非常好的相关性.氯在大气中明显富集,其主要的人为来源为煤的燃烧.SO4^2-和NO3^-具有比较好的相关性,其浓度在7月份最高,9、10月较低,进入冬季采暖期之后浓度升高.在PM10和PM2.5中NO3^-与SO4^2-的质量之比分别在0.1～0.6和0.1～0.5之间,说明燃煤对它们的贡献要大于汽车尾气.     

典型石化区大气颗粒物中邻苯二甲酸酯的污染特征和暴露风险评估及影响因素分析

邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）是重要的塑化剂,也是石化行业排放的潜在污染物。然而,目前关于石化企业PAEs的污染研究很少,限制了对其潜在风险的认识。该研究对海南（HNPB）和广东（GDPB）两个典型石化基地周边大气颗粒物中的PAEs进行分析。结果表明,HNPB的PAEs污染程度高于GDPB,但两者均普遍低于我国大部分城市的污染水平;PAEs浓度较高的区域主要分布于石化企业和港口周边,主要企业的PAEs年排放量为0.48～191 kg,排放量与企业类型密切相关;两个石化基地周边人群经呼吸途径暴露于PAEs的风险均远低于风险阈值;用途和理化性质相似以及在工业品中共存是大气颗粒物中PAEs单体之间呈现良好相关关系的主要原因;温度、相对湿度和风速是影响大气PAEs浓度的重要气象因素。研究结果为进一步认识石化企业周边大气污染状况和潜在风险提供了依据。     

洋金花及水煎液中15种元素的测定

为探索洋金花中化学元素与其平喘止咳，镇痛解痉药效的关系，用等离子体发射光谱法测定了洋金花及其水煎液中１５种元素，其含量较高的是人体必需的营养元素Ｆｅ，Ｍｇ，Ｃａ，Ｚｎ，Ｃａ，Ｍｎ。     

23种中国和法国小麦样品及小麦面粉样品中九种元素的分析

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱对１０种法国小麦样品,２种中国小麦样品,７种法国小麦面粉样品以及４种中国面粉样品进行了钙,镁,锌,铁,锰,铜,钼,钾及磷共９种微量和常量元素的含量分析。     

二(4-溴苯基)氧化膦的改进合成及其在水溶性膦化合物合成中的应用

选择适当的反应条件实现对环境无害的有机及催化反应是 2 1世纪化学家所面临的重要挑战 [1～ 3 ] .Kuntz研究组 1 975年开展民含水两相催化反应的研究 [4 ] ,水溶性膦配体与过渡金属 (如铑、钯和镍等 )所形成的配合物可在水 /有机两相催化体系中实现不对称氢化、烯丙型烷基化、     

延胡索及水煎液中14种无机元素的测定

为了探索延胡索中无机元素与其活血，理气，止痛的药效关系，用等离子体发射光谱法测定了延胡索及水煎液中１４种元素的含量，其含量较高的有Ｆｅ，Ｍｇ，Ｚｎ，Ｃａ，Ｍｎ。     

Assessment of Organic Source Contributions in Coastal Waters by Principal Component and Factor Analysis of the Dissolved and Particulate Hydrocarbon and Fatty Acid Contents

Abstract

Principal component (PCA) and factor analysis (FA) are evaluated for the interpretation of the information contained in large datasets resulting from the study of environmental samples by gas chromatography (GC) and GC coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A case involving the identification and quantitation of 64 variables (hydrocarbons and fatty acids) in 87 water samples (dissolved and particulate fractions) of a coastal system (Ebre Delta) has been selected for examination.

PCA has evidenced important differences between the dissolved and particulate materials, as well as between the particulates collected in the bays and those obtained in the river and channels. PCA has also allowed the identification of outlier samples in the dissolved fraction. Independent application of FA to each of these groups has provided a useful method for the characterization of diverse algal, terrestrial, microbial and anthropogenic inputs. Direct correspondences between these source inputs and factor loadings have provided a selection of representative components of each contribution in the coastal system.     

成都市东郊(工业区)大气颗粒物及硫的分析

通过分析2006年上半年成都市东郊大气中总悬浮颗粒物及其中硫化物的含量和形态并结合酸雨问题阐述了成都市大气颗粒物的污染状况,并在搜集有关资料及实验的基础上,对成都东郊TSP中的硫化物的主要形态和含量作了初步的探讨,同时分析了硫化物与酸雨的联系,得出了结论并提出了建议。     

N-异丙基丙烯酰胺/丙烯酸十八酯共聚物水溶液胶束及相分离行为研究

合成了N异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAM)和丙烯酸十八酯(ODA)的共聚物.利用荧光探针和滴重法研究了NIPAMODA共聚物在水溶液中的胶束形成过程.同时还利用荧光探针法研究了共聚物水溶液在温度升高时出现的LCST(LowerCriticalSolutionTemperature)现象,表明该高分子在温度升高时存在着相分离现象.利用LB技术测量共聚物不溶单分子膜的PA曲线,发现随着温度升高共聚物的单分子膜越来越凝聚的反常现象,这从另一个侧面证实了共聚物NIPAMODA的相分离行为,并对此现象作了讨论.     

