Ultrasound-assisted extraction and properties of polysaccharide from Ginkgo biloba leaves

Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions of Ginkgo biloba leaves polysaccharide (GBLP). The optimum extraction conditions for the ultrasound-assisted extraction of GBLP were obtained as liquid to material ratio of 30 mL/g, ultrasonic power of 340 W, and extraction time of 50 min. Under these conditions, the yield of GBLP was 5.37 %. Two chemically modified polysaccharides, CM-GBLP and Ac-GBLP, were obtained by carboxymethylation and acetylation of GBLP. The physicochemical properties of these three polysaccharides were comparatively studied and their in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated comprehensively. The results showed that the solubility of the chemically modified polysaccharides was significantly enhanced and the in vitro antioxidant activity was somewhat improved. This suggests that carboxymethylation and acetylation are effective methods to enhance polysaccharide properties, but the results exhibited some uncontrollability. At the same time, GBLP has also shown high potential for research and application.     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction and characteristics of maize polysaccharides from different sites

Antitumor, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and immunomodulatory properties are all exhibited by maize polysaccharides. With the increasing sophistication of maize polysaccharide extraction methods, enzymatic method is no longer limited to a single enzyme to extract polysaccharides, and is more often used in combination with ultrasound or microwave, or combination with different enzymes. Ultrasound has a good cell wall-breaking effect, making it easier to dislodge lignin and hemicellulose from the cellulose surface of the maize husk. The “water extraction and alcohol precipitation” method is the simplest but most resource- and time-consuming process. However, the “ultrasound-assisted extraction” and “microwave-assisted extraction” methods not only compensate for the shortcoming, but also increase the extraction rate. Herein, the preparation, structural analysis, and activities of maize polysaccharides were analyzed and discussed.     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of resveratrol from functional foods: Cookies and jams

Rapid extraction techniques with ultrasonic systems have been established to extract resveratrol from two functional foods, namely cookies and jams. The ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was optimized using a full factorial design with three variables: solvent composition (10–70% and 30–90% methanol in water for cookies and jams, respectively), solvent-to-solid ratio (10:1–40:1), and ultrasonic probe diameter (2 and 7 mm). The extraction kinetics (5–30 min) were studied to confirm the full recovery of resveratrol from the functional foods. The resveratrol was quantified by Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography with a Fluorescense Detector (UPLC-FD).     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction and analysis of maidenhairtree polysaccharides

The maidenhairtree polysaccharides (MTPs) have important application prospects. So, the extraction, purification, structure, derivatization and biological activities of polysaccharides from leaves, fruits, and testae of maidenhairtree were disscussed. Polysaccharides were extracted by collaborative extraction methods such as ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction. The ultrasound-assisted extraction had higher content and higher efficiency. The structural characteristics and structure-activity relationship of maidenhairtree polysaccharides were studied in order to provide theoretical basis and technical support for the further development and utilization of maidenhairtree polysaccharides.     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Rhododendron aganniphum: Antioxidant activity and rheological properties

