Electromagnetic radiation in a medium with a velocity gradient

A relativistic expression has been obtained for the curvature of trajectory of the wave vector of an electromagnetic wave in a moving optically transparent medium. It has been shown that the curvature of the trajectory and angular deviation of rays appear in a homogeneous isotropic medium if the gradient of the velocity field in the medium is nonzero. The bending of the trajectory in the medium with the velocity gradient is a firstorder effect in the ratio u/c.     

Angular velocity in heated rotating nuclei

For a heated rotating nucleus, the angular velocity is equal to one-half the γ-ray transition energy if and only if the band E(I) follows a trajectory of constant entropy.     

Fabrication of integrated microchip for optical sensing by femtosecond laser direct writing of Foturan glass

By the one-continuous fabrication procedure of hollow microstructures using femtosecond (fs) laser direct writing followed by thermal treatment, successive chemical wet etching and additional annealing, three-dimensional integration of microoptics with microfluidics, i.e., a planoconvex microlens with a microfluidic chamber, in a single Foturan glass chip was achieved. Further integration of an optical waveguide was performed through internal refractive index modification by fs laser direct writing after the fabrication of the microlens and the microchamber. An “all-in-one” microchip that is highly effective for on-chip photonic biosensing can be manufactured by the present technique with easy assembly of each microcomponent and without any cumbersome processes for stacking and joining substrates. Experimental demonstration of photonic biosensing using the integrated microchip has revealed that fluorescence analysis and absorption measurement of liquid samples can be performed with efficiencies enhanced by factors of 8 and 3, respectively.     

Dynamics of gas-surface interactions: Thermal desorption of Ar and Xe from platinum

Three-dimensional stochastic classical trajectory studies have been carried out of the thermal desorption of isolated Ar and Xe atoms from the (111) face of platinum. Realistic interaction potentials that produce quantitative agreement with experimental sticking probabilities and angular and velocity scattering distributions were employed. Energy exchange with lattice phonons was included accurately via empirically chosen friction and fluctuating forces. Application of techniques for the simulation of “infrequent events” allowed studies to be extended to experimentally accessible lifetimes. Atoms were found to desorb preferentially to wide angles, with mean energy considerably lower than 2k times the surface temperature. Significant curvature of the Arrhenius plots was exhibited, and pre-exponential factors were found to be lower than characteristic frequencies. These effects were determined to be mainly dynamical in origin; i.e., they cannot be described by conventional transition-state-theory models.     

Non-inertial electromagnetic effects in matter. Gyromagnetic effect

Non-inertial electromagnetic effects in matter, i.e. electromagnetic fields created by a non-inertial motion of material bodies, are discussed within the Drude–Lorentz (plasma) model of matter polarization. It is shown that an oscillatory motion of a point-like body, or wavelike motion in an extended body gives rise to electromagnetic fields with the same frequency as the frequency of the original motion, while shock-like movements of a point-like body generate electromagnetic fields with the characteristic (atomic scale) frequency of the bodies. The polarization of a rigid body induced by rotations is discussed in various circumstances. A uniform rotation produces a static electric field in a dielectric and a stationary current (and a static magnetic field) in a conductor. The latter corresponds to the gyromagnetic effect (while the former may be called the gyroelectric effect). Both fields are computed for a sphere and the gyromagnetic coefficient is derived. A non-uniform rotation induces emission of electromagnetic fields. The equations of motion for the polarization are linearized for slight non-uniformities of the angular velocity and solved both for a dielectric and a conducting sphere. The electromagnetic field emitted by a dielectric spherically shaped body in (a slightly) non-uniform rotation has the characteristic (atomic scale) frequency of the body (slightly shifted by the uniform part of the angular frequency). In the same conditions, a conducting sphere emits an electromagnetic field whose frequency is double the uniform part of the angular frequency.     

Product polarization distribution: Stereodynamics of the reaction of atom H and radical NH

The product angular momentum polarization of the reaction of H+NH is calculated via the quasiclassical trajectory method (QCT) based on the extended London-Eyring-Polanyi-Sato (LEPS) potential energy surface (PES) at a collision energy of 5.1 kcal/mol. The calculated results of the vector correlations are denoted by using the angular distribution functions. The polarization-dependent differential cross sections (PDDCSs) demonstrate that the rotational angular momentum of the product H2 is aligned and oriented along the direction perpendicular to the scattering plane. Vector correlation shows that the angular momentum of the product H₂ is aligned in the plane perpendicular to the velocity vector. It suggests that the reaction proceeds preferentially when the reactant velocity vector lies in a plane containing all three atoms. The orientation and alignment of the product angular momentum affects the scattering direction of the product molecules. The polarization-dependent differential cross sections (PDDCSs) reveal that scattering is predominantly in the backward hemisphere.      