Effect of Aucubin-Containing Eye Drops on Tear Hyposecretion and Lacrimal Gland Damage Induced by Urban Particulate Matter in Rats

Exposure to particulate matter is a causative factor of dry eye disease. We aimed to investigate the beneficial effect of eye drops containing aucubin on dry eye disease induced by urban particulate matter (UPM). Dry eye was induced in male SD rats (6 weeks old) by topical exposure to UPM thrice a day for 5 d. Eye drops containing 0.1% aucubin or 0.5% aucubin were topically administered directly into the eye after UPM exposure for an additional 5 d. Tear secretion was evaluated using a phenol red thread tear test and corneal irregularity. The oxidative damage in the lacrimal gland was evaluated using TUNEL and immunohistochemical staining. The topical administration of aucubin significantly attenuated UPM-induced tear hyposecretion (control group: 9.25 ± 0.62 mm, UPM group: 4.55 ± 0.25 mm, 0.1% aucubin: 7.12 ± 0.58 mm, and 0.5% aucubin: 7.88 ± 0.75 mm) and corneal irregularity (control group: 0.00 ± 0.00, UPM group: 3.40 ± 0.29, 0.1% aucubin: 1.80 ± 0.27, and 0.5% aucubin: 1.15 ± 0.27). In addition, aucubin also reduced the UPM-induced apoptotic injury of lacrimal gland cells induced by oxidative stress through the increased expression of HMGB1 and RAGE. These findings indicate that the topical administration of aucubin eye drops showed a beneficial effect against UPM-induced abnormal ocular changes, such as tear hyposecretion and lacrimal gland damage. Therefore, our results reveal the pharmacological activities of aucubin in dry eye disease.     

Effects of polyethylene spacer length in polymeric electrolytes on gelation of ionic liquids and ionogel properties

Polymer electrolytes containing N,N′-(trans-cyclohexane-1,4-diyl)dibenzamide linkages, polyethylene ((CH₂)_m, m = 2, 4, 10) spacers, and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide (TFSA) or bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide (FSA) counteranions (polymer abbreviation: CDBAm•X; m = 2, 4, 10; X = TFSA, FSA) have been synthesized, adding to our previous report (m = 6). In addition, their ability to effect the gelation of six ionic liquids and the properties of the resulting ionogels have been examined. The polymers, except for CDBA10•TFSA, effect the gelation for all ionic liquids used in this study at fairly low concentrations (0.9–50 g/L). Ionogel ionic conductivity is not dependent on the spacer length, but does decrease slightly as increasing amounts of the gelatinizer are introduced. In contrast to ionic conductivity, the temperatures at which these ionogels transition into isotropic fluids is dependent on the spacer length; the gel composed of [EMI][FSA] and 100 g/L of CDBA6•FSA transforms at 120 °C, while the gel composed of [EMI][FSA] and 5 g/L of CDBA2•FSA does not transform into a sol even when temperatures become 155 °C. In brief, ionogel heat resistance can be improved by changing the spacer length of the polyelectrolyte. Finally, it has been determined using cyclic voltammetry that the potential window of the polyelectrolytes is particularly wide, ranging from −1.6 to 2.5 V. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015 , 53, 249–255     

Nutritional Value and Preventive Role of Nigella sativa L. and Its Main Component Thymoquinone in Cancer: An Evidenced-Based Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies

In recent times, scientific attention has been paid to different foods and their bioactive components for the ability to inhibit the onset and progress of different types of cancer. Nigella sativa extract, powder and seed oil and its main components, thymoquinone and α-hederin, have showed potent anticancer and chemosensitizing effects against various types of cancer, such as liver, colon, breast, renal, cervical, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate and skin tumors, through the modulation of various molecular signaling pathways. Herein, the purpose of this review was to highlight the anticancer activity of Nigella sativa and it constitutes, focusing on different in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies and projects, in order to underline their antiproliferative, proapoptotic, cytotoxic and antimetastatic effects. Particular attention has been also given to the synergistic effect of Nigella sativa and it constitutes with chemotherapeutic drugs, and to the synthesized analogs of thymoquinone that seem to enhance the chemo-sensitizing potential. This review could be a useful step towards new research on N. sativa and cancer, to include this plant in the dietary treatments in support to conventional therapies, for the best achievement of therapeutic goals.