In this study, we aimed to optimize the extraction of polysaccharides from the leaves of Rhododendron aganniphum and investigate its rheological properties and antioxidant activity. After optimizing the operating parameters using a Box-Behnken design (BBD), the results showed that the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions were as follows: extraction temperature, 55 °C; liquid-solid ratio, 25:1; extraction time, 2.2 h; and ultrasound treatment power, 200 W. The optimized experimental yield of polysaccharides by ultrasound-assisted extraction (PUAE) was 9.428%, higher than that obtained by hot water extraction (PHWE) for 12 h at the same liquid-solid ratio and extraction temperature. In the in vitro antioxidant activity tests, PUAE had higher positive radical scavenging activity for hydroxyl, superoxide and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals than PHWE. However, PUAE and PHWE solutions had similar intermolecular interactions in the steady-shear flow and dynamic viscoelasticity tests, resulting in similar macroscopic behaviour. With respect to the apparent viscosity, storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) of PUAE were lower at the same shear rate or angular frequency. All PUAE solutions exhibited non-Newtonian shear-thinning pseudoplastic behaviour that was accurately described by the Carreau model but was better fit by the power-law model at high shear rates (≥1/s), which demonstrated that the variation in the apparent viscosity dependence was greater at higher concentrations and shear rates. The G′ and G″ of the solutions increased as the experimental frequency increased from 0.05 to 500 rad/s under all experimental concentrations, and the modulus crossover point decreased gradually with increasing PUAE concentration. The above results demonstrated that the ultrasound-assisted extraction methods gave a higher yield of polysaccharides from the leaves of R. aganniphum with a shorter extraction time than the hot water extraction method, which could affect the apparent viscosity and dynamic viscoelasticity. PUAE presented good radical scavenging activity for DPPH, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals in vitro and could be used as a natural antioxidant in the food and medical industries.     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of collagen from broiler chicken trachea and its biochemical characterization

Broiler chicken tracheas are a co-product from chicken slaughterhouses which are normally turned into low value animal feed despite their high levels of collagen. Typical collagen extraction by acid and/or pepsin usually results in relatively low yield. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) could be a means to improve collagen yield. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of ultrasonic parameters on the yield and biochemical properties of trachea collagen (TC). Conventional extraction using acetic acid and pepsin for 48 h resulted in acid-soluble (AS) and pepsin-soluble (PS) collagen with a yield of 0.65% and 3.10%, respectively. When an ultrasound with an intensity of 17.46 W·cm⁻² was applied for 20 min, followed by acid extraction for 42 h (U-AS), the collagen yield increased to 1.58%. A yield of 6.28% was obtained when the ultrasound treatment was followed by pepsin for 36 h (U-PS). PS and U-PS contained collagen of 82.84% and 85.70%, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the ultrasound did not affect the collagen microstructure. All collagen samples showed an obvious triple helix structure as measured by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that the ultrasound did not disturb the secondary structure of the protein in which approximately 30% of the α-helix content was a major structure for all collagen samples. Micro-differential scanning calorimetry demonstrated that the denaturation temperature of collagen in the presence of deionized water was higher than collagen solubilized in 0.5 M acetic acid, regardless of the extraction method. All collagen comprised of α₁ and α₂-units with molecular weights of approximately 135 and 116 kDa, respectively, corresponding to the type I characteristic. PS and U-PS collagen possessed higher imino acids than their AS and U-AS counterparts. Based on LC-MS/MS peptide mapping, PS and U-PS collagen showed a high similarity to type I collagen. These results suggest that chicken tracheas are an alternative source of type I collagen. UAE is a promising technique that could increase collagen yield without damaging its structure.     

Ultrasound-assisted desolventizing of fragrant oil from red pepper seed by subcritical propane extraction

In the present study, ultrasound was used to remove the residual solvent from the fragrant oil of red pepper seed obtained by subcritical propane extraction. The physical and chemical characteristics, particularly the volatile flavor compounds present of the oil before and after ultrasound-assisted desolventizing were comprehensively analyzed to determine the effect of the desolventizing process on product quality. The results showed that the maximum loss of residual solvent was achieved at a temperature of 90 °C maintained for 70 min with ultrasound applied during the entire process. After this treatment only a small amount of solvent (2.3% based on the total residual solvent originally present) remained in the oil. Although it was hypothesized that ultrasound treatment could result in the loss of volatile components, the analytical results showed no obvious reduction in the components associated with the typical aroma of the oil. After ultrasonic treatment, the oil also had good oxidation stability and quality. Additionally, after ultrasonic desolventizing, the oil samples were more suitable for cooking because they could more effectively minimize oxidation. Thus, these results demonstrate that this new ultrasonic technique is an effective and efficient method for removing the solvent remaining in fragrant oil after subcritical propane extraction.     