杠杆式回转仪定量演示方法研究

在对杠杆式回转仪运动现象进行理论分析的基础上,通过测量出圆轮自转角速度,旋转轴进动角速度、进动角度的参数,定量研究了力矩与进动速度间关系、角速度与进动速度间关系、角动量定理的实验验证,最后将测量值与理论计算值进行了比较。将杠杆式回转仪运动状态的定量分析引入大学物理实验,培养了学生实际动手能力,加深了学生对角动量定理,力...     

利用信号自相关函数warping变换的浅海水下移动观测平台机动优化方法

水下移动观测平台的机动航路对纯方位目标运动分析方法的使用性能具有重要的影响。针对此问题,提出了一种利用信号自相关函数warping变换的浅海水下移动观测平台机动优化方法。该方法利用warping变换从接收信号自相关函数中提取与目标距离相关的简正波相干项的特征频率,进而估计距离特征量,再根据预估的目标初始距离范围估计目标运动态势范围。针对观测平台机动方式为匀速转弯运动的情况,以目标方位变化率为评价指标得到了观测平台在所估计的目标运动态势范围下的最优转弯角速率。在浅海Pekeris波导环境下的数值仿真结果和实验数据处理结果表明:方位变化率与纯方位扩展卡尔曼滤波算法的性能密切相关;利用warping变换可以有效地估计距离特征量;观测平台根据以方位变化率为评价指标得到的最优转弯角速率进行机动可以获得较好的目标跟踪性能,收敛时间较短,目标位置估计误差较小。      

玻璃中失效波传播的实验研究

通过轻气炮加载平面撞击实验,采用激光速度干涉仪(VISAR)测量了相同冲击载荷作用下不同厚度Soda-Lime玻璃试件背面的粒子速度,得到了Soda-Lime玻璃中失效波的传播轨迹和传播速度。结果表明:碰撞面上产生的失效波存在一定的初始时间延迟,且延迟时间随载荷增加而减小。研究结果对于深入认识失效波的产生机理及其在各类脆性材料中的传播规律具有重要作用。     

Evolution of the optical properties of a silver-doped phosphate glass during thermal treatment

The optical properties of a silver-doped phosphate glass have been monitored during thermal processing at several fixed temperatures by in situ optical microspectroscopy. Silver nanoparticle (NP) formation and growth processes were assessed by analysis of surface plasmon resonance spectral features. Nucleation and growth processes were distinguished, which appeared temperature and time dependent. While nucleation was favored at low temperatures, relatively high temperatures promoted NP growth by silver diffusion. Photoluminescence spectra acquired along with optical absorption data indicated a continuous reduction of Ag⁺-Ag⁰ pairs concomitant with NP precipitation, suggesting their role as nucleation centers. The work of Ag NP formation and the activation energy for silver diffusion were estimated.     

Rotational intermittency and turbulence induced lift experienced by large particles in a turbulent flow

The motion of a large, neutrally buoyant, particle freely advected by a turbulent flow is determined experimentally. We demonstrate that both the translational and angular accelerations exhibit very wide probability distributions, a manifestation of intermittency. The orientation of the angular velocity with respect to the trajectory, as well as the translational acceleration conditioned on the spinning velocity, provides evidence of a lift force acting on the particle.     

Product polarization distribution: Stereodynamics of the reaction of atom H and radical NH

The product angular momentum polarization of the reaction of H+NH is calculated via the quasiclassical trajectory method (QCT) based on the extended London-Eyring-Polanyi-Sato (LEPS) potential energy surface (PES) at a collision energy of 5.1 kcal/mol. The calculated results of the vector correlations are denoted by using the angular distribution functions. The polarization-dependent differential cross sections (PDDCSs) demonstrate that the rotational angular momentum of the product H₂ is aligned and oriented along the direction perpendicular to the scattering plane. Vector correlation shows that the angular momentum of the product H₂ is aligned in the plane perpendicular to the velocity vector. It suggests that the reaction proceeds preferentially when the reactant velocity vector lies in a plane containing all three atoms. The orientation and alignment of the product angular momentum affects the scattering direction of the product molecules. The polarization-dependent differential cross sections (PDD-CSs) reveal that scattering is predominantly in the backward hemisphere.     