Ultrasound-assisted cyanide extraction of gold from gold concentrate at low temperature

A sonochemical reactor was developed to study the ultrasound-assisted cyanide extraction of gold from gold ore at low temperature. The effects of ultrasound on gold leaching in low temperature and conventional conditions were investigated. At the low temperature of 10 °C, ultrasound-assisted extraction increased extraction rate of gold by 0.6%–0.8% and reduced the gold content of cyanide tailings to 0.28 g/t in the leaching of gold concentrate and cyanide tailings, respectively. At the conventional temperature of 25 °C, ultrasound-assisted extraction obtained a 0.1% higher extraction rate of gold compared with conventional extraction, with the unit consumption of NaCN reduction of 15%. The analysis of kinetic model also demonstrated that sonication indeed improved the reaction of gold leaching greatly. The mineralogy and morphology of ore were further analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and particle size analyzer to explore the strengthening mechanism of gold leaching. The results showed that the ore particles were smashed, the ore particle surface was peeled, the passive film was destroyed and the reaction resistance decreased under ultrasonic processing. Therefore, the extraction rate of gold was improved and the extraction time was shortened significantly in ultrasound-assisted cyanide extraction.     

Ultrasound-assisted green extraction methods: An approach for cosmeceutical compounds isolation from Macadamia integrifolia pericarp

This study aimed was to examine the potential of several green extraction methods to extract cosmetic/cosmeceutical components from Macadamia integrifolia pericarps, which were a by-product of the macadamia nut industry. M. integrifolia pericarps were extracted by conventional solvent extraction process using 95% v/v ethanol and various green extraction methods, including infusion, ultrasound, micellar, microwave, and pulsed electric field extraction using water as a clean and green solvent. The extracts were evaluated for total phenolic content using Folin-Ciocalteu method. The antioxidant activities were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), ferric reducing/antioxidant power, and ferric-thiocyanate method. The anti-skin ageing activities were investigated by means of collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase inhibition using enzyme-substrate reaction assay. The irritation profile of the extracts was evaluated by the hen’s egg test-chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) test. The results noted that ultrasound-assisted extraction yielded the significantly highest extract amount with the significantly highest total phenolic content (p < 0.05), especially when the extraction time was 10 min. The aqueous extract from ultrasound-assisted extraction possessed the most potent antioxidant and anti-skin ageing activities (p < 0.05). Its antioxidant activities were comparable to ascorbic acid and Trolox, whereas the anti-skin ageing activities were equivalent to epigallocatechin-3-gallate and oleanolic acid. Besides, the extract was safe since it induced no irritation in the HET-CAM test. Therefore, ultrasound-assisted extraction was suggested as an environmentally friendly extraction method for M. integrifolia pericarp extraction and further application in the cosmetic/cosmeceutical industries.     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction,analysis and antioxidant activity of polysaccharide from the rinds of Garcinia mangostana L.

According to response surface methodology (RSM), the extraction conditions of ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharide from the rinds of Garcinia mangostana L. (GMRP) were optimized and determined. The optimal conditions obtained through optimization were: the liquid to material ratio was 40 mL/g, ultrasonic power was 288 W and extraction time was 65 min. The average extraction rate of GMRP was 14.73%. Ac - GMRP was obtained by acetylation of GMRP, and the antioxidant activities of the two polysaccharides were compared in vitro. The results indicated that the antioxidant capacity of polysaccharide obtained after acetylation was significantly improved compared with that of GMRP. In conclusion, chemical modification of polysaccharide is an effective measure to improve its properties to a certain extent. Meanwhile, it implies that GMRP has great research value and potential.     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from palm pressed fiber with high antioxidant and photoprotective activities

This work is focused on the optimization of the ultrasound-assisted extraction of antioxidant compounds with photoprotective effect from palm pressed fiber. The influence of ultrasound intensity and pulse cycle was investigated by means of a central composite rotational design. The optimized condition was ultrasound intensity of 120 W.cm⁻² and pulse factor of 0.4, yielding 3.24 wt%. Compounds such as fatty acids, β-sitosterol, α-tocopherol, squalene, total phenolics and carotene were identified. The extract presented antioxidant activity towards synthetic (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl – DPPH, 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) – ABTS) and biological radicals (Hydroxyl – OH), besides a sun protection factor of 15.01. Polar extracts from palm pressed fiber are promising candidates for use in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulation since they present high antioxidant activity towards different radicals, combined with the high sun protection factor.     

Ultrasound-assisted rapid extraction and kinetic modelling of influential factors: Extraction of camptothecin from Nothapodytes nimmoniana plant

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of commercially important natural product camptothecin (CPT) from Nothapodytes nimmoniana plant has been investigated. The influences of process factors such as electric acoustic intensity, solid to liquid ratio, duty cycle, temperature and particle size on the maximum extraction yield and kinetic mechanisms of the entire extraction process have been investigated. The kinetics results showed that increasing the intensity, duty cycle, solid to liquid ratio and decreasing the particle size lead to substantial increase in extraction yields compared to classical stirring extraction. Different kinetic models were applied to fit the experimental data. The second order rate model appears to be the best. The extraction rate constant, initial extraction rate and the equilibrium concentration for all experimental conditions have been calculated. SEM analysis of spent plant material clearly showed hollow openings on cell structure, which could be directly correlated to explosive disruption by the action of ultrasound waves. Overall 1.7-fold increase in extraction yields of CPT (0.32% w/w) and decrease in time from 6 h to 18 min was observed over the stirring method.     

Ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvents extraction of glabridin and isoliquiritigenin from Glycyrrhiza glabra: Optimization,extraction mechanism and in vitro bioactivities

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) is extensively used owing to the superior pharmacological effects. However, its maximum application potential has not been fully exploited due to the limitation of currently available extraction solvent and methods. In this study, an eco-friendly deep eutectic solvent (NADESs) based ultrasound-assisted extraction (DES-UAE) method was applied to prepare licorice extracts. The DES-UAE using choline chloride and lactic acid as solvent was optimized and modeled by using response surface methodology to maximize the extraction yields of glabridin (GLA) and isoliquiritigenin (ISL). The optimized extracts possessed higher contents of GLA and ISL than available extraction methods, and the enriched products showed superior pharmacological activities in vitro. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and molecular dynamic simulation analyses were performed to deeply investigate the interaction between solvent and targeted compounds. This study not only provides an eco-friendly method for high-efficient extraction of GLA and ISL from licorice but also illustrates the mechanism of the increased extraction efficacy, which may contribute to the application of licorice and deep insight into extraction mechanism using DES.     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolics from wine lees: Modeling,optimization and stability of extracts during storage

The ultrasound-assisted extraction process of phenolics including anthocyanins from wine lees was modeled and optimized in this research. An ultrasound bath system with the frequency of 40 kHz was used and the acoustic energy density during extraction was identified to 48 W/L. The effects of extraction time, extraction temperature, solvent-to-solid ratio and the solvent composition on the extraction yields of total phenolics and total anthocyanins were taken into account. The extraction process was simulated and optimized by means of artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic algorithm (GA). The constructed ANN models were accurate to predict the extraction yields of both total phenolics and total anthocyanins according to the statistical analysis. Meanwhile, the input space of the ANN models was optimized by GA, so as to maximize the extraction yields. Under the optimal conditions, the experimental yields of total phenolics and total anthocyanins were 58.76 and 6.69 mg/g, respectively, which agreed with the predicted values. Furthermore, more amounts of total phenolics and total anthocyanins were extracted by ultrasound at the optimal conditions than by conventional maceration.On the other hand, the stability of phenolics in the liquid extracts obtained from ultrasound-assisted extraction during storage was evaluated. After 30-day storage, the total phenolic contents in extracts stored at 4 °C and 20 °C decreased by 12.5% and 12.1%, respectively. Moreover, anthocyanins were more stable at 4 °C while tartaric esters and flavonols exhibited a better stability at 20 °C. Overall, the loss of phenolics during storage found in this study could be acceptable.     

Kinetics of ultrasound-assisted extraction of antioxidant polyphenols from food by-products: Extraction and energy consumption optimization

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of antioxidant polyphenols from chicory grounds was studied in order to propose a suitable valorization of this food industry by-product. The main parameters influencing the extraction process were identified. A new mathematical model for multi-criteria optimization of UAE was proposed. This kinetic model permitted the following and the prediction of the yield of extracted polyphenols, the antioxidant activity of the obtained extracts and the energy consumption during the extraction process in wide ranges of temperature (20–60 °C), ethanol content in the solvent (0–60% (vol.) in ethanol–water mixtures) and ultrasound power (0–100 W). After experimental validation of the model, several simulations at different technological restrictions were performed to illustrate the potentiality of the model to find the optimal conditions for obtaining a given yield within minimal process duration or with minimal energy consumption. The advantage of ultrasound assistance was clearly demonstrated both for the reduction of extraction duration and for the reduction of energy consumption.     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction coupled with under vacuum distillation of flavour compounds from spearmint (carvone-rich) plants: Comparison with conventional hydrodistillation

Ultrasonically assisted extraction of flavour compounds from different varieties of Mentha spicata, using 70% ethanol, have been carried out for 5, 10 and 15 min and coupled with under vacuum distillation. The ultrasound distilled extracts have been analysed by GC–MS and compared with essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation. The results have showed that ultrasonically assisted extraction in combination with under vacuum distillation have provided extracts with higher flavouring strength due to the increased concentration of desirable oxygenated compounds (from 5 to 8 times) compared with hydrodistillation. Extraction yields of flavour volatiles have been calculated giving a range 0.04–0.13% by ultrasound and 0.01–0.02% by hydrodistillation.     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of chromium from residual tanned leather: An innovative strategy for the reuse of waste in tanning industry

The tannery industry generates huge amount of waste with high Cr concentration, being classified as a dangerous waste. The development of alternative treatments for these residues aiming environmental friendly protocols are important topics of research. In this work, the use of ultrasound (US) energy for Cr removal from residual tanned leather was investigated. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) experiments were carried out in several systems as ultrasonic baths, cup horns, and probes, allowing to evaluate several frequencies (20–130 kHz) and power delivered to the extraction system. The following experimental conditions were evaluated: extraction solution (HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, CH₂O₂ and C₂H₂O₄), temperature (10–90 °C), time (1–40 min), US amplitude (10–90%), feedstock amount (50–450 mg), and concentration of extraction solution (0.1–4 mol L⁻¹). A multivariate factorial design with 10 axial points and 3 central points was applied. After UAE optimization an efficiency of 92% was achieved for Cr removal using 150 mg of feedstock, 3 mol L⁻¹ HNO₃, at 30 °C, 90% of amplitude, and 30 min. The same efficiency was not observed using mechanical stirring (100–500 rpm), which was lower than 65%. To prove the applicability of the proposed process some experiments for scaling up were performed using several reactor loads (1–9 L). Moreover, using the proposed UAE process Cr was efficiently removed at lower reaction time and at room temperature only by using US and diluted acid solution, representing energy and reagents saving.     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of rare-earth elements from carbonatite rocks

In view of the increasing demand for rare-earth elements (REE) in many areas of high technology, alternative methods for the extraction of these elements have been developed. In this work, a process based on the use of ultrasound for the extraction of REE from carbonatite (an igneous rock) is proposed to avoid the use of concentrated reagents, high temperature and excessive extraction time. In this pioneer work for REE extraction from carbonatite rocks in a preliminary investigation, ultrasonic baths, cup horn systems or ultrasound probes operating at different frequencies and power were evaluated. In addition, the power released to the extraction medium and the ultrasound amplitude were also investigated and the temperature and carbonatite mass/volume of extraction solution ratio were optimized to 70 °C and 20 mg/mL, respectively. Better extraction efficiencies (82%) were obtained employing an ultrasound probe operating at 20 kHz for 15 min, ultrasound amplitude of 40% (692 W dm⁻³) and using a diluted extraction solution (3% v/v HNO₃ + 2% v/v HCl). It is important to mention that high extraction efficiency was obtained even using a diluted acid mixture and relatively low temperature in comparison to conventional extraction methods for REE. A comparison of results with those obtained by mechanical stirring (500 rpm) using the same conditions (time, temperature and extraction solution) was carried out, showing that the use of ultrasound increased the extraction efficiency up to 35%. Therefore, the proposed ultrasound-assisted procedure can be considered as a suitable alternative for high efficiency extraction of REE from carbonatite rocks.     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction,optimization, isolation,and antioxidant activity analysis of flavonoids from Astragalus membranaceus stems and leaves

Astragalus membranaceus is a medicinal and edible species in China, with a variety of biological activities. This study evaluated the reuse potential of A. membranaceus waste as a source of food antioxidants. Antioxidant and antifungal activities of flavonoids, polysaccharides, and saponins from A. membranaceus stems and leaves were evaluated. Results showed that inhibition rate of flavonoids on six tested fungi reaches 100 % at a concentration of 5 mg/mL, and the antioxidant test demonstrated satisfactory antioxidant activity. On this basis, an extremely economical ultrasonic-assisted extraction of flavonoids from A. membranaceus stems and leaves was developed and optimized via response surface methodology (RSM). Optimized conditions included an extraction time of 35 min, ethanol concentration of 75 %, liquid–solid ratio of 40 mL/g, and extraction temperature of 58 °C, in which the extraction yield of flavonoids was 22.0270 ± 2.5739 mg/g. The total flavonoids were separated and purified using activity-guided isolation technology, and frac. ccd with strong antioxidant activity were analyzed via HPLC-MS/MS. Results showed that main components are isoquercitrin and astragalin. This study can provide a potential innovative application for the development of natural food antioxidants from A. membranaceus waste.     

Ultrasound-assisted alkali removal of proteins from wastewater generated during oil bodies extraction

In this study, an ultrasonic-assisted alkaline method was used to remove proteins from wastewater generated during oil-body extraction, and the effects of different ultrasonic power settings (0, 150, 300, and 450 W) on protein recovery were investigated. The recoveries of the ultrasonically treated samples were higher than those of the samples without ultrasonic treatment, and the protein recoveries increased with increasing power, with a protein recovery of 50.10 % ± 0.19 % when the ultrasonic power was 450 W. Amino acid analysis showed that the amino acids comprising the recovered samples were consistent, regardless of the ultrasonic power used, but significant differences in the contents of amino acids were observed. No significant changes were observed in the protein electrophoretic profile using dodecyl polyacrylamide gel, indicating that sonication did not change the primary structures of the recovered samples. Fourier transform infrared and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that the molecular structures of the samples changed after sonication, and the fluorescence intensity increased gradually with increasing sonication power. The contents of α-helices and random coils obtained at an ultrasonic power of 450 W decreased to 13.44 % and 14.31 %, respectively, whereas the β-sheet content generally increased. The denaturation temperatures of the proteins were determined using differential scanning calorimetry, and ultrasound treatment reduced the denaturation temperatures of the samples, which was associated with the structural and conformational changes caused by their chemical bonding. The solubility of the recovered protein increased with increasing ultrasound power, and a high solubility was essential in good emulsification. The emulsification of the samples was improved well. In conclusion, ultrasound treatment changed the structure and thus improved the functional properties of the protein.