具有速度谱分辨能力的角色散FP干涉测量技术

 发展了可用于速度谱诊断的角色散Fabry-Perot干涉测量技术,使不同频移探测激光形成的干涉条纹在空间分离,从而可对单一或混合运动源引起的多普勒频移成分进行检测,并给出物体速度谱分布。利用Fabry-Perot干涉测量技术,开展了激光驱动铝箔飞片实验。随着驱动激光能量的变化,观察到了铝箔飞片的不同速度谱分布,包括没有速度空间分散的速度谱、分裂成几片并以不同速度飞行的离散速度谱、碎片云或射流状态下的连续速度谱分布,此外还观测到了冲击下铝箔/玻璃界面分离引起的条纹分裂现象。     

Stoßdissoziation von H 2 + -Ionen

Inelastic collisions between the hydrogen molecule ion and the hydrogen molecule leading to dissociation are investigated experimentally in the energy range between 3 and 20 keV. The velocity distributions of the protons produced in these processes are compared with calculated distributions using a Born approximation formula. The calculation takes into account the excitation of the 2pσ _u state of the H ₂ ⁺ and a possible simultaneous excitation of the target. It can be shown, that the quantitative knowledge of these processes makes possible a satisfying explanation of the measured distributions. In general a good agreement is obtained between theory and experiment concerning both energy and angular dependence of the velocity distributions.     

Thermally induced effects on the diffraction pattern of a dye doped nematic film

We investigate the effects produced on the diffraction pattern of a dyed nematic thin film under the action of an optical field and a low frequency AC electric field. For a homeotropically aligned mixture of the nematic E7 doped with a dichroic dye, a sequence of dynamical regimes of the far field diffraction pattern is observed. For specific values of the beam's power, frequency and amplitude of the AC field, a uniform steady rotational motion (SR) of the pattern sets in with a measured angular velocity ν_exp =2.58 Hz. To account for this and other observed features of the diffraction pattern an analytical model is proposed. This allows us to describe quantitatively the reorientation of the film, to calculate some specific structural features of the diffraction pattern, as well as its angular velocity. We find that the predicted angular velocity ν_theor=5.7 Hz, is in quite good agreement with the measured value.     

The Cytotoxicity of Metal Nanoparticles Depends on Their Synergistic Interactions

With a steady growth in use of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) in consumer products the unintended exposure to humans has increased. The risks associated with introduction of NPs in the environment have been widely investigated, but mostly for single type of NPs. Herein, a single NP and NP co-exposure study is reported: the cellular effects of silver and platinum NPs on the main components of the blood–brain barrier, human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, and human primary astrocytes. The synergy is quantitatively evaluated as per the Chou–Talalay method. NP co-exposure synergistically inhibits proliferation of both cell types, to a greater extent for endothelial cells. In addition, astrocytes are more tolerant to NPs. The mechanism of synergy with short-duration incubation time points (up to 30 min) is further explored. Although intracellular trafficking studies and quantitative assessments of NP uptake does not explain the mechanisms of synergistic cytotoxicity, a proteomics analysis suggests that it arises from activation of an immune modulating response and deregulation of the extracellular matrix organization. The substantial synergetic effects in the co-exposure studies highlight the importance of this work in relation to assessment of the health risks associated with nanomaterials.     

单阳极磁控注入电子枪的设计

 该单阳极磁控注入电子枪是为8mm永磁包装回旋振荡管设计的。首先利用绝热理论和角动量守恒理论进行了初始的电极参数设计,其次讨论和选取数值计算方法,然后利用自编的程序进行数值计算和优化,同时讨论了空间电荷的影响和速度零散的改善,最终得到最佳的电极和电子注参数。该电子枪已经应用于制管实验中。     

(1+2)维各向同性介质中的旋转椭圆空间光孤子

从(1+2)维非局域非线性薛定谔方程出发, 通过坐标变换得到了旋转坐标系下的非局域非线性薛定谔方程. 假设响应函数为高斯型, 用虚时间法数值求解了旋转坐标系下的非局域非线性薛定谔方程的静态孤子解, 迭代出了不同非局域程度条件下的静态椭圆孤子数值解. 最后采用分步傅里叶算法, 以迭代的孤子解作为初始输入波形, 模拟了在不同的非局域程度条件下, (1+2)维椭圆空间光孤子的旋转传输特性. 强非局域时, 椭圆光孤子的长轴方向和短轴方向波形都是高斯型, 其他的非局域程度下, 不是高斯型. 由此表明：(1+2)维椭圆光孤子对非局域程度依赖性很强. 旋转角速度和功率均与非局域程度以及孤子的椭圆度有关.     

DNA分子力学性质的测量

利用单分子实验技术测量了DNA分子的力学性质.通过生化手段将单根DNA分子连在顺磁小球与玻璃侧壁之间,利用磁铁对顺磁球施加力进而拉伸DNA.图像分析得到小球运动的轨迹以及DNA的长度,利用均分定理可以求得施加的外力.测量发现在外力作用下DNA分子的力学反应与高分子物理学的蠕虫状链模型符合良